膨化硝酸铵炸药的生产

用表面活性技术处理得到的膨化硝酸铵炸药，较好地克服了粉状硝铵炸药的主要缺点，具有高爆速、高威力、高猛度的爆炸特性。由于其体系中不含TNT，且毒性小、成本低，因此具有良好的经济效益、社会效益及推广应用前景。     

Influence of Ammonium Nitrate Prills' Properties on Detonation Velocity of ANFO

Prilled/granulated ammonium nitrate is commonly used as a fertilizer and a basic ingredient of industrial explosives, especially of ANFO. One of the most important factors that affect the explosive properties of ANFO is the porosity of the prills/granules. This paper describes an attempt to manufacture ammonium nitrate prills of determined porosity in order to investigate its influence on the ANFO detonation velocity. A method of manufacturing porous ammonium nitrate prills with a high‐level of oil absorption (up to 20% by volume) was developed. The relations between porosity and granulometric distribution of ammonium nitrate prills versus the detonation velocity of ANFO were examined. It has been proved that the detonation velocity of ANFO increases significantly with higher porosity and smaller size of ammonium nitrate prills/granules. The influence of ANFO oxygen balance (researched by changing the content of fuel oil in the mixture) on detonation velocity has been determined for two kinds of ammonium nitrate prills–one with a low and another one with a high level of porosity.     

岩石膨化硝铵炸药的爆破威力研究

研究了岩石膨化硝铵的爆炸性能和爆破威力，在分析岩石爆破机理的基础上，通过与铵梯炸药，铵梯油炸药的爆破性能比较，并根据其自身的爆速高，重量威力大而体积威力稍小的特点，提出进一步提高该炸药爆破威力的技术途径。     

Agriculture Grade Ammonium Nitrate as the Basic Ingredient of Massive Explosive Charges

Prilled ammonium nitrate (AN) is manufactured globally in millions of tons and is mainly used as fertilizer or as the main ingredient of modern mining blasting explosives. The availability of AN poses a serious threat to public security as it enables preparation of massive explosive charges using a simple technology in order to carry out terrorist attacks. This paper examines the option of using agriculture AN manufactured in several Polish plants as the basic ingredient of explosive mixtures with liquid fuels or powdered aluminum. Fuel oil (FO), 2‐EHN and nitromethane were used as liquid fuels. Additionally, the effect of an inorganic additive (dolomite) in AN on the detonation velocity of mixtures of granulated and milled AN with various fuels was examined.     

添加剂对硝酸铵爆轰安全性和热稳定性的影响

将磷酸二铵(DAP)、硫酸铵(DAS)、钝感剂RFM-l、RFM-2和RFM-3与硝酸铵混合后，按照工业炸药配方配制成铵木油炸药。对硝酸铵的爆轰安全性进行了评价。采用恒温热分解方法。研究了含上述添加剂的硝酸铵及铵木油炸药的热分解行为，得出如下结论：硝酸铵中含25％以上的磷酸二铵或硫酸铵，铵木油炸药不能被8号雷管起爆，在本实验务件下硝酸铵的爆炸特性得以消除；而钝感剂RFM-l、RFM-2和RFM-3阻爆效果非常理想，仅需5％的添加量就能消除硝酸铵的爆炸特性。在390℃恒温加热lmin的热分解实验结果表明，添加5％的RFM-l、RFM-2或RFM-3可以使硝酸铵的热分解率从96．8％下降至41．2％、28．5％和22．O％，40％的DAS和40％的DAP使硝酸铵的热分解率下降至28．4％和45．9％，可见硝酸铵热稳定性的提高是爆炸特性得以消除的原因。硝酸铵经过改良后是否具有爆炸性可以通过测定热分解率来判断。     

岩石膨化硝铵炸药的生产工艺和质量控制

岩石膨化硝铵炸药是一种新型无梯粉状炸药,它是由膨化硝酸铵、木粉和复合油相组成,其中膨化硝酸铵是经过表面活性技术处理的自敏化改性硝酸铵。文中介绍了岩石膨化硝铵炸药的生产工艺,详细讨论了影响膨化硝酸铵质量和岩石膨化硝铵炸药质量的因素。     

3#煤矿许用膨化硝铵炸药的绝热分解

为研究新型煤矿许用膨化硝铵炸药的热分解特性,利用绝热加速量热仪测试了3#煤矿许用膨化硝铵炸药在绝热条件下的热分解过程,获得了分解的温度、压力、温升速率随时间的变化关系以及温升速率、分解压力随温度的变化等曲线.结果表明,热分解过程分为温升速率缓慢上升、温升速率陡升与持续上升、温升速率降低3个阶段,计算出的表观活化能、指前因子和反应热等参数分别为239.718 kJ/mol,4.697×1024 min-1和 621.66 J/g.最后得出,3#煤矿许用膨化硝铵炸药的初始分解温度高达214.75 ℃,具有良好的热稳定性,可以在井下安全使用.     

