区间数的区间Ⅱ型模糊c均值聚类算法

针对区间数模糊c均值聚类算法存在模糊度指数m无法准确描述数据簇划分情况的问题,对点数据集合的区间Ⅱ型模糊c均值聚类算法进行拓展,将其扩展到区间型不确定数据的聚类中。同时,分析了区间数的区间Ⅱ型模糊c均值聚类算法的收敛性,以确定模糊度指数m1和m2的取值原则。基于合成数据和实测数据的仿真实验结果表明：区间数的区间Ⅱ型模糊c均值聚类算法比区间数的模糊c均值聚类算法的聚类效果好。     

An interval number distance- and ranking-based method for remotely sensed image fuzzy clustering

ABSTRACT

Fuzzy c-means clustering is an important non-supervised classification method for remote-sensing images and is based on type-1 fuzzy set theory. Type-1 fuzzy sets use singleton values to express the membership grade; therefore, such sets cannot describe the uncertainty of the membership grade. Interval type-2 fuzzy c-means (IT2FCM) clustering and relevant methods are based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets. Real vectors are used to describe the clustering centres, and the average values of the upper and lower membership grades are used to determine the classification of each pixel. Thus, the width information for interval clustering centres and interval membership grades are ignored. The main contribution of this article is to propose an improved IT2FCM* algorithm by adopting interval number distance (IND) and ranking methods, which use the width information of interval clustering centres and interval membership grades, thus distinguishing this method from existing fuzzy clustering methods. Three different IND definitions are tested, and the distance definition proposed by Li shows the best performance. The second contribution of this work is that two fuzzy cluster validity indices, FS- and XB-, are improved using the IND. Three types of multi/hyperspectral remote-sensing data sets are used to test this algorithm, and the experimental results show that the IT2FCM* algorithm based on the IND proposed by Li performs better than the IT2FCM algorithm using four cluster validity indices, the confusion matrix, and the kappa coefficient (κ). Additionally, the improved FS- index has more indicative ability than the original FS- index.     

A new fuzzy clustering algorithm for the segmentation of brain tumor

This paper introduces a new method of clustering algorithm based on interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFSs) generated from intuitionistic fuzzy sets to analyze tumor in magnetic resonance (MR) images by reducing time complexity and errors. Based on fuzzy clustering, during the segmentation process one can consider numerous cases of uncertainty involving in membership function, distance measure, fuzzifier, and so on. Due to poor illumination of medical images, uncertainty emerges in their gray levels. This paper concentrates on uncertainty in the allotment of values to the membership function of the uncertain pixels. Proposed method initially pre-processes the brain MR images to remove noise, standardize intensity, and extract brain region. Subsequently IVIFSs are constructed to utilize in the clustering algorithm. Results are compared with the segmented images obtained using histogram thresholding, k-means, fuzzy c-means, intuitionistic fuzzy c-means, and interval type-2 fuzzy c-means algorithms and it has been proven that the proposed method is more effective.     

Discrete Interval Type 2 Fuzzy System Models Using Uncertainty in Learning Parameters

Fuzzy system modeling (FSM) is one of the most prominent tools that can be used to identify the behavior of highly nonlinear systems with uncertainty. Conventional FSM techniques utilize type 1 fuzzy sets in order to capture the uncertainty in the system. However, since type 1 fuzzy sets express the belongingness of a crisp value x' of a base variable x in a fuzzy set A by a crisp membership value mu_A(x'), they cannot fully capture the uncertainties due to imprecision in identifying membership functions. Higher types of fuzzy sets can be a remedy to address this issue. Since, the computational complexity of operations on fuzzy sets are increasing with the increasing type of the fuzzy set, the use of type 2 fuzzy sets and linguistic logical connectives drew a considerable amount of attention in the realm of fuzzy system modeling in the last two decades. In this paper, we propose a black-box methodology that can identify robust type 2 Takagi-Sugeno, Mizumoto and Linguistic fuzzy system models with high predictive power. One of the essential problems of type 2 fuzzy system models is computational complexity. In order to remedy this problem, discrete interval valued type 2 fuzzy system models are proposed with type reduction. In the proposed fuzzy system modeling methods, fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering algorithm is used in order to identify the system structure. The proposed discrete interval valued type 2 fuzzy system models are generated by a learning parameter of FCM, known as the level of membership, and its variation over a specific set of values which generate the uncertainty associated with the system structure     

