基于H.264/AVC标准的脆弱视频水印算法研究

针对H.264/AVC的编码特征,本文提出一种基于H.264/AVC低比特率视频流的脆弱水印算法,该算法在I帧的量化后的4 4DCT块中结合系数值的符号特性与奇偶性,首先用倒数第二位非零系数与水印值一起生成标志信息,然后根据标志信息的值,利用最后一位非零系数的符号特性,修改系数值的奇偶性,从而将水印嵌入到最后一位非零系数中。在解码端根据4 4DCT块中最后两位非零系数的奇偶性关系提取水印,检测时不需要原始视频的参与。该算法具有较小的码率变化,以及较强的脆弱性。     

基于H.264比特流运动矢量的水印算法研究

针对水印质量和比特率增加的问题,该文设计两种直接在H.264比特流运动矢量中进行水印嵌入的脆弱性视频水印算法。算法I通过引入运动矢量误差补偿模块和优化水印嵌入位置选择方法提高重建视频质量;算法Ⅱ在其基础上,引入帧内-帧间误差补偿模块来消除由于帧内-帧间误差累积现象带来的重建视频失真,进一步提高了重建视频质量。实验结果表明,算法I可以取得较好的重建视频质量,且重建视频流的比特率增加比较小;算法Ⅱ保证重建视频质量的同时带来一定比特率增加。两种算法为H.264压缩视频的内容完整性认证提供了有效的解决方案。     

高清实时视频流脆弱性数字水印技术研究

为解决高清实时视频流完整性验证问题,文章提出了一种H.264脆弱性数字水印算法,并基于该算法提出了认证方案。通过对水印特征的分析,提出在H.264视频编码时根据I帧的低频DCT量化系数及密钥生成水印信息,嵌入到I帧的高频DCT量化系数中及P帧的DCT量化系数中,并在视频的解码阶段进行检测及验证,水印提取不需要原始视频的参与,属于盲检测。实验结果表明,该文中所提出的算法及验证方案对H.264视频的图像质量、输出码率及编码速度影响较小,并能有效的检测各类攻击,具有较强的实用性及有效性。     

一种基于H.264半脆弱视频水印方案

这里提出一种基于H.264/AVC低比特率的半脆弱视频水印认证方案。将从I帧能量块中提取的特征码,以修改一对AC系数间的关系,完成水印在I帧的嵌入。在P帧中,引入参考水印位对运动分量的选择机制,并通过对所选运动分量奇偶性的调制完成水印嵌入。同时在I帧中采用Lagrangian优化算法和在P帧中采用拉格朗日代价函数式方案,有效地降低了水印嵌入带来的码率提升。实验证明了该算法的有效性。     

一种基于H.264/AVC的视频可逆脆弱水印算法

结合H.264压缩编码标准的特性,该文提出一种新的基于H.264/AVC的视频可逆脆弱水印算法。算法先计算当前宏块预测残差块量化的离散余弦变换(DCT)系数的哈希值生成认证码,再把认证码作为水印信息嵌入到下一个相邻宏块活性最大的4′4块的最后一个非零量化DCT系数中。在解码端,通过比较认证码和提取的水印信息进行视频数据完整性的认证。实验结果表明,该算法对视频质量和码率的影响较小,并且能对认证通过的视频数据进行还原和对认证失败的视频Ⅰ帧遭篡改区域进行有效的定位。     

基于H.264误差漂移补偿的鲁棒性视频水印算法

针对现有基于H.264的视频水印算法存在误差漂移的问题,在分析了误差漂移产生原因的基础上,提出了一种抑制误差漂移的鲁棒性视频水印新算法.通过调制H.264编码中Ⅰ帧量化后的4 ×4 DCT系数来实现水印的嵌入,并对帧内预测量化后满足特定条件的DCT子块的最后一行、列进行补偿和对帧间预测进行补偿,有效地抑制了帧内、帧间误差漂移.另外,该算法结合CAVLC编码来调制量化后的DCT残差系数,使整体码流变动较小,并且算法能够根据不同视频序列自适应地调节嵌入容量及嵌入位置,具有较好的灵活性和鲁棒性.在水印提取过程中,不需要原始视频的参与,即可实现盲提取.仿真实验结果表明,该算法在具有良好不可见性的前提下,对压缩码率影响较小,能够较好地抵抗噪声、帧剪切、重编码等攻击.     