爆炸法纳米氧化铈生产工艺的研究

描述了六水硝酸铈乳化膏体的结构与性状对纳米氧化铈原始粒径大小及其分布和形貌的影响,讨论了纳米氧化铈酸洗除杂的技术问题和干燥方式对纳米氧化铈的颗粒二次粒径或表观粒径大小的影响。通过工业化单元操作,得到了纯度高达99.9%的纳米级氧化铈粉体材料。     

硝酸铵防结块及松散型硝酸铵的生产

对防止硝酸铵结块的几种途径进行了讨论,介绍了防结块剂的应用情况,重点介绍了五组份硝酸铵专用纺结块剂的特点及其应用情况。     

2号岩石粉状铵梯油炸药结块硬化的原因分析

从原材料水分、装药温度、半成品吸湿性与成品水分,在不同温度下的成品储存等方面,探讨２号岩石粉状铵梯油炸药结块硬化的原因。     

制取多孔硝铵的新工艺

在１００×５０ｍｍ加入特殊构件的二维导管式喷动流化床中，寻求制取多孔硝铵的最佳操作条件及喷涂温度；同时，用不同配比的涂液对硝铵进行各种涂层条件实验，最后，经本工艺过程制得的多孔硝铵吸油率高、强度好、含水量少、不结块、爆炸力强。     

Effect of Mixing Methods on the Thermal Stability and Detonation Characteristics of Ammonium Nitrate and Sodium Chloride Mixtures

A study has examined the effect of mixing methods on the thermal stability and detonation characteristics of ammonium nitrate (AN) and sodium chloride (NaCl) mixtures. NaCl was mixed with AN by two methods. The thermal stability, detonation velocity and structural properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), measurement of detonation velocity and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). For the mechanical mixing method, in all tested scope of proportions of NaCl in the mixtures, activation energies increase when the proportion of NaCl increases; for solution mixing method, the activation energies decrease first and then start to increase as the proportion of NaCl increases. The detonation velocity of AN‐NaCl mixtures prepared by two mixing methods also showed different results. The results indicate that the mixing methods significantly affect the thermal stability and detonation characteristics of AN.     

硝铵装置改产硝铵磷肥的工艺技术开发

介绍了利用硝铵装置采用喷淋造粒法生产硝铵磷复合肥的工艺技术。     

有机酸类固体可燃剂改进膨化硝铵炸药流散性的实验研究

在理论分析和实验的基础上,提出了用有机酸类固体可燃剂代替柴油,以达到改进膨化硝铵炸药流散性的目的。对两种典型的固体可燃剂对膨化硝铵炸药的爆炸性能、流散性和吸湿率的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明,用固体可燃剂可以部分代替柴油作为还原剂,而不影响炸药的爆炸性能,可明显改善膨化硝铵炸药的流散性,该工艺没有污染和毒性,能满足绿色生产的要求。     

铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压和爆速的影响

利用锰铜压力传感器和测时仪测量了不同铝含量的RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速。拟合出爆压、爆速与铝含量的关系式,分析了铝含量对RDX基含铝炸药爆压、爆速的影响因素。结果表明,随着铝含量的增加,RDX基含铝炸药的爆压和爆速呈线性减小。计算了铝粉的质量分数在0~40%时所对应的PC-J=A(x)0ρD2中的A(x)值,拟合出A(x)值与铝含量的关系式,得到RDX基含铝炸药爆压与爆速之间的关系式。     

低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的配方研究

介绍了低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的制备技术特点 ,通过配方设计及试验研究 ,得到低爆速膨化硝铵炸药的最佳配方 ,其性能为爆速约 2 1 0 0 m/ s,传爆距离在 50 m以上 (装药直径 32 mm)     

The Ammonium Nitrate-Potassium Nitrate System

A portion of the binary phase diagram for the system ammonium nitrate-potassium nitrate has been determined from − 55 °C to 185 °C. Results are presented for the ammonium-nitrate-rich end of the system up to 30 wt% potassium nitrate.     

硝酸铵钙造粒的基本特性

硝酸铵钙是优良的土壤营养性复合化肥,其造粒方法主要是油浸造粒和喷淋塔造粒,特点是先形成液滴再冷却结晶,产品粒径小、强度低,造粒过程污染严重.包覆造粒方法是将原料液雾化成液滴在晶种表面逐层包覆,使颗粒逐渐增大,能够克服上述缺点.本文研究硝酸铵钙包覆造粒的可行性和特殊性,测定了硝酸铵钙复盐的熔点和熔融热,考察了硝酸铵钙熔融液的结晶特性,实验表明,在没有晶种和搅拌条件下,硝酸铵钙容易形成过冷溶液,很难结晶.在造粒过程中颗粒强度会发生变化.实验确定,硝酸铵钙包覆造粒过程的操作温度上限为95℃.     

塔式造粒硝酸铵生产工艺

叙述了多孔粒状硝酸铵生产技术的发展过程，将国外先进的塔式造粒技术和国内沸腾造粒的落后现状进行了比较。简要介绍了ＩＣＩ公司的塔式造粒技术，指出了我国现有硝铵装置的改造途径及发展前景。