Uncertain Fuzzy Clustering: Insights and Recommendations

In this article, interval type-2 fuzzy sets were used to model the uncertainty that is associated with the various parameters in objective function-based clustering. The purpose was to represent and manage the uncertainty in the cluster memberships by incorporating interval type-2 fuzzy sets. As a result, interval type-2 clustering methods were obtained by modifying the prototype-updating and hard-partitioning procedures in the type-1 fuzzy objective function-based clustering. As a consequence, the management of uncertainty by an interval type-2 fuzzy approach aids cluster prototypes to converge to a more desirable location than a type-1 fuzzy approach. Several examples illustrated the effectiveness of interval type-2 fuzzy approach methods. Furthermore, the uncertainty associated with the parameters for other existing clustering algorithms can be considered in the development of several other interval type-2 clustering algorithms. They are currently under investigation     

Type-2 fuzzy neural networks with fuzzy clustering and differential evolution optimization

In many real-world problems involving pattern recognition, system identification and modeling, control, decision making, and forecasting of time-series, available data are quite often of uncertain nature. An interesting alternative is to employ type-2 fuzzy sets, which augment fuzzy models with expressive power to develop models, which efficiently capture the factor of uncertainty. The three-dimensional membership functions of type-2 fuzzy sets offer additional degrees of freedom that make it possible to directly and more effectively account for model’s uncertainties. Type-2 fuzzy logic systems developed with the aid of evolutionary optimization forms a useful modeling tool subsequently resulting in a collection of efficient “If-Then” rules.The type-2 fuzzy neural networks take advantage of capabilities of fuzzy clustering by generating type-2 fuzzy rule base, resulting in a small number of rules and then optimizing membership functions of type-2 fuzzy sets present in the antecedent and consequent parts of the rules. The clustering itself is realized with the aid of differential evolution.Several examples, including a benchmark problem of identification of nonlinear system, are considered. The reported comparative analysis of experimental results is used to quantify the performance of the developed networks.     

二型模糊系统的规则提取算法

模糊规则提取是建立二型模糊系统需要解决的关键问题.提出一种改进的基于c均值模糊聚类算法(FCM)的二型模糊规则提取方法.该方法借助于二型模糊集主隶属度函数的期望与次隶属度函数值之间的联系,能克服已有算法忽略二型模糊集次隶属度函数对模糊聚类结果的影响.仿真实例表明.该算法能成功地提取二型模糊规则,比FCMV算法具有更好的性能和收敛性.     

Picture fuzzy clustering: a new computational intelligence method

Fuzzy clustering especially fuzzy \(C\)-means (FCM) is considered as a useful tool in the processes of pattern recognition and knowledge discovery from a database; thus being applied to various crucial, socioeconomic applications. Nevertheless, the clustering quality of FCM is not high since this algorithm is deployed on the basis of the traditional fuzzy sets, which have some limitations in the membership representation, the determination of hesitancy and the vagueness of prototype parameters. Various improvement versions of FCM on some extensions of the traditional fuzzy sets have been proposed to tackle with those limitations. In this paper, we consider another improvement of FCM on the picture fuzzy sets, which is a generalization of the traditional fuzzy sets and the intuitionistic fuzzy sets, and present a novel picture fuzzy clustering algorithm, the so-called FC-PFS. A numerical example on the IRIS dataset is conducted to illustrate the activities of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results on various benchmark datasets of UCI Machine Learning Repository under different scenarios of parameters of the algorithm reveal that FC-PFS has better clustering quality than some relevant clustering algorithms such as FCM, IFCM, KFCM and KIFCM.     

Type-2 Fuzzy Control for Driving State and Behavioral Decisions of Unmanned Vehicle

In this paper, interval type-2 fuzzy sets, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and the fuzzy control rules are synthesized to realize the control of unmanned vehicle in driving state and behavioral decisions. Compared to the type-1 fuzzy set, type-2 fuzzy sets have more advantages in handling the model based on uncertainties, linguistic information because the membership functions are fuzzy sets. Different membership functions are established for each factor when the unmanned vehicle is driving at different speed intervals. In addition, a new evaluation method is developed to analyze unmanned vehicle’s driving state. Finally, a set of dynamic fuzzy rules are sorted out, which can be applied to the unmanned vehicle’s behavioral decision-making and provide a new idea to related research.      

