新型燃料电池采用纳米陶瓷材料

传统燃料电池技术经数十年研发已发展成熟,但其高造价(高于市场可接受价格)导致其产业化与商业化的推迟,短期内(4～5年)没有可供市场化的产品。而新型燃料电池解决了燃料电池市场化的关键技术和材料,竞争优势在于新型超功能纳米陶瓷材料的突破,材料的自然资源富有而价廉;并拥有与之匹配超智能的燃料电池发电堆技术,使燃料电池系统简化、廉价。该技术已通过美国和欧洲工业界和国际权威的严格评审和肯定。新型燃料电池采用纳米陶瓷材料     

燃料电池的燃料制取及储存技术的探讨

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)是目前最具应用前景的一种燃料电池,它的燃料是纯度很高的氢气、天然气等燃料经精制可制成纯度很高的氢气作为燃料电池的燃料。本文介绍了国内外氢气的制取、储存新方法、新工艺及相关技术现状。     

燃料电池分布式冷热电联供技术的研究及应用

燃料电池分布式多联供技术(冷热电联供)具有高效、超低废气排放量、低噪声等优点,应用前景广阔。综述了燃料电池分布式冷热电联供技术的研究和应用现状,从技术角度将两种处于优势地位的燃料电池(PEMFC和SOFC)在建筑物中的应用进行了对比分析,并指出了燃料电池分布式多联供技术的研究方向。     

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)外围热管理系统研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)发电技术是一种能够直接将燃料中的化学能转化电能的绿色高效的新能源技术,具有综合效率高、无污染、无噪声等优点。固体氧化物燃料电池外围热管理(BOP)系统能否为电堆提供最优的工作条件是决定固体氧化物燃料电池综合效率的关键。本文介绍了固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,SOFC)的发展现状及其特点,重点阐述了SOFC外围热管理系统的研究现状,分析了影响SOFC外围热管理的具体因素,探讨了多孔介质燃烧器应用于SOFC系统的可行性。     

氢能源的消防安全

21世纪以来,美国、加拿大先后提出了支持新能源汽车研究开发的计划和“氢村庄项目”和“氢公路项目”,欧盟从2003年开始在10个核心城市开始燃料电池客车的商业化示范运营,日本中央政府和地方政府共同出资在大阪、京都、东京等地建立加氢站,并在政府部门试用燃料电池汽车。目前,联合国正在中国、印度、埃及、巴西、墨西哥等五个发展中大国推广燃料电池车的应用示范。     

铂基金属-氧化物纳米催化剂研究进展

直接乙醇燃料电池(DEFC)具有无毒,低成本和易操作等优点,被认为是最有前景的能源之一。铂基纳米材料在许多反应中均具有优异的催化性能,其制备调控和性能改进吸引了大量的研究和关注。通过分析铂基纳米催化剂在乙醇氧化反应中的机理,综述了铂-氧化物以及铂金属-氧化物纳米催化剂的设计制备和性能的研究,详细介绍了氧化物在直接乙醇燃料电池氧化反应中的作用。     

影响SOFC-GT系统热电比的参数模拟分析

随着燃料电池的发展,燃料电池应用领域将越来越广。固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)作为高温燃料电池,可以在提供电能的同时对外提供热能。本文以SOFC/GT系统的热电比(对外提供的热能和电能的比)为主要研究对象,通过建立平板型固体氧化物燃料电池系统、燃气轮机等部件的计算模型,计算出不同参数对燃料电池热电比的影响。计算结果表明通过改变电流密度、入口温度和压力等参数,能对系统热电比进行调整。     

前景灿烂的燃料电池

介绍燃料电池的发展简况和4种有发展前途的燃料电池(磷酸燃料电池、质子交换隔膜燃料电池、熔碳燃料电池、固态氧化物燃料电池)。     

电化学增强催化的研究进展

电化学增强催化(EPOC)通过电化学方式可在线控制化学反应进程,施加较小的电流或电势可以引起催化反应速率、产物产率或选择性有显著的变化,是近30年来电化学领域最令人激动的发现,对催化和电化学具有重大影响。本研究综述EPOC机理、研究应用进展,建议进一步研究EPOC的方向和技术路线。研究了EPOC型燃料电池堆反应器(MEPR),探索其传递特性、调控机制,有望获得基础性、前瞻性、战略性的科技成果。随着燃料电池的发展,催化膜成本将进一步降低,催化效率将显著提高,这种新型反应器最终将能满足工业规模化生产要求。     

