轧制差厚板纵向弯曲回弹分析与预测

将轧制差厚板应用于梁类零件的制造能够实现汽车轻量化，但同时也带来了更为复杂的回弹问题。为了掌握差厚板梁类零件的回弹机理并获取各种工艺参数对回弹的影响规律，通过仿真与试验手段研究差厚板U型件纵向弯曲回弹问题。首先，建立差厚板U型件纵向弯曲成形与回弹有限元模型，完成成形与回弹过程仿真，并通过冲压试验对仿真结果进行验证，讨论差厚板回弹分布情况及其原因，分析退火工艺对差厚板回弹的影响规律及内在机理。接着，基于差厚板U型件回弹仿真结果，进行正交试验设计，在此基础上完成回弹影响因素的灰色关联分析，获取各因素的影响水平以及优化的参数组合。最后，完成BP神经网络模型的构建，实现差厚板U型件的回弹预测。研究结果表明，双斜率退火工艺能够减小差厚板的回弹，并且使得回弹分布更加均匀。灰色关联分析获取的最优工艺参数组合为过渡区位置-20 mm、过渡区长度50 mm、板料厚度1.6/2.0 mm、板料尺寸80 mm×230 mm,采用最优工艺参数组合成形的差厚板U型件可以获取更低水平的回弹量。不同工艺参数对差厚板U型件弯曲回弹的影响程度按降序排列为板料尺寸、过渡区位置、过渡区长度、板料厚度。建立的神经网络模型具有...     

轧制差厚板横向弯曲成形仿真与试验

为了抑制轧制差厚板在横向弯曲成形过程中的缺陷问题,采用仿真和试验方法研究轧制差厚板U型件的横向弯曲过程。分析差厚板U型件在横向弯曲过程中的成形特点,探讨弯曲回弹以及过渡区移动等缺陷的发生机理。结果表明,横向弯曲的差厚板U型件在成形过程中除了会产生回弹缺陷外,还会发生厚度过渡区移动;差厚板薄、厚板侧的厚度以及性能差异是差厚板产生缺陷的根本原因;采用退火处理能够减小差厚板的回弹量,但是会导致过渡区移动量增大;板料尺寸越大,回弹量与过渡区移动量也随之增大。     

轧制差厚板成形极限场

摘要：轧制差厚板板料厚度和材料性能分布不均匀,准确预测差厚板零件的成形极限变得十分困难。首先将差厚板的过渡区离散成若干等厚板的组合,对每一个厚度下的板料进行不同路径的凸模胀形数值模拟,拟合出不同厚度板料的成形极限曲线,对厚度进行插值获取差厚板的成形极限场。最后,采用成形极限场对差厚板筒形件的成形极限进行预测。研究结果表明：采用数值模拟、拟合以及插值的方法得到的成形极限场,可以较为准确地预测实际差厚零件的成形极限。     

高强高韧铝合金厚板的蛇形轧制技术

介绍了蛇形轧制技术的原理,比较蛇形轧制与同步轧制的轧板咬入条件,采用有限元数值模拟方法研究了单道次蛇形轧制错位量对轧板弯曲的影响,并对比了多道次同步轧制和蛇形轧制在厚板轧制中轧板的等效应变。结果表明：蛇形轧制比同步轧制更加容易使得轧板咬入轧机;蛇形轧制中适量的轧辊错位可以有效地减小由于上、下轧辊异速所产生的轧板弯曲;蛇形轧制的轧板在厚度方向上的等效应变均高于同步轧制,轧板中部最小的等效应变比同步轧制高16.0%。     