Quantification of R-fuzzy sets

The main aim of this paper is to connect R-fuzzy sets and type-2 fuzzy sets, so as to provide a practical means to express complex uncertainty without the associated difficulty of a type-2 fuzzy set. The paper puts forward a significance measure, to provide a means for understanding the importance of the membership values contained within an R-fuzzy set. The pairing of an R-fuzzy set and the significance measure allows for an intermediary approach to that of a type-2 fuzzy set. By inspecting the returned significance degree of a particular membership value, one is able to ascertain its true significance in relation, relative to other encapsulated membership values. An R-fuzzy set coupled with the proposed significance measure allows for a type-2 fuzzy equivalence, an intermediary, all the while retaining the underlying sentiment of individual and general perspectives, and with the adage of a significantly reduced computational burden. Several human based perception examples are presented, wherein the significance degree is implemented, from which a higher level of detail can be garnered. The results demonstrate that the proposed research method combines the high capacity in uncertainty representation of type-2 fuzzy sets, together with the simplicity and objectiveness of type-1 fuzzy sets. This in turn provides a practical means for problem domains where a type-2 fuzzy set is preferred but difficult to construct due to the subjective type-2 fuzzy membership.     

Fuzzy rule interpolation based on principle membership functions and uncertainty grade functions of interval type-2 fuzzy sets

Fuzzy rule interpolation is an important research topic in sparse fuzzy rule-based systems. In this paper, we present a new method for dealing with fuzzy rule interpolation in sparse fuzzy rule-based systems based on the principle membership functions and uncertainty grade functions of interval type-2 fuzzy sets. The proposed method deals with fuzzy rule interpolation based on the principle membership functions and the uncertainty grade functions of interval type-2 fuzzy sets. It can deal with fuzzy rule interpolation with polygonal interval type-2 fuzzy sets and can handle fuzzy rule interpolation with multiple antecedent variables. We also use some examples to compare the fuzzy interpolative reasoning results of the proposed method with the ones of an existing method. The experimental result shows that the proposed method gets more reasonable results than the existing method for fuzzy rule interpolation based on interval type-2 fuzzy sets.     

Switching between type-2 fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets: an application in medical diagnosis

When dealing with vagueness, there are situations when there is insufficient information available, making it impossible to satisfactorily evaluate membership. The intuitionistic fuzzy set theory is more suitable than fuzzy sets to deal with such problem. In 1996, Atanassov proposed the mapping from intuitionistic fuzzy sets to fuzzy sets. Furthermore, intuitionistic fuzzy sets are isomorphic to interval valued fuzzy sets, and interval valued fuzzy sets are regarded as the special cases of type-2 fuzzy sets in recently studies. However, their discussions are not only hardly comprehending but also lacking the reliable applications. In this study, the advantage of type-2 fuzzy sets is employed, and the switching relation between type-2 fuzzy sets and intuitionistic fuzzy sets is defined axiomatically. The switching results are applied to show the usefulness of the proposed method in pattern recognition and medical diagnosis reasoning.     

模糊超球神经网络在模式聚类中的应用

提出和实现了用于模式聚类的无监督模糊超球神经网络.模式集是一个具有超球核 的用隶属函数表示的模糊集,模式集又可以合并成模式类.模糊超球神经网络学习算法能在 几次循环学习中形成模式集,无需对已知模式集重新训练就可融合新样例和精炼已存在的模 式集.模式聚类的数值仿真解释了模糊超球聚类神经网络的优越性能.     

关于二型模糊集合的一些基本问题

采用集合论的方法给出了单位模糊集合和二型模糊集合及其在一点的限制等定义,使得二型模糊集合更易于理解.通过定义嵌入单位模糊集合来描述一般二型模糊集合,并给出离散、半连通二型模糊集合的表达式.根据论域、主隶属度及隶属函数的特性将二型模糊集合分为四种类型:离散、半连通、连通及复合型,并根据连通的特点将连通二型模糊集合分为单连通及多连通两类.利用支集的闭包（Closure of support,CoS）划分法表述主隶属度及区间二型模糊集合.提出了CoS二、三次划分法分别来表述单、复连通二型模糊集合,并使每一个子区域的上下边界及次隶属函数在该子区域上的限制分别具有相同的解析表述式.最后,探讨了二型模糊集合在一点的限制、主隶属度、支集、嵌入单位模糊集合之间的关系.     

