能够进行热误差补偿的加工中心在线检测软件的研究

研究了加工中心在线检测软件误差补偿技术，基于Windows平台开发了误差补偿软件，并对软件开发中的关键技术：建立检测系统的几何误差与热误差综合模型，测头误差处理技术进行了研究。可以同时对测头误差、机床几何误差与热误差进行补偿，有效地提高了在线检测精度。软件系统在MAKINO立式加工中心上进行了实验验证。     

精密立式加工中心运动轴的定位误差补偿研究

以某精密立式加工中心为对象,在西门子840D(Sinumerik 840D)数控系统平台下,基于分段补偿算法,利用Renishaw激光干涉仪对机床运动轴的位置精度进行定点测量,实现了对定位误差的补偿。实验结果表明了所述方法的有效性。     

基于神经的数控加工热误差补偿

本文提出了一种基于神经网络的数控加工热误差补偿系统，该系统根据测出的数控加工机床的相关结构的温度值，进行实时地热误差补偿，介绍了该方法的原理，阐述了该系统的建立过程及有关技术的处理。     

用遗传算法精确求解平面直线度误差

本文采用一种新的方法计算满足最小区域活的平面直线度误差──遗传算法,并采用实数值编码,其计算结果的精确度非常高,理论上可以无限逼近真实值。该算法简单明了,收敛速度快,在计算机上容易实现。     

Quality assessment on a conical taper part based on the minimum zone definition using genetic algorithms

Traditionally, the least-squares method is applied on modern measurement systems for quality assurance. The least-squares method can only provide an approximate solution to the real values of conical parts. It may also result in a possible overestimation of tolerance errors on various engineering surfaces. Thus, a heuristic approach is presented in this paper to efficiently evaluate the cone type error based on the minimum zone definition using genetic algorithms (GAs). GAs show more flexibility in evaluating the engineering surfaces via adjusting the genetic parameters. Two fitness functions were also developed for improving the speed of convergence of GAs. Numerical results indicate that the genetic algorithm provides better accuracy and efficiency and can thus be used to solve difficult product attitude evaluation problems in engineering metrology.     

Milling error prediction and compensation in machining of low-rigidity parts

The paper reports on a new integrated methodology for modelling and prediction of surface errors caused by deflection during machining of low-rigidity components. The proposed approach is based on identifying and modelling key processing characteristics that influence part deflection, predicting the workpiece deflection through an adaptive flexible theoretical force-FEA deflection model and providing an input for downstream decision making on error compensation. A new analytical flexible force model suitable for static machining error prediction of low-rigidity components is proposed. The model is based on an extended perfect plastic layer model integrated with a FE model for prediction of part deflection. At each computational step, the flexible force is calculated by taking into account the changes of the immersion angles of the engaged teeth. The material removal process at any infinitesimal segment of the milling cutter teeth is considered as oblique cutting, for which the cutting force is calculated using an orthogonal–oblique transformation. This study aims to increase the understanding of the causes of poor geometric accuracy by considering the impact of the machining forces on the deflection of thin-wall structures. The reported work is a part of an ongoing research for developing an adaptive machining planning environment for surface error modelling and prediction and selection of process and tool path parameters for rapid machining of complex low-rigidity high-accuracy parts.     

基于动态规划算法的孔群加工路线优化

孔群加工路线优化,对于提高多孔类零件的加工效率和质量具有重要意义。通过数控机床上孔群加工工艺路线的分析,利用动态规划算法,对数控机床孔群加工路线进行了优化计算。最后通过实例验证此优化方法在孔群加工中明显提高了数控加工的效率、降低了加工成本。     

Optimization of process parameters of mechanical type advanced machining processes using genetic algorithms

Generally, unconventional or advanced machining processes (AMPs) are used only when no other traditional machining process can meet the necessary requirements efficiently and economically because use of most of AMPs incurs relatively higher initial investment, maintenance, operating, and tooling costs. Therefore, optimum choice of the process parameters is essential for the economic, efficient, and effective utilization of these processes. Process parameters of AMPs are generally selected either based on the experience, and expertise of the operator or from the propriety machining handbooks. In most of the cases, selected parameters are conservative and far from the optimum. This hinders optimum utilization of the process capabilities. Selecting optimum values of process parameters without optimization requires elaborate experimentation which is costly, time consuming, and tedious. Process parameters optimization of AMPs is essential for exploiting their potentials and capabilities to the fullest extent economically. This paper describes optimization of process parameters of four mechanical type AMPs namely ultrasonic machining (USM), abrasive jet machining (AJM), water jet machining (WJM), and abrasive-water jet machining (AWJM) processes using genetic algorithms giving the details of formulation of optimization models, solution methodology used, and optimization results.     

