复合生物反应器的同步硝化反硝化研究

以实际生活污水为处理对象,利用有效容积为12 L的间歇式复合生物反应器（填料填充率：30%,运行方式：瞬间进水—曝气660 min—沉淀40 min—排水20 min）,研究了DO、COD/TN值、MLSS对同步硝化反硝化的影响。结果表明：当溶解氧浓度从4 mg/L降到0.5 mg/L时,对总氮的去除率从48.9%升至74.2%;当污泥浓度从1 000 mg/L提高至6 000 mg/L时,对总氮的去除率从63.4%升至81.6%;当COD/TN值从3升至15.6时,对总氮的去除率从59%提高至82.5%,但当COD/TN值〉8后,对总氮的去除率提高得并不明显。整个试验过程中SVI〈105mL/g,污泥的沉降性能良好。复合生物反应器易于实现稳定的同步硝化反硝化,并可通过控制DO、MLSS等参数来有效提高对总氮的去除率。     

Textile Wastewater Treatment With Activated Sludge And Powdered Activated Carbon

The objective of the study is to determine the effectiveness of batch activated sludge process and powdered activated carbon adsorption for organic and color removal from textile wastewaters. Factors affecting treatment performance investigated in the study included raw wastewater strength, various combinations of dye to starch in the wastewater, aeration time. Synthetic wastewaters using starch solution and disperse-red-60 dye were used in the adsorption study. The 3 wastewater strengths used included low, medium and high strength. The 5 different dye to starch combinations used included 0% dye+100% starch, 25% dye+75% starch, 50% dye+50% starch, 75% dye+25% starch, and 100% dye+0% starch. The batch bio-oxidation was conducted for a period of 24 hours. The COD removal efficiency, color removal, bio-oxidation rate constant, F/M ratio, SVI, pH and temperature were determined. The results indicated that starch was much easier to remove by the batch activated sludge process compared to disperse-red-60 dye, which was virtually non-biodegradable. Wastewaters containing 100% starch had the highest COD removal efficiency. Increase in dye concentration in wastewater resulted in decrease in the COD removal efficiency. The COD removal efficiency ranged from 6 to 45% for low strength wastewater of 100mg/L COD, 27 to 80% for medium strength wastewater of 500mg/L COD, and 23 to 65% for high strength wastewater of 1000mg/L COD. The low strength wastewaters had the best settling characteristics, while the medium strength wastewaters had the worst. For high PAC dosage of 15g/L, high COD removal efficiencies of 88 to 98% removal and E * ab of 36 to 47 were obtained. It is recommended that activated sludge be used to remove high COD organic pollutants first, followed by PAC adsorption to remove dye waste in the treatment of textile wastewaters.     

生物铁法处理维生素B1生产废水

生物铁法是一种新型的强化活性污泥工艺,处理高浓度、难生物降解维生素B1生产废水具有很大的优势.当进水COD维持在8 000 mg/L时,对COD的去除率可达94%以上,比普通活性污泥法高9.7%;当进水NH3-N维持在420 mg/L时,对NH3-N的去除率为59.7%,比普通活性污泥法高18.4%;部分颗粒化的生物铁污泥沉降效果好,能保证系统有较高浓度的回流污泥,从而提高了曝气池的污泥浓度.     

Operational strategies for an activated sludge process in conjunction with ozone oxidation for zero excess sludge production during winter season

A pilot-scale activated sludge system coupled with sludge ozonation process was operated for 112 days of a winter season without excess sludge wasting. The concept of this process is that the excess sludge produced is first disintegrated by ozone oxidation and then recirculated to a bioreactor in order to mineralize the particulate and soluble organic compounds. The basis of operation was to determine either the optimal amount of sludge in kg SS ozonated each day (SO) or the optimal ozonation frequency under the variable influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading and temperature conditions, since the ozone supply consumes costly energy. The optimal SO was obtained using the theoretically estimated sludge production rate (SP) and experimentally obtained ozonation frequency (n). While the SP was mainly subject to the COD loadings, sludge concentration was affected by the temperature changes in winter season. The optimal n was observed between 2.5 and 2.7 at around 15 degrees C, but it was doubled at 10 degrees C. Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration was leveled off at around 5000 mg/L in bioreactor at 15 degrees C, but the volatile fraction of MLSS was fixed around 0.7 indicating that there was no significant inorganic accumulation. Suspended solids (SS) and soluble COD in effluents kept always a satisfactory level of 10 and 15 mg/L with sufficient biodegradation. It was recommended to apply a dynamic SO under variable influent COD loadings and temperature conditions to the activated sludge system without excess sludge production for saving energy as well as system stabilization.     

Engineered ecosystem for sustainable on-site wastewater treatment

A pilot-scale engineered ecosystem (PSEE) operated for over 2 years in sub-tropical conditions, produced an effluent with COD (median 38 mg/L) and TSS (median 3mg/L) levels comparable to that required by the AS/NZS 1547:2000 Onsite Domestic Wastewater Management standard. Only partial nitrification was achieved as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia occurred; however the level of NH(4)-N was reduced by 75% and total inorganic nitrogen by 53%. Phosphorus was not removed by the system due to the lack of regular sludge removal. Mass balances around the system showed that bacteria removed 36% of the influent nitrogen and 76% of the influent COD. Algae and plants were shown to remove 5% of the influent nitrogen, and 6% of the influent phosphorus. Challenges in developing a sustainable on-site wastewater treatment system were largely met by minimising chemical, energy and labour inputs, eliminating the need for frequent sludge handling, and creating an effluent quality suitable for re-use in non-potable applications. However, the sludge removal from the system needs to be adequately managed to avoid excessive accumulation as this can cause a range of negative impacts.     