基于H.264码流的数字视频水印算法研究

随着数字视频水印技术被广泛应用于视频信息的版权保护,提出一种基于H.264码流的数字视频水印方案.根据经典算法 H&G 算法的部分解码的思想,通过纹理复杂度参数和帧内预测方向在每个宏块中选择合适的4×4块,并根据DCT系数特点,选择4×4块的一个中频系数来嵌入水印.结合常用的内置式水印的嵌入方法,通过调制 DCT 系数的一个中频系数的奇偶性关系,完成水印在 I 帧的嵌入.通过对标准视频序列的测试,证明了该算法在H.264标准上的可行性.     

基于半脆弱水印的H.264/AVC视频流的内容级认证

针对低码率的H.264/AVC视频流,提出了一种基于半脆弱水印的内容级视频认证方案.利用I帧内块组之间能量不变的特点构建基于内容的特征码,并根据DCT系数特点,通过符号编码方式嵌入到幅值较小的DCT系数.为了保持嵌入前后视频流码率的基本恒定,引入了误差准则函数.此外,根据P帧中低频AC系数的正负符号统计特性,将帧号嵌入到AC系数.通过对提取出的水印信息和重构的认证码进行比较可实现篡改检测.仿真实验结果验证了本方案的有效性.     

一种低比特率增长的H.264视频信息隐藏算法

提出一种基于预测模式调制的H.264视频信息隐藏算法。在H.264视频的帧内预测过程,通过调制I帧4×4亮度块的帧内预测模式实现隐秘信息的嵌入。调制方法是基于宿主4×4亮度块的边缘强度(DES)划分的映射规则进行的,从而避免了信息隐藏后视频流的比特率的过快增长。同时,通过结合矩阵编码技术使得修改一个预测模式可以隐藏4bit信息。在信息提取过程中,不需要对含密视频进行完全解码,只需获取含密视频的帧内预测模式即能提取秘密信息。实验结果表明,本文算法在提高隐藏容量和保证视频质量的同时,也有效避免了比特率的过快增长。     

一种基于参数替换的H.264标准水印嵌入算法研究

随着高清数字影像的发展,H.264视频编码方法逐渐成为下一代的视频标准。H.264由于使用了帧内预测编码、运动精度为1/4像素的估计算法使它可获得MPEG-2的2倍以上的压缩比和视频质量,而获得广泛应用。但是在H.264视频中嵌入水印用传统视频水印的方法无法有效地完成,在对视频编码的帧内预测模型研究的基础上,设计了一种快速的水印嵌入算法,基本实现了在H.264编码过程中水印提取的盲检测,其低算法复杂度可以满足视频实时处理的需要。     

A Video Watermarking DRM Metho d Based on H.264 Compressed Domain with Low Bit-Rate Increasement

It gets more and more important for video copyright protection, it is necessary to provide e?cient H.264 compression domain watermarking for video Digital rights management(DRM). A new watermarking method based on H.264 compressed domain is proposed for video DRM, in which the embedding and extracting procedure are performed using the syntactic elements of the com-pressed bit stream. In this way, complete decoding is un-necessary in both embedding and extracting processes. Based on the analysis of the time and space, some appro-priate sub-blocks are selected for embedding watermarks, increasing watermark robustness while reducing the dec-lination of the visual quality. In order to avoid bit-rate increasing and strengthen the security of the proposed video watermarking scheme, only a set of nonzero coe?-cients quantized in different parts of macroblocks is chosen for inserting watermark. The experiment results show the proposed scheme can achieve excellent robustness against some common attacks, the proposed scheme is secure and e?cient for video content DRM protection.     