Long-term Traffic Volume Prediction Based on K-means Gaussian Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

This paper uses Gaussian interval type-2 fuzzy set theory on historical traffic volume data processing to obtain a 24- hour prediction of traffic volume with high precision. A K-means clustering method is used in this paper to get 5 minutes traffic volume variation as input data for the Gaussian interval type-2 fuzzy sets which can reflect the distribution of historical traffic volume in one statistical period. Moreover, the cluster with the largest collection of data obtained by K-means clustering method is calculated to get the key parameters of type-2 fuzzy sets, mean and standard deviation of the Gaussian membership function. Using the range of data as the input of Gaussian interval type-2 fuzzy sets leads to the range of traffic volume forecasting output with the ability of describing the possible range of the traffic volume as well as the traffic volume prediction data with high accuracy. The simulation results show that the average relative error is reduced to 8% based on the combined K-means Gaussian interval type-2 fuzzy sets forecasting method. The fluctuation range in terms of an upper and a lower forecasting traffic volume completely envelopes the actual traffic volume and reproduces the fluctuation range of traffic flow.      

基于熵的模糊信息测度研究

模糊信息测度(Fuzzy Information Measures,FIM)是度量两个模糊集之间相似性大小的一种量度,在模式识别、机器学习、聚类分析等研究中,起着重要的作用.文中对模糊测度进行了分析,研究了基于熵的模糊信息测度理论:首先,概述了模糊测度理论,指出了其优缺点;其次,基于信息熵理论,研究了模糊熵理论,建立了模糊熵公理化体系,讨论了各种模糊熵,在此基础上,提出了模糊绝对熵测度、模糊相对熵测度等模糊熵测度;最后,基于交互熵理论,建立了模糊交互熵理论,进而提出了模糊交互熵测度.这些测度理论,不仅丰富与发展了 FIM理论,而且为模式识别、机器学习、聚类分析等理论与应用研究提供了新的研究方法.     

Ranking type-2 fuzzy numbers

Type-2 fuzzy sets are a generalization of the ordinary fuzzy sets in which each type-2 fuzzy set is characterized by a fuzzy membership function. In this paper, we consider the problem of ranking a set of type-2 fuzzy numbers. We adopt a statistical viewpoint and interpret each type-2 fuzzy number as an ensemble of ordinary fuzzy numbers. This enables us to define a type-2 fuzzy rank and a type-2 rank uncertainty for each intuitionistic fuzzy number. We show the reasonableness of the results obtained by examining several test cases.     

Ⅱ-型模糊集截集的定义及特征研究

经典模糊集的截集概念是经典模糊集合与经典集合联系的桥梁,对于II-型模糊集,该文在分析II-型模糊集、区间值II-型模糊集、I-型模糊集以及经典集合之间关系的基础上,定义了II-型模糊集的截集概念,分析了II-型模糊集截集的特征,仿真证明了II-型模糊集截集的有效性,为基于II-型模糊集的决策、聚类等实际应用提供了新的方法。     

融合KL信息的多视图模糊聚类算法

现有多视图模糊C均值聚类（FCM）算法通常将一个多视图分解为多个单视图进行数据处理,导致视图数据聚类精度降低,从而影响全局数据划分结果。为实现高维数据和多视图数据的高效聚类,提出一种基于KL信息的多视图自加权模糊聚类算法。将多个视图信息及其权重进行拟合融入标准FCM算法,求解多个隶属度矩阵和质心矩阵。在此基础上,通过附加KL信息作为模糊正则项进一步修正共识隶属度矩阵并保持权重分布的平滑性,其中KL信息是视图隶属度与其共识隶属度的比值,最小化KL信息会使每个视图的隶属度偏向于共识隶属度以得到更好的聚类结果。实验结果表明,该算法相比于传统聚类算法具有更好的聚类效果和更快的收敛速度,尤其在3-Sources数据集上相比于MVASM算法的聚类精度、标准化互信息和纯度分别提升了7.46、15.34和5.48个百分点。     

基于划分的模糊聚类算法

在众多聚类算法中，基于划分的模糊聚类算法是模式识剐中最常用的算法类型之一．至今，献中仍不断有关于基于划分的模糊聚类算法的研究成果出现．为了能更为系统和深入地了解这些聚类算法及其性质，本从改变度量方式、改变约束条件、在目标函数中引入熵以及考虑对聚类中心进行约束等几个方面，对在C-均值算法的基础上得到的基于划分的模糊聚类算法作了综述和评价，对各典型算法的优缺点进行了实验比较分析．指出标准FCM算法被广泛应用的原因之一是它对数据的比例变化具有鲁棒性，而其他类似的算法对这种比例变化却很敏感．并以极大熵方法为例进行了比较实验．最后总结了基于划分的模糊聚类算法普遍存在的问题及其发展前景。