基于氮掺杂纳米碳材料的直接甲醇燃料电池催化剂的研究进展

寻求清洁、无污染的新能源是全球可持续发展迫切需要解决的重大课题。直接甲醇燃料电池(direct methanol fuel cells)因其操作温度低、能量效率高、污染排放少及燃料便于运输等优点,受到了人们的普遍关注。其中电极催化剂材料是决定直接甲醇燃料电池性能、寿命和成本的关键因素之一。近年来,纳米碳材料和掺杂技术的兴起有力推动了直接甲醇燃料电池的发展。综述了氮掺杂纳米碳材料在直接甲醇燃料电池电极催化剂方面最新的研究进展,主要对氮掺杂纳米碳材料的制备方法、微结构调控和对甲醇氧化及氧还原反应的促进机理作了详细的评述,并展望了氮掺杂纳米碳材料作为直接甲醇燃料电池电极催化剂的发展趋势。     

Thermodynamic aspects of power generation in imperfect fuel cells: part II

This research continues the thermodynamic analysis of steady-state solid oxide fuel cells initiated in Sieniutycz (Sieniutycz, S., 2010, Thermodynamic aspects of power generation in imperfect fuel cells: part I. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 31 (4), 195–202). This analysis focuses on the effect of incomplete conversions in chemical reactions. A general approach is developed that attributes lowering of the cell voltage below its reversible value to polarisations and imperfect chemical conversions. Relevant model, appropriate for systems with complete conversions, is extended to imperfect cases. The performance curves of a fuel cell and the effect of typical design and operating parameters on the cell behaviour are analysed. A general result is obtained for power limits of fuel cells propelled by linear transport phenomena.     

Efficient recovery of nano-sized iron oxide particles from synthetic acid-mine drainage (AMD) water using fuel cell technologies

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is an important contributor to surface water pollution due to the release of acid and metals. Fe(II) in AMD reacts with dissolved oxygen to produce iron oxide precipitates, resulting in further acidification, discoloration of stream beds, and sludge deposits in receiving waters. It has recently been shown that new fuel cell technologies, based on microbial fuel cells, can be used to treat AMD and generate electricity. Here we show that this approach can also be used as a technique to generate spherical nano-particles of iron oxide that, upon drying, are transformed to goethite (α-FeOOH). This approach therefore provides a relatively straightforward way to generate a product that has commercial value. Particle diameters ranged from 120 to 700 nm, with sizes that could be controlled by varying the conditions in the fuel cell, especially current density (0.04-0.12 mA/cm²), pH (4-7.5), and initial Fe(II) concentration (50-1000 mg/L). The most efficient production of goethite and power occurred with pH = 6.3 and Fe(II) concentrations above 200 mg/L. These results show that fuel cell technologies can not only be used for simultaneous AMD treatment and power generation, but that they can generate useful products such as iron oxide particles having sizes appropriate for used as pigments and other applications.     

城市燃气在氢能及燃料电池的应用

分析了城市燃气作为燃料电池燃料在氢燃料汽车、电力生产及热电联产等方面的应用,列举了由城市燃气生产氢气在电子、食用油及金属加工行业的应用,介绍了国外燃气公司在氢能及燃料电池方面的研发进展。     

燃料电池与传统发电方式的热力学分析

从系统熵和火用的角度,对传统方式发电和燃料电池发电机理进行热力学分析,通过对两种发电过程中的火用损、熵增以及热力学效率的比较得出:传统发电装置在发电过程中,高温烟气在推动热机做功发电之前,由于升高自身温度所耗能量已造成较高的火用损;而燃料电池将燃料的化学火用,即吉布斯自由能直接转化为电能,火用损失明显减少,提高了热力学效率,因此燃料电池发电技术具有较为明显的优势。     

SOFC热电联供系统热电性能调节方法研究

针对固体氧化物燃料电池热电联供系统提出了两种热电性能调节方法,调节方法1控制电池操作温度和燃料利用率不变,调节方法2控制电池操作电压和操作温度不变.采用参数分析法研究了不同调节方法对系统热、电综合性能的影响.两种调节方法适用于建筑物热电联供系统,在实际应用中需要根据需求侧的热、电输出特性,考虑系统的综合性能,选择最佳的调节方法.     