特厚板厚度方向形变传递规律的仿真分析

 基于Gleeble热压缩试验、有限元方法对一种HSLA钢特厚板轧制过程中厚度方向变形向心部传递的规律进行了仿真研究。首次从有限元角度定量揭示出特厚板生产中高温、低速、大压下量的轧制规范机理。仿真所用材料本构模型由Gleeble试验数据结合Arrhenius方程所构建,研究了轧制速度、压下量、轧制温度以及板坯厚度对特厚板厚度方向应变分布的影响规律。结果表明,轧制速度小于1 m/s时（平均应变速率小于 0.33 s－1）,有利于变形向钢板心部传递,削弱截面效应;压下量越大,钢板等效应变越大,且厚度方向最大等效应变出现的位置向心部偏移;轧制温度对等效应变的分布影响不显著,但是高温轧制有利于减小轧机负荷;板坯越厚,变形分布不均匀性越显著。当板坯厚度为500 mm时,截面的最大、最小等效应变差达到0.2。生产中,在设备允许的情况下,建议特厚板的轧制采用高温、低速、大压下量规范。     

轧制差厚板方盒形件拉深成形起皱缺陷影响因素

轧制差厚板由于板料厚度、力学性能的不均匀,在成形过程中容易发生起皱缺陷。综合采用数值模拟和冲压实验2种手段对差厚板方盒形件拉深成形起皱缺陷进行研究。讨论了差厚板方盒形件起皱缺陷的发生机理,并以厚度应变为评价指标,分析了板料尺寸、过渡区长度、过渡区位置、板料厚度等板料几何参数对差厚板起皱缺陷的影响,最后给出了抑制起皱缺陷的措施。研究表明:差厚板方盒形件最容易发生起皱的部位是薄板侧和厚板侧的法兰区以及过渡区法兰部分。板料尺寸越小,过渡区长度越短,则差厚板越不容易发生起皱,采用较大或者较小的板厚差均能够抑制起皱现象的出现,而过渡区中心位置偏离板料中心则可能导致差厚板起皱现象的发生。     

不同送进量对皮尔格轧制成形的影响及验证

皮尔格冷轧无缝钢管过程中为了获得性能较好的成品需要选择合理的送进量数值,本文以冷轧304不锈钢为研究对象,借助有限元模拟软件对不同送进量下的皮尔格冷轧过程进行了完整的仿真,对比分析了送进量对金属流动速度、轧制力、等效应力、残余应力及管材回弹的影响规律.结果表明轧制过程中孔型背脊和与轧辊接触的孔型侧壁处管材金属流动速度随送进量增加而增加,轧制力、等效应力及残余应力均随送进量的增加而增大,并且送进量的增大还会显著增加管材的回弹量.借助试验轧机对不同送进量下皮尔格冷轧管进行轧制试验,对试验得到的管材进行尺寸和残余应力测量,测量结果与有限元仿真结果基本一致,为皮尔格轧制过程不同送进量的选择提供依据.      

冷轧差厚板轧制极限差厚量研究

为研究冷轧差厚板轧制时厚度过渡段的极限差厚量,采用相关轧制理论建立了差厚板轧制过程的轧制力模型、电机功率模型和轧制力矩模型,并根据设备能力得到轧制力、电机功率及轧制力矩的约束条件,通过编写程序得到了多工况的批量计算。研究结果表明,来料厚度和厚区厚度对极限差厚量有很大影响。同一来料当厚区厚度越大时,极限差厚量也越大。来料相同且在差厚过渡区以一定轧制力轧制时,随着厚区厚度的逐渐减小,极限差厚量出现先减小后增加的情况。当厚区厚度一定时,若轧制力不变,随着来料厚度的增加,差厚板过渡区极限差厚量逐渐减小。     

考虑成卷-展平过程的冷弯残余应力分析

 从不考虑材料冷作硬化（理想弹塑性体）与考虑冷作硬化（双线性随动硬化）两个方面对带坯在成卷、开卷、展平、塑性弯曲及回弹过程中产生的应力进行了解析分析,获得了冷弯残余应力沿厚度方向上的分布,随后对比研究了考虑硬化与不考虑硬化对冷弯残余应力分布的影响,并将理论计算结果与实测残余应力进行了对比。结果表明,理想弹塑性模型和硬化模型预测的残余应力分布形式几乎一致;成卷上存在屈服时,纵向残余应力由内外表面向板厚中心方向呈非线性分布（成卷上无屈服时呈线性分布）,横向残余应力呈近似线性分布;在变形外区主要为残余拉应力（横向残余应力在外侧有极小部分受压区）,内区主要为残余压应力（横向残余应力在内侧有极小部分受拉区）;横、纵向残余应力最大值均在中性层位置;研究结果与试验测量结果基本一致。     