Enhanced virtual machining for sculptured surfaces by integrating machine tool error models into NC machining simulation

Sculptured surface machining is a time-consuming and costly process. It requires simultaneously controlled motion of the machine axes. However, positioning inaccuracies or errors exist in machine tools. The combination of error motions of the machine axes will result in a complicated pattern of part geometry errors. In order to quantitatively predict these part geometry errors, a new application framework ‘enhanced virtual machining’ is developed. It integrates machine tool error models into NC machining simulation. The ideal cutter path in the NC program for surface machining is discretized into sub-paths. For each interpolated cutter location, the machine geometric errors are predicted from the machine tool error model. Both the solid modeling approach and the surface modeling approach are used to translate machine geometric errors into part geometry errors for sculptured surface machining. The solid modeling approach obtains the final part geometry by subtracting the tool swept volume from the stock geometric model. The surface modeling approach approximates the actual cutter contact points by calculating the cutting tool motion and geometry. The simulation results show that the machine tool error model can be effectively integrated into sculptured surface machining to predict part geometry errors before the real cutting begins.     

基于多体系统理论的五轴加工中心综合空间误差建模及补偿

基于多体系统运动学理论和齐次变换矩阵的应用,结合C-A双摆五轴加工中心,建立了该机床的综合空间误差模型。基于该模型,推导出数控指令的补偿修正算法并开发出了几何误差补偿软件,最后进行测量与补偿试验。试验结果表明：针对C-A双摆五轴加工中心的建模方法可靠,采用的补偿方式有效,实现了误差补偿的目的。     

High-precision machining by measurement and compensation of motion error

This paper describes a systematic method to model and compensate geometric errors of machine tools. In order to separate geometric errors from other errors, measured errors are analyzed in the frequency domain by using the Fourier series. Then, the frequency components corresponding to geometric errors are selected based on the repeatability of their wavelength. Finally, the components are reconstructed and forwarded for the compensation by a fine motion drive. A CNC machine tool with a fine motion mechanism on the Z-axis was developed to compensate the error components in the Z direction on the XY plane. A flat surface machining with non-rotational cutting tools was tested to validate our approach. On the plane of 45 mm×70 mm, the fluctuation of the relative displacement was reduced from 1.3 to 0.5 μm P-V. Machining experiments with a single-crystal diamond tool were also carried out and the straightness of the profile curve was reduced from 1.0 to 0.4 μm. The result of the experiments showed that the geometric errors were compensated separately from the vibration due to the bending mode of the machine column.     

Study on the compensation of error by stick-slip for high-precision table

A simple approach of compensating friction error of high-precision tables is proposed in this paper. On the basis of accurate prediction of the magnitude of the friction error and the place where it occurs, a compensator is first constructed which consists of an online friction error prediction model and rectangular compensation curves regarded as compensation pulses. Then by carrying out optimal compensation experiments several times, the parameters describing the rectangular compensation curve at certain positions can be obtained. Finally, the optimal parameters of the rectangular compensation curve at any position can be determined by interpolation and approximation. It has been shown that, the method to compensate friction error proposed in this paper can be applied to effectively compensate the friction error for all circular motions of high-precision tables.     

基于人工神经网络和遗传算法的平面铣削加工参数自适应优化

机械加工最优自适应控制的关键在于自适应加工模型的建立和实时优化策略的制定。本文提出用人工神经网络方法建立加工过程模型 ,用遗传算法实现在线优化。基于以上算法 ,构造了平面铣削加工参数自适应优化系统 ,可使加工系统在不违反加工约束的前提下 ,总是获得最大材料去除率。     

复杂曲面多轴数控加工非线性误差理论分析及控制

针对复杂曲面通常采用的多轴数控加工方式，结合加工用刀具，建立了多轴数控加工的非线性误差的数学模型，分析其影响因素，并给出了有效减少非线性误差的控制方法。     

Accuracy enhancement of five-axis machine tool based on differential motion matrix: Geometric error modeling,identification and compensation