Electrochemical conversion of switchgrass and poplar in molten carbonate direct carbon fuel cell

One way of sustaining fuel cell technology is using renewable and sustainable energy means provided by biomass. This article explores switchgrass and poplar in a molten carbonate electrolyte direct carbon fuel cell. It investigates their electrochemical conversions and provides results of power density, current density, open circuit voltage (OCV) and other parameters. The biomasses were pyrolysed at 800°C to produce carbon fuels. Biomass carbon fuels were mixed with molten carbonate and subjected to different operating conditions (600–800°C) in the fuel cell. The electrochemical performances of the poplar fuel were better than those experienced with switchgrass fuel. At 800°C the OCV of poplar fuel (1.08?V) has higher output than switchgrass (0.87?V). The peak power density recorded for poplar fuel was 23.91?mW/cm² while switchgrass fuel was lower at 21.60?mW/cm². Poplar fuel (81.53?mA/cm²) gave a maximum current density with switchgrass fuel lower at 74.00?mA/cm².     

Modeling and analysis of solar photovoltaic-electrolyzer-fuel cell hybrid power system integrated with a floriculture greenhouse

This paper presents the modeling and analysis of a greenhouse-integrated power system consisting of solar photovoltaic panels, electrolyzer bank and Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cell stacks. Electric power is generated in an array of solar photovoltaic modules. Excess energy after meeting the requirements of the greenhouse during peak sunshine hours, is supplied to an electrolyzer bank to generate hydrogen gas, which is consumed by the PEM fuel cell stack to support the power requirement during the energy deficit hours. The predicted performance of the integrated system is presented for different climatic conditions, for a given location (Kolkata) in the Indian subcontinent. The study reveals that 51 solar photovoltaic modules each of 75W_p along with a 3.3 kW electrolyzer and 2 PEM fuel cell stacks, each of 480 W, can support the energy requirement of a 90 m² floriculture greenhouse with fan-pad ventilated system. The study shows that this integrated power system provides a viable option for powering stand-alone greenhouses in a self-sustained manner.     

燃料电池商业化对城市天然气供应模式的影响

本文通过对能源供应系统的技术性分析,提出了城市能源综合供应模式,介绍了目前燃料电池在热电应用方面的研究动态及对燃料电池成本的预期指标,展望了未来天然气供应为燃料电池联供系统提供原料的可能性.     

Performance assessment of fuel cell micro-cogeneration systems for residential buildings

The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector to a sustainable level will require tremendous efforts to increase both energy efficiency and the share of renewable energies. Apart from the lowering of energy demand through better insulation and fenestration, small combined heat and power (micro-cogeneration) systems may help improve the situation on the supply side by cutting both the non-renewable energy demand for residential buildings and peak loads in the electric grid. Though still on the brink of market entry, fuel cells are the focus of interest as the prime technology for such systems. In this study, a methodology for assessing the performance of such systems in terms of primary energy demand and the CO₂ emissions by transient computer simulations is established, and demonstrated for a natural gas driven solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and, to a lesser extend, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) home fuel cell cogeneration system. The systems were evaluated for different grid electricity generation mix types and compared to traditional gas boiler systems. The interaction with hot water storage and solar thermal collectors, and the impact of storage size and predictive control was analyzed. Typical heat and electricity demand load profiles for different types of residential buildings and occupancy were considered, and the sizing of the fuel cell system in relation to the heat demand of the building was analyzed. Primary energy savings decline for cases with lower heat demand and for cases with solar thermal systems, and peak for fuel cell systems sized in accordance with the heat demand of the building. Future assessments of fuel cell systems will need a refined methodology, and depend on realistic performance characteristics and models that accurately consider dynamic conditions.