热处理工艺对超级马氏体钢逆变奥氏体的影响

 试验采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）及能谱分析（EDS）等手段,研究不同铬含量的超级马氏体不锈钢在相同热处理工艺下逆变奥氏体含量、组织形貌及生长规律的异同。结果表明,13Cr和15Cr两试验钢经淬火＋回火后的显微组织为回火马氏体和逆变奥氏体,两试验钢中逆变奥氏体含量及尺寸均随着回火温度升高先增加再减小,且在650～700 ℃时达到最大。两试验钢内的逆变奥氏体在回溶过程中会对基体组织产生细化作用。通过对比发现,15Cr钢中的逆变奥氏体含量更多,尺寸更大,回溶时对基体的细化作用更明显。     

热处理对超级13Cr不锈钢组织及拉伸性能的影响

 为了研究热处理工艺对超级13Cr不锈钢组织及拉伸性能的影响,采用了光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、显微硬度测试及应变速率拉伸等试验方法。结果表明,经过水淬和油淬处理的超级13Cr不锈钢组织及拉伸性能相差不大。但相比于水淬,采用油淬的试样经回火处理后塑性得到更大提升。淬火试样经回火处理后,组织变为回火索氏体。随着回火温度升高,材料的塑性先增加后减小,硬度与强度变化则相反。620 ℃回火试样含有逆变奥氏体,强度塑性组合较好。二次回火能够增加超级13Cr不锈钢中逆变奥氏体含量,但塑性变化不明显,强度下降较大。     

冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢组织及逆变奥氏体的影响

为研究冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢的组织性能及逆变奥氏体的影响,通过淬火+回火(A钢)、淬火+冷处理+回火(B钢)以及淬火+深冷处理+回火(C钢)3种工艺进行对比研究。结果表明:实验钢中基体组织为回火马氏体,随回火温度的升高,马氏体板条变细。在相同回火温度下,A钢马氏体板条尺寸较大,B钢次之,C钢尺寸较小、且更平直。实验钢中逆变奥氏体含量随回火温度的升高先增加随后降低,在650℃时达到最大,整个过程中C钢逆变奥氏体含量高于B钢和A钢。实验钢的硬度随回火温度的升高而降低,在650℃时达到最小,随后增大。相同回火温度下,C钢硬度高于B钢,B钢高于A钢。A钢中逆变奥氏体多为块状,尺寸较大,分布较少;B钢次之;C钢中逆变奥氏体多为条状,尺寸较小,且分布均匀。     

热加工对含氮马氏体不锈钢组织转变和性能的影响

采用Thermal-calc计算了含氮马氏体不锈钢20Cr13的合金相图,据此进行了关键热加工工艺参数设计。采用金相、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、高温热模拟试验、拉伸试验和硬度测试等方法,研究了高温下均热温度对高温组织转变的影响以及高温铁素体对高温塑性的影响,同时研究了退火和淬火工艺对组织和性能的影响。结果表明:铸锭中的少量δ铁素体在单相奥氏体区高温长时间均热后并未消除;δ铁素体的存在降低了马氏体不锈钢的高温塑性;在临界温度长时间退火后,组织为铁素体基体上弥散分布球状碳化物的索氏体及沿晶界呈断续分布的点状碳化物,随退火温度的提高,索氏体晶粒尺寸增大,碳化物选择性地在晶界粗化长大,并呈断续状点状分布;950~1100℃奥氏体化淬火后的组织为板条马氏体+碳化物+少量残余奥氏体。淬火温度较低时,碳化物和残余奥氏体含量较高,淬火后马氏体硬度较低,提高淬火温度,碳化物充分溶解,奥氏体中的碳含量增加,淬火后板条马氏体硬度升高。     

405不锈钢高温组织转变研究

通过热膨胀法以及Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件对SA240-405不锈钢铁素体向奥氏体转变的温度进行了测量和计算。进一步结合淬火与回火热处理,分析了405不锈钢在高温下组织随温度与时间的变化关系。研究结果表明,405不锈钢铁素体向奥氏体开始转变的温度为795~832℃,转变终了温度为910~925℃。温度高于1 050℃,随温度升高,奥氏体逐渐向铁素体转变,淬火后的马氏体含量降低。在950及980℃淬火,得到的组织为马氏体与铁素体的双相组织,淬火时间为30~60 min得到的硬度较高;进一步延长淬火时间,硬度逐渐降低。在730℃回火后得到的组织为铁素体与回火马氏体,无明显残余奥氏体,回火后组织的硬度随时间延长逐渐降低。     

氮元素对Cr13超级马氏体不锈钢组织及性能的影响

摘要：为了提高超级马氏体不锈钢的性能以满足油气开采的使用要求,在Cr13超级马氏体不锈钢中添加质量分数为0.065%的N元素,并采用金相观察、SEM、拉伸试验、电化学测试等方法,研究N元素对Cr13超级马氏体不锈钢组织、力学性能及耐蚀性能的影响。研究发现,N元素能细化原奥氏体晶粒、对组织中的回火马氏体有一定的“短化”作用,并且能有效减少组织中的δ铁素体、增加奥氏体的含量。在力学性能方面,适量的N元素因可以细化奥氏体晶粒和短化马氏体从而增加晶界和亚晶界,所以能有效提高试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度。耐蚀性能方面,电化学实验表明,适量的N元素能提高钝化膜的保护能力和再钝化能力,所以在一定程度上能有效提高试验钢的耐蚀性能。     