重轨开坯轧制的有限元模拟、优化和应力分析

用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对U75V重轨钢280 mm×380 mm铸坯开坯轧制重轨过程进行数值模拟,优化切深孔C孔的孔型,并分析优化前后开坯轧制重轧横截面的应力分布。结果表明,经孔型优化,降低了轧制过程重轨的等效应力,中轴线等效应力状态得到改善,原始孔型应力波动范围为9～44 MPa,优化孔型为8～30 MPa,中轴线纵向最大应力由原来的41.4 MPa降至21.1 MPa。     

Transverse Bending Characteristics in U-channel Forming of Tailor Rolled Blank

Research on the formability of tailor rolled blank (TRB)is of good practical significance and application value because of the enormous potential of TRB in the aspect of automobile lightweight.However,the forming of TRB is problematic because of the varying properties;especially,springback is a main challenge.The transverse bending (bending axis is perpendicular to the rolling direction)of TRB U-channel was studied through simulation and experiment.The forming characteristics of TRB U-channel during transverse bending were analyzed.The mecha-nisms of forming defects,including bending springback and thickness transition zone (TTZ)movement,were re-vealed.On this basis,effects of blank geometric parameters on springback and TTZ movement were discussed.The results indicate that springback and TTZ movement happen during transverse bending of TRB U-channel.Nonuni-form stress distribution is the most fundamental reason for the occurrence of springback of TRB during transverse bending.Annealing can eliminate nonuniform stress distribution,and thus diminish springback of TRB,especially springback on the thinner side.Therefore,springback of the whole TRB becomes more uniform.However,annealing can increase the TTZ movement.Blank thickness and TTZ position are the main factors affecting the formability of TRB U-channel during transverse bending.     

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of Springback in U-Channel Forming of Tailor Rolled Blank

 In order to grasp the springback rule of TRB (tailor rolled blank) parts after forming, the springback behavior of TRB was investigated by integrating such three means as theoretical research, numerical simulation and stamping experiments. Fundamental theories of springback were analyzed. The stamping and springback processes of annealed 1.2/2.0 mm TRB, 1.2 mm and 2.0 mm plates for U-channel were simulated, and the simulation results were compared with the experiments. The results indicate that the springback of TRB falls in between those of the 1.2 mm and 2.0 mm plates. It is desirable for the TRB U-channel to have die clearance of 1.1 times maximum blank thickness and friction coefficient of about 0.12, and longer thickness transition zone is preferable. The simulation data demonstrate reasonably good agreement with the experiments.     

Forming Limit and Thickness Transition Zone Movement for Tailor Rolled Blank during Drawing Process

The process of automobile lightweight can be promoted by the application of tailor rolled blank(TRB)in the automobile industry.Therefore,research on the formability of TRB is of good practical significance and application value because of the enormous potential of TRB in the aspect of automobile lightweight.Aiming at the present condition of lack of researches on the influence of characteristic parameters on TRB drawing process,the drawing formability of TRB was studied with a combination method of simulation and experiment by taking square box as the research object.Firstly,drawing simulation and experiment of TRB were carried out.Then,effects of thickness transition zone(TTZ)position and blank size on the drawing formability of TRB were analyzed.Forming limit and TTZ movement for TRB square box during the drawing process were respectively discussed,when transition zones of TRB were located at different positions and blanks were of different sizes.The results indicate that lubrication condition exerts greater influence on TRB forming limit in comparison with TTZ movement,and the smaller blank size and TTZ being located at the blank center or slightly offset to the thinner side are preferable for acquiring greater forming limit and smaller TTZ movement.     

