Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Haut,Vehikel und Arzneimittel bei der Penetration in die menschliche Haut I: Mechanismus der Penetration

Interrelationships between Skin, Vehicle and Drug in the Penetration through Human Skin I: Mechanisms of Penetration The terms adsorption, absorption, penetration and permeation are defined and methods for the determination of penetration are described. The barrier function, the reservoir function of the corneous layer, dimensions of penetration, the penetration of pure substances, metabolism, directed transport, as well as the kinetics of penetration (corneous layer, epidermis, cutis) are discussed.     

Die Bedeutung der Vitamine für die gesunde und kranke Haut

Significance of Vitamins for the Healthy and Diseased Skin A review is given of the relationship between vitamin supply and the normal functional processes in the organism. The importance of the vitamins A, B₂, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid and vitamin E for the skin is discussed with some examples considering the morphological and biochemical changes caused by deficiencies. Finally, the therapeutic use of vitamins in skin diseases is summarized. The application of vitamins in cosmetics is mentioned.     

Zum Zusammenhang zwischen idealen und realen Gemischen bei der Destillation

The Relation Between the Distillation of Ideal and Real Mixtures A complete theory exists for the distillation of ideal mixtures, i.e., mixtures with constant relative volatilities. This theory allows one to answer any questions that arise during the distillation of multicomponent systems using simple algebraic equations. The concepts of ideal mixtures can, at least quantitatively, be used for the distillation of real multicomponent systems, no matter how complex, as shown in this work. The understanding of the basic principles for the distillation of these mixtures is, therefore, remarkably simplified.     

Staphylokokken der Haut als Symbionten,Epiphyten und Parasiten

Staphylococci of the Skin as Symbionts, Epiphytes and Parasites Not only the sick, but also the healthy carriers of germs are infectional sources of parasital staphylococci. As practically all eruptions of the skin are caused by pathogenic staphylococci, the interests of hygiene and cosmetics are focussed towards the germ carriers. During the study of resistance mechanisms of the skin against parasitic staphylococci, the author observed strong antibiotic actions of non-pathogenic staphylococci. The clinical and epidemiological observations confirm the peculiarities in the antibiotic action of these germs.     

Zusammenhänge zwischen molekulargewicht und elutionsvolumen bei der gelchromatographie von verschiedenen polyestern

The gel chromatograms of the low-molecular linear polyesters of adipic acid and hexanediol, butanediol, dimethyl propanediol, propanediol, diethylene glycol, and ethylene glycol, as well as those of polyhexamethylenecarbonate give on plotting log M against the elution volume a number of parallel calibration curves. The chromatograms obtained from the polyesters can be interpreted by a common calibration curve, if the logarithm of the number of atom equivalents is plotted against the elution volume. The number of atom equivalents results from the number of carbon atoms in the molecules and the number of oxygen atoms in the chain, taking into account the increments for carbon = 1 and for oxygen = 0,6. This common calibration relation applies to polystyrene gels in the solvent and swelling agent tetrahydrofuran, but not to polyvinylacetate gels. The number of atom equivalents obtained for every elution volume can be converted to the molecular weight of the corresponding polyesters. This makes it possible to use the calibration curve prepared for one type of polyester for evaluating the gel chromatograms of the other aliphatic polyesters.     

Zusammenhang zwischen den Charakteristiken der dispersen und der kohärenten Phase bei einem Verfahren zur Radikalcopolymerisation von Styrol und Polybutadienkautschuk

Block-suspension copolymerization of a solution of polybutadiene rubber in styrene occurred in the presence of different concentrations and ratios of components in combined initiator systems AIBN-BPO-TDM. The molecular parameters (M?_n, M?_w, M?_z) and molecular mass distribution of the continuous plastic phase were determined by GPC. The GPC data were treated by electronic computer. With computer techniques, employing data of a semiautomatic apparatus for measuring and counting of the dispersed species the parameters of the disperse elastomer phase were calculated. A correlation between the parameters of dispersion and continuous phases, the conditions of the copolymerization process and physical-mechanical properties of the copolymers was established.     

Externa-Trägerstoffe und Wirkstoffverfügbarkeit in der Haut

External Carriers and Availability of Active Principles in the Skin Under the assumption of adequate liberation of the active principle from the vehicle in vitro, an attempt is made to use the term ?Bioavailability”? in the local therapy. Although the indirect way via the transport organ, blood, is not necessary, as for all other drugs, distinct differences in action are found for the different carriers. In addition essential functions of the externally applied medicaments are attributed to the vehicle. Thus, each stage of a particular disease of the skin requires a different vehicle. In this context, the possibility of the concept of a palette of different galenic preparations is discussed. Since the cornea has the principal barrier function towards penetration of foreign agents into the skin, its structure is the main criterium in the availability of active principles in the skin. The differences in the penetration of active principles from various vehicles and a possible improvement of biological availability through cornea are discussed. An optimum vehicle would enable the least concentration of the active principle in the externally applied medicament and improve the safety of the medicament. Theoretical prognosis concerning a high availability of the active principle from an externally applied medicament can hardly be made. At the best, such prognosis is possible, if one excludes the interaction between the active principle, cornea and vehicle.     