节镍型奥氏体不锈钢中形变马氏体的产生和逆变规律

通过不同保温时间的退火处理,获得了具有不同晶粒度的节镍型奥氏体不锈钢试验材料.利用Gleeble-3000热模拟机进行不同变形程度、变形温度的冷加工,分析了变形程度、变形温度和原始晶粒度对形变马氏体含量的影响.对轧硬态节镍型奥氏体不锈钢进行不同温度和时间的热处理,研究了形变马氏体的逆变规律.结果表明,冷加工过程中,变形程度和变形温度对形变马氏体的产生有重要影响,而材料的原始晶粒度对形变马氏体含量没有显著影响.形变马氏体发生逆变的临界温度约为550℃,在800℃时,形变马氏体可以在20 s之内消除.     

回火对00Cr15Ni6Mo2高强马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

研究了一种高强马氏体不锈钢00Cr15Ni6Mo2在回火过程中的逆变奥氏体的体积分数变化及其对力学性能的影响.结果表明,在550 ～750℃之间回火,当回火温度达到670℃时,逆变奥氏体的体积分数达到峰值39％,该钢在670℃回火时的HV硬度为280,夏比V缺口冲击吸收能为187.5 J,也分别达到峰值.沿马氏体板条析出的逆变奥氏体,对提高该钢回火条件下低温冲击韧性具有重要作用.     

超级奥氏体不锈钢的高温变形行为

 为了研究超级奥氏体不锈钢Cr20Ni24Mo6N钢的高温变形行为,采用Gleeble热模拟试验机进行了等温压缩试验,建立了合金的热加工图。结果表明,当变形温度为1 000～1 200 ℃时,Cr20Ni24Mo6N钢的流变曲线表现出典型的“加工硬化＋动态再结晶软化”特点;Cr20Ni24Mo6N钢的热激活能[Q]为678.656 kJ/mol。通过加工图与微观组织综合分析得出,超级奥氏体不锈钢Cr20Ni24Mo6N的合适热加工工艺为,应变速率10 s－1左右,应变量0.5～0.8,变形温度1 150～1 200 ℃。     

淬火温度对不同铬含量的低碳马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响

摘要：为研究淬火温度对不同铬含量的马氏体不锈钢组织和性能的影响,采用高温共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)、光镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、万能拉伸机、显微硬度计等方法对材料组织和性能进行了测试及表征。随着淬火温度的升高,不锈钢淬火后的晶粒尺寸都变大,计算确定了13%Cr和14%Cr不锈钢的晶界迁移能分别为113.62和125.92J/mol。13%Cr不锈钢经过淬火后显微组织为板条马氏体,回火后的组织为回火马氏体。但是,14%Cr不锈钢在1200℃淬火后生成了板条马氏体和少量的高温铁素体,并且在回火后高温铁素体并未消失,会对后续性能产生影响。淬火温度对不锈钢的强度影响不大。不锈钢中的铬质量分数从13%增加至14%,马氏体不锈钢强度增加,但伸长率有所降低。马氏体不锈钢的硬度随淬火温度的升高而下降,这主要与晶粒尺寸有关。     

Influence of Tempering Process on Mechanical Properties of 00Cr13Ni4Mo Supermartensitic Stainless Steel

To investigate the influence of tempering process on microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of 00Cr13Ni4Mo supermartensitic stainless steel(SMSS),specimens were tempered in the temperature range of 520-720 ℃ for 3 h followed by air cooling and an optimized tempering temperature was chosen to prolong holding time from 3 to 12 h.After heat treatments,microstructure examination was conducted by scanning electron microscope,X-ray diffraction examinations,hardness measurements and tensile tests.The results revealed that the superior mechanical properties were achieved by quenching at 1040 ℃ for 1 h+water cooling and tempering at 600 ℃ for 3 h+air cooling.Increasing isothermal tempering time could improve the toughness notably.It was believed that the property was correlated with the microstructure of tempered lath martensite and retained austenite.More retained austenite content is beneficial to the higher toughness of the SMSS.     

In Situ Thermo-magnetic Investigation of the Austenitic Phase During Tempering of a 13Cr6Ni2Mo Supermartensitic Stainless Steel

The formation of austenite during tempering of a 13Cr6Ni2Mo supermartensitic stainless steel (X2CrNiMoV13-5-2) was investigated using an in situ thermo-magnetic technique to establish the kinetics of the martensite to austenite transformation and the stability of austenite. The austenite fraction was obtained from in situ magnetization measurements. It was found that during heating to the tempering temperature 1 to 2 vol pct of austenite, retained during quenching after the austenitization treatment, decomposed between 623 K and 753 K (350 °C and 480 °C). The activation energy for martensite to austenite transformation was found by JMAK-fitting to be 233 kJ/mol. This value is similar to the activation energy for Ni and Mn diffusion in iron and supports the assumption that partitioning of Ni and Mn to austenite are mainly rate determining for the austenite formation during tempering. This also indicates that the stability of austenite during cooling after tempering depends on these elements. With increasing tempering temperature the thermal stability of austenite is decreasing due to the lower concentrations of austenite-stabilizing elements in the increased fraction of austenite. After cooling from the tempering temperature the retained austenite was further partially decomposed during holding at room temperature. This appears to be related to previous martensite formation during cooling.     