Influencing factors of wrinkle defects of tailor rolled blank for square box in drawing process

Tailor rolled blank(TRB) is inclined to wrinkle during the forming process because of the nonuniformity of blank thicknesses and mechanical properties. The wrinkle defect of TRB square box in deep drawing was studied by numerical simulation and stamping experiment. The mechanism for the wrinkle defect of TRB square box was discussed, and effects of blank size, thickness transition zone length and position, and blank thickness on the wrinkle defect of TRB were analyzed by taking thickness strain as an evaluating indicator. Finally, the measures restricting the wrinkle defects were presented. The results indicate that the spots inclined to wrinkle for TRB square box are the flange on the thinner side, the flange on the thicker side, and the flange in the thickness transition zone. The smaller the blank size and the thickness transition zone length are, the harder TRB is to wrinkle. Greater or smaller thickness difference can both restrain the wrinkle phenomenon, and thickness transition zone center offset from the blank center may lead to the occurrence of wrinkle.     

汽车热轧大梁钢分条后出现侧弯的原因分析

汽车轻量化发展需要不断提升汽车钢的强度,而钢材强度越高则内应力均匀性越难控制。为了研究某热轧线汽车大梁钢分条后出现侧弯的问题,通过分析分条后各窄条与基准的实测距离值,研究出一套符合该问题研究的方法,并推导出相应的一组计算公式。根据推导的公式计算了各窄条的侧弯量大小和原板残余应力分布,结果表明,窄条出现侧弯是热轧卷板形不对称以及呈现边浪趋势造成的。根据研究结果,有针对性地提出了改善措施,并取得了明显的应用效果。     

SPA-H钢弯曲开裂原因分析

SPA-H钢板在用户制作集装箱时出现弯曲开裂的质量问题,应用扫描电镜、能谱仪、光学显微镜对弯曲开裂样品开裂部位的非金属夹杂物、成分偏析等进行分析,并对比分析了弯曲未开裂样品。经过观察发现,弯曲开裂样品在钢板1/4厚度部位严重的磷偏析割裂了钢板组织的连续性和金属的流动性;以及裂纹源附近的硫化锰夹杂物较多,破坏了基体的连续性,大颗粒的氧化铝夹杂物易形成应力集中,成为裂纹源。严重的磷偏析和较多的非金属夹杂物共同作用致使钢板在弯曲时开裂。     

Robustness of the sheet metal springback cup test

The robustness of a proposed test for elastic springback characterization of sheet metal has been examined using a matrix of defined experimental errors. A series of flat bottom deep drawn cups made from AISI 1010 steel sheet were examined. It was found that misalignment of the blank over the forming tool and error in the vertical location where the springback ring was cut from the cup sidewall had the largest effect on the resulting springback opening. Other experimental errors involving cup height and ring width were found to be less important. The effect of in-plane anisotropy of mechanical properties on springback was negligible. The results are examined in terms of measured through thickness residual stresses and elastic bending of beams with circumferential thickness gradients.     

High‐Pressure Sheet Metal Forming of Large Scale Structures from Sheets with Optimised Thickness Distribution

In order to manufacture components optimised in regard to lightweight construction, the use of innovative forming processes like high‐pressure sheet metal forming (HBU) in combination with the use of tailor rolled blanks (TRB) as innovative semi‐finished materials is a promising solution. To realise a sufficient forming process reliability, at first, investigations on the seal system were carried out. Hereby, a non‐adjustable as well as a new adjustable seal system have been investigated and qualified as sufficient solutions for this process depending on thickness ratio and thickness gradient within the TRB. One typical workpiece geometry which offers a promising lightweight potential and which can be manufactured from TRB with the HBU‐process is the class of body structures. Therefore, an idealised large scale structure has been designed and investigated in theoretical (numerical) and experimental research. The research work has shown that this large scale structure can be manufactured sufficiently by the HBU of TRB.