Über die Veränderung der Sterine in Fetten und Ölen bei der industriellen Bearbeitung derselben II

Alteration of Sterols in Fats and Oils During the Industrial Processing Nonpolar steroids are formed by the action of bleaching earth on cholesterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and brassicasterol in the presence of hexane. The hydrocarbons formed were isolated and investigated by column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. The hydrocarbons formed by the action of activated bleaching earth on cholesterol were repeatedly crystallized from ethyl alcohol and identified as Δ^3,5-cholestadiene.     

Einfluß der Struktur und der Morphologie von Bleicherden auf die Bleichwirkung bei Ölen und Fetten

Influence of the Structure and Morphology of Bleaching Earths on Their Bleaching Action on Oils and Fats In the manufacture of highly active bleaching earths from bentonite, the acid activation causes alterations in the chemical composition and structural as well as morphological properties of bentonite, depending on the concentration of acid, temperature, time etc. This has been demonstrated by changes in specific surface, volume of the micropores, particle size distribution and proportion of soluble silicic acid, and the impact of these alterations on the bleaching of vegetable oils is discussed. The results are supported by electron optical and X-ray investigations. Studies on repeated removal of silicic acid formed by acid treatment of bentonite as well as repeated acid activation indicate that the bleaching action of these earths depends not only on specific surface, but also, to a considerable extent, on the volume of micropores.     

Struktur und Eigenschaften von ABS-Polymeren, 13. Einfluß der Polymerisationsbedingungen auf die Struktur von ABS-Polymeren bei der Pfropfung in Emulsion

By grafting styrene-acrylonitrile onto poly(butadiene) latex graft polymers of different structure are synthesized. During the graft reaction the monomer to poly(butadiene) ratio and the conversion were varied and the influence of these variations on the degree of grafting and the molecular weight of grafted chains was studied. By mixing these graft polymers of different graft structure (graft density) with styrene-acrylonitrile-copolymers, ABS-materials are formed with a rubber content of 17.5% by weight. Glass transition temperature (T_g) of the elastomer phase of these ABS materials as well as notched impact values correlate with graft density of the rubber component.     

Spaltdruck zwischen festkorpern und auswirkungen auf probleme in der technik

A method is described to measure the van der Waals forces as a function of relative humidity, too. The same method is useful to see the existence and the value of the disjoining pressure. If the relative humidity is larger than 50 percent then the van der Waals forces are lower than the disjoining pressure. From this point to larger humidities it is possible that two solids are separated from each other or that negative pressures are present. The disjoining pressure plays an important role in the manufacturing of integrated circuits and in the creeping of the cement-stone.     

Objektive Bewertungskriterien bei der Beschaffung,Planung und Erstellung von Anlagen für die Öl- und Fettindustrie

Criteria of Assessment for Purchase, Design and Installation of Plants and Equipment in the Oil- and Fat-Industry Purchase of plants and plant-equipment requires mutual issue and disposal of characteristic data between tenderer, seller and purchaser. In normal practice, factual information ranges between a single letter of five lines and a tender of several hundred pages. Substantial and well defined criteria as essentials on part of the offering engineers and the comparability of offers on part of the tenderers, in fact are a problem of common mutual availability Deficiencies of this kind only are avoidable when either part has sufficient data in a well collected general account at their disposal. The authors are working out a catalogue of criteria comprising all relevant procedures of procurement and planning, together with computer-aided assessment facilities.     

Zur physikalisch-chemischen Charakterisierung von 5-Amino-1-aryl-1H-tetrazolen: Substituenteneffekte bei der Verteilung zwischen Octan-1-ol und Wasser

The octanol/water partition coefficients of 27 5-amino-1-aryl-1H-tetrazoles with known biological activity were determined by the shaked-flask method and photometric analysis of both initial and equilibrium concentrations in the aqueous layer. The obtained logP data of meta- and para-substituted derivatives are closely correlated with π constants derived from partition data of substituted benzamides. In contrast to this, a less significant relationship is found with pure hydrophobic π values of monosubstituted benzenes due to electronic interactions between the fixed aminotetrazolyl function and the variable substituents on the benzene ring. The electronic influence of the aminotetrazolyl function on the hydrogen bonding ring substituents and the deviating distribution behaviour of ortho-substituted 5-amino-1-aryl-1H-tetrazoles can be expressed by indicator variables in the calculated regression equations.