Robust Video Watermarking of H.264/AVC

A robust video watermarking scheme of the state-of-the-art video coding standard H.264/AVC is proposed in this brief. 2-D 8-bit watermarks such as detailed company trademarks or logos can be used as inconvertible watermark for copyright protection. A grayscale watermark pattern is first modified to accommodate the H.264/AVC computational constraints, and then embedded into video data in the compressed domain. With the proposed method, the video watermarking scheme can achieve high robustness and good visual quality without increasing the overall bit-rate. Experimental results show that our algorithm can robustly survive transcoding process and strong common signal processing attacks, such as bit-rate reduction, Gaussian filtering and contrast enhancement     

Real-time frame-dependent video watermarking in VLC domain

Digital watermarking is a helpful technology for providing copyright protection for valuable multimedia data. In particular, video watermarking deals with several issues, which are unique to various types of media watermarking. In this paper, these issues, including compressed domain watermarking, real-time detection, bit-rate control, and resistance to watermark estimation attacks, will be addressed. Since video sequences are usually compressed before they are transmitted over networks, we first describe how watermark signals can be embedded into compressed video while keeping the desired bit-rate nearly unchanged. In the embedding process, our algorithm is designed to operate directly in the variable length codeword (VLC) domain to satisfy the requirement of real-time detection. We describe how suitable positions in the VLC domain can be selected for embedding transparent watermarks. Second, in addition to typical attacks, the peculiar attacks that video sequences encounter are investigated. In particular, in order to deal with both collusion and copy attacks that are fatal to video watermarking, the video frame-dependent watermark (VFDW) is presented. Extensive experimental results verify the excellent performance of the proposed compressed video watermarking system in addressing the aforementioned issues.     

基于代价策略的H.264/AVC半脆弱水印算法

In order to solve some existing problems on detecting malicious tampering by video watermarking based on H.264/AVC video compression standard,a semi-fragile video watermarking algorithm for H.264/AVC based on cost strategy was proposed.To further improve the robustness of the feature codes in semi-fragile video watermarking algorithm,a new generation algorithm for feature codes by eliminating the correlation of them was proposed.In order to meet the requirement that the semi-fragile watermarks should be uniformly embedded into the video frames to locate the tampered region accurately,a minimal cost function was introduced to select a DCT coefficient in the 4 × 4 block residual to embed watermark which had minimal impact on the video quality and bit rates.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce impact on video quality and bit rate because of embedding the watermarking by adopting the minimum cost function and it is sensitive to malicious manipulations.The retrieved feature code and watermarking can detect and locate malicious manipulations.     

一种基于H.264/AVC的鲁棒性视频水印算法的研究

依据 H.264视频编码标准提出一种视频水印方案。结合H.264帧间预测编码的特点以及人类视觉系统原理,选择P帧宏块中的MV作为水印信息嵌入的对象,对MV进行量化处理,得到两个互相独立的区域。根据水印信息的不同,修改MV,使其指向不同的区域,对其采用扩频技术来实现水印嵌入,以提高水印的鲁棒性。实验结果表明,新方案能够抵抗重编码压缩、加载噪声、旋转等多种攻击,鲁棒性良好。     

结合视频压缩编码的动态图像水印方案

本文提出了一种新的、结合视频压缩编码的动态图像水印方案。在嵌入水印时，充分考虑动态图像压缩编码的特性，对帧内编码帧(I帧)，将水印信息嵌入到DCT低额系数中；面对帧间编码帧(P、B帧)，结合动态补偿/离散余弦变换(MC/DCT)混合编码，把水印信息嵌入到运动补偿后的残差图象的直流成分中。同时，在水印嵌入时，采用扩频技术与多维水印相结合的方法，并通过相关检测的方法判断水印的存在。由于水印的检测是对视频码流直接实施的，不需要对压缩数据进行完全解码，从而大大降低了计算量，提高了视频数据水印的适用性。     

用于内容认证的VLC域的 H.264/AVC视频水印方案

A semi-fragile content authentication algorithm is proposed for low bit-rate H.264/AVC video in VLC domain. Utilizing the intra prediction mode and coded block pattern in VLC domain, the proposed algorithm chooses those macro-blocks from which the signature is extracted and constructs content signature at macro-block level according to the relationship among the energies of quantized low-frequency coefficients of sub-macroblocks. The signature is embedded by modifying the trailing coefficients. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in visual quality impact and keep the bit-rate basically unchanged. In addition, the algorithm can embed signatures into I, P, B slices simultaneously and remarkably enhances the watermark capacity. By verifying the extracted signature, the algorithm can detect and locate video tampering efficiently.