Formation of Reversed Austenite in High Temperature Tempering Process and its Effect on Mechanical Properties of Cr15 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel Alloyed with Copper

Formation mechanism of the reversed austenite of Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel (SMSS) alloyed with copper after high temperature tempering was investigated by means of thermo‐calc software, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties of the SMSS were also tested. The experimental results show that the reversed austenite with low dislocation density is formed at high temperature tempering processing. The transformation of the martensite to reversed austenite is a diffused phase transformation, and the growth of the reversed austenite is closely related to the diffusion process of Ni. The bulk reversed austenite with large amount of stacking faults is formed with the increase of the tempering temperature. The volume fraction of reversed austenite increases at first and then decreases with increasing tempering temperature, and the maximum amount of the reversed austenite is obtained at 650°C. The reversed austenite is unstable at the tempering temperature above 650°C and the martensitic phase transformation will occur at the following cooling process. The mechanical properties of Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel are significantly influenced by the volume fraction of reversed austenite.     

Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature on Micro-structure and Property of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2 Su-permartensitic Stainless Steel

The microstructural evolution and mechanical property of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2supermartensitic stainless steel(SMSS)subjected to different heat treatments were investigated.Room tensile tests,hardness tests,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were conducted on the heat-treated steels.It is found that the microstructure of the heat-treated steel is composed of tempered lath martensite,retained austenite andδ-ferrite.The austenitizing temperature and tempering temperature have a significant effect on the microstructural changes,which leads to the complex variations of mechanical properties.The fine tempered lath martensite and more dispersed reversed austenite in the microstructure facilitate improving the comprehensive mechanical properties of the studied steel.The optimal heat treatment process of 00Cr13Ni5Mo2SMSS is obtained by austenitizing at 1 000℃for 0.5h+air cooling followed by tempering at 630℃for 2h+air cooling,where the excellent combination of tensile strength,elongation and hardness can be achieved.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Property of Cr13 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel

 The microstructures and mechanical properties of Cr13 super martensitic stainless steel after different heat treatments were studied. The results show that the structures of the steel after quenching are of lath martensite mixed with a small amount of retained austenite. With the raising quenching temperature, the original austenite grain size increases and the lath martensite gradually becomes thicker. The structures of the tempered steel are mixtures of tempered martensite and reversed austenite dispersed in the martensite matrix. The amount of reversed austenite is from 754% to 2249%. After different heat treatments, the tensile strength, the elongation and the HRC hardness of the steel are in the range of 813-1070 MPa, 101%-212% and 2133-3237, respectively. The steel displays the best comprehensive mechanical properties after the sample is quenched at 1050 ℃ followed by tempering at 650 ℃.     

Effect of Heat Treatment on Reversed Austenite in Cr15 Super Martensitic Stainless Steel

 The effect of different heat treatments on the reversed austenite in Cr15 super martensitic stainless steel was investigated. The experimental results indicate that the microstructure of the steel is composed of tempered martensite and diffused reversed austenite after quenching at 1050 ℃ and tempering from 550 to 750 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite increase with increasing tempering temperature and both of them reach the maximum value at 700 ℃. The volume fraction and size of reversed austenite decrease when the temperature is above 700 ℃. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) results indicate that the orientation relationship between tempered martensite and reversed austenite belongs to Kurdjmov-Sach (K-S) relationship.     

Microstructure Evolution and Precipitation Behavior of 0Cr16Ni5Mo Martensitic Stainless Steel during Tempering Process

The microstructure,morphology of precipitates and retained austenite and the volume fraction of retained austenite in 0Cr16Ni5 Mo stainless steel during the tempering process were analyzed using optical microscope(OM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM).The results show that the microstructure of the tempered steel is mainly composed of tempered martensite,retained austenite,and delta ferrite.In the case of samples tempered from 500 to 700 ℃,the precipitates are mainly M_(23)C_6,which precipitate along the lath martensite boundaries.The precipitate content increases with the tempering temperature.During the tempering process,the content of retained austenite initially increases and then decreases,the maximum content of retained austenite being 29 vol.% upon tempering at 600 ℃.TEM analysis of the tested steel reveals two morphology types of retained austenite.One is thin film-like retained austenite that exists along the martensite lath boundary.The other is blocky austenite located on packet at the boundary and the original austenite grain boundary.To further understand the stability of reversed austenite,the Ni content in reversed austenite was measured using STEM.Results show a significant difference in nickel concentrations between reversed austenite and martensite.