This paper presents the precision enhancement of five-axis machine tools according to differential motion matrix, including geometric error modeling, identification and compensation. Differential motion matrix describes the relationship between transforming differential changes of coordinate frames. Firstly, differential motion matrix of each axis relative to tool is established based on homogenous transformation matrix of tool relative to each axis. Secondly, the influences of errors of each axis on accuracy of tool are calculated with error vector of each axis. The sum of these influences is integration of error components of machine tool in coordinate system of tool. It endows the error modeling clear physical meaning. Moreover, integrated error components are transformed to coordinate frame of working table for integrated error transformation matrix of machine tools. Thirdly, constructed Jacobian is established using differential motion matrix of each axis without extra calculation to compensate the integrated error components of tool. It makes compensation easy and convenient with reuse of intermediate. Fourthly, six-circle method of ballbar is developed based on differential motion matrix to identify all ten error components of each rotary axis. Finally, the experiments are carried out on SmartCNC500 five-axis machine tool to testify the effectiveness of proposed accuracy enhancement with differential motion matrix.     

Improved positioning for side milling of ruled surfaces: Analysis of the rotation axis's influence on machining error

This article covers side milling of ruled surfaces using a milling cutter. Flank milling is useful for machining objects such as impellers, turbine blades, fan vanes and all workpieces defined by non-developable, ruled surfaces. In the present article, the influence of parameters defining improved positioning described in a previous study will be appraised. The general idea with improved positioning is to position the milling cutter at a tangent to the 2 directrices of the ruled surface while keeping a point of contact between the milling cutter and the rule considered. This is obtained by a rotation at a point about an imposed axis. Having defined calculation of error between the milled surface and the nominal surface, the influence of the point and the axis of rotation of improved positioning on error will be studied. From this, optimum improved positioning parameters allowing minimisation of error between the ruled surface and the milling cutter will be deduced.     

A novel spindle inclination error identification and compensation method in ultra-precision raster milling

In the ultra-precision raster milling (UPRM) process, the existence of spindle inclination error can directly affect the dimensional accuracy of machined components. This study developed a novel spindle inclination error identification and compensation method based on the groove cutting in UPRM. In this method, the tilt angle of the intersection curve of two toruses (ICTT) generated from two neighboring rotary cuts in UPRM was measured to identify the spindle inclination error. A mathematical model was developed to simulate the ICTT profile and present the relationship between the tilt angle of ICTTs and the spindle inclination error by solving the differential of the ICTT function, by which the spindle inclination error can be solved under the given cutting parameters and the tilt angle of ICTTs. The effects of cutting parameters on the tilt angle of ICTTs were explored. An error compensation procedure was designed and a group of groove cutting experiments was conducted to identify and compensate the spindle inclination error. The theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed method can compensate for the spindle inclination error effectively and accurately.     

Derivation of machine tool error models and error compensation procedure for three axes vertical machining center using rigid body kinematics

Volumetric positional accuracy constitutes a large portion of the total machine tool error during machining. In order to improve machine tool accuracy cost-effectively, machine tool geometric errors as well as thermally induced errors have to be characterized and predicted for error compensation. This paper presents the development of kinematic error models accounting for geometric and thermal errors in the Vertical Machining Center (VMC). The machine tool investigated is a Cincinnati Milacron Sabre 750 3 axes CNC Vertical Machining Center with open architecture controller. Using Rigid Body Kinematics and small angle approximation of the errors, each slide of the three axes vertical machining center is modeled using homogeneous coordinate transformation. By synthesizing the machine's parametric errors such as linear positioning errors, roll, pitch and yaw etc., an expression for the volumetric errors in the multi-axis machine tool is developed. The developed mathematical model is used to calculate and predict the resultant error vector at the tool–workpiece interface for error compensation.     

Construction of an error map of rotary axes on a five-axis machining center by static R-test

This paper proposes an efficient and automated scheme to calibrate error motions of rotary axes on a five-axis machining center by using the R-test. During a five-axis measurement cycle, the R-test probing system measures the three-dimensional displacement of a sphere attached to the spindle in relative to the machine table. Location errors, defined in ISO 230-7, of rotary axes are the most fundamental error factors in the five-axis kinematics. A larger class of error motions can be modeled as geometric errors that vary depending on the angular position of a rotary axis. The objective of this paper is to present an algorithm to identify not only location errors, but also such position-dependent geometric errors, or “error map,” of rotary axes. Its experimental demonstration is presented.     

基于模糊遗传算法的优化设计

在工程实际应用中,优化设计方法往往因为目标函数或约束函数不能用设计变量的数学显式表示或函数复杂导致计算效率下降.本文提出一种模糊遗传算法的优化设计方法,能够迅速找到全局最优解,并加快收敛速度和减少计算工作量.