好氧颗粒污泥发生丝状菌污泥膨胀的控制措施

在SBR反应器内接种好氧颗粒污泥,经驯化后对人工模拟废水的处理效果良好。考察了培养过程中污泥形态的变化以及发生丝状菌污泥膨胀时反应器对污染物的去除效果,并探讨了丝状菌在污泥颗粒化过程中的作用以及控制丝状菌污泥膨胀的方法。结果表明,丝状菌污泥膨胀对COD的去除率有影响,但对去除NH3-N、TP的效果影响不大。通过增加反应器内的水力剪切力对控制丝状菌污泥膨胀有一定的效果,而减小C/N值,均衡进水中的营养可从根本上解决污泥膨胀问题。成熟的好氧颗粒污泥的MLSS约为3 000 mg/L,沉降性能较好,SVI为77 mL/g;对COD、NH3-N、TP均具有较高的去除率,分别达到94.52%9、5%9、0%左右。     

低温下A/O法处理建材废水的试验研究

采用A/O法代替普通活性污泥法对建材废水进行处理,考察其在低温条件下对COD的去除效果.结果表明,A/O工艺对COD的去除效果较稳定,当进水COD为1 200～1 600mg/L时,出水COD<100 mg/L,去除率>92%,达到了<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)的一级标准.与原有普通活性污泥法相比,A/O法能耗较少,运行费用较低,处理后水质较稳定,处理效率较高.     

投加有效微生物强化CAST反应器处理含盐废水

将4株耐盐净污菌引入到循环式活性污泥法(CAST)反应器中,构成新型的生物强化CAST含盐废水处理系统。试验表明,在8 h的周期运行工艺中,当耐盐净污菌形成稳定的优势菌群后,可显著提高CAST对COD的去除率,去除率达到90%以上,提高了20%左右;生物强化CAST也具有一定的脱氮除磷能力,其对氨氮的去除率为95%左右、对总氮的去除率为65%左右、对总磷的去除率在30%～75%之间。生物强化CAST主反应池的MLSS值在2 500～4 500 mg/L之间变化。     

反应沉淀一体式矩形环流装置处理低C/N值污水

反应沉淀一体式矩形环流生物反应器(RPIR)具有污泥自动回流功能,有利于硝化菌及反硝化菌的截留和富集,且能够充分利用碳源。在常温下采用该工艺处理低C/N值城市污水,当进水COD为212~538 mg/L、C/N为2.6~10.8(平均为5.4)并控制反应区混合液的DO为1.0 mg/L左右时,就投加悬浮填料和不投加悬浮填料两种情况下的除污效果进行了对比。在HRT为4 h、MLSS为10 000 mg/L左右的条件下,当不投加悬浮填料时,反应器对COD、NH3-N和TN的平均去除率分别为84.8%、67.6%和42.3%,而投加悬浮填料以后,对这三者的平均去除率分别提高到89.9%、79.3%和63.8%,脱氮容量也从0.09提高到0.13,说明投加悬浮填料能够强化脱氮效率。     

Return sludge employed in enhancement of color removal in the integrally industrial wastewater treatment plant

In this study, the recirculation of chemical sludge and integrated sludge were employed for enhancement of color removal in an integrally industrial wastewater treatment plant. The jar test was conducted for simulating chemical coagulation process with different coagulants, aluminum sulfate and polyaluminum chloride (PACl), after different activated sludge systems (with air or high-purity oxygen). The results showed that with sludge recirculation the process of coagulation for the color removal has up to 35% enhancement in comparison with no sludge recirculation. Meanwhile, the color removal enhancement of coagulant aluminum sulfate was approximately 2 to 3-times the color removal enhancement of coagulant PACl at the optimum ratio of return sludge. In coagulation process with influent color of 1220 true color unit (TCU), the optimum dosage of return sludge was 3010mg/L, when coagulant PACl or aluminum sulfate was employed. In coagulation process with influent color of 536 TCU, the optimum dosages of return sludge were 2340 and 4680mg/L using PACl and aluminum sulfate, respectively.     

A/O-MBR处理低浓度生活污水的试验研究

针对传统活性污泥法处理低浓度生活污水难度大的问题,采用缺氧-好氧膜生物反应器(A/O-MBR)处理该类污水,并考察了其处理效果.结果表明,在污泥浓度为4 000～6 000mg/L、HRT为19.2 h、好氧段溶解氧浓度为1.5～2.5 mg/L、污泥回流比为200%～300%的条件下,A/O-MBR对COD和氨氮的去除效果良好,平均去除率分别为92.2%和95.9%.在无排泥的情况下,系统连续运行近100d,出水水质稳定.     

两相厌氧工艺处理高盐纤维素醚废水的研究

采用接种特定污泥的两相厌氧反应器处理高盐纤维素醚废水,重点考察了启动过程及其处理效果。试验结果表明,当产酸相的HRT为18 h时,其所能承受的最大容积负荷为8.18kg/(m3.d),此时其对COD的去除率为20%左右;当产甲烷相的HRT为24 h时,其所能承受的最大容积负荷为5.5 kg/(m3.d),此时其对COD的去除率为35%左右;产甲烷相对COD的去除率与产酸相出水的酸化度呈显著正相关。在产酸相进水COD为6 000 mg/L、产甲烷相进水pH值为7的条件下,当产酸相进水pH值为6、HRT为18 h及产甲烷相的HRT为48 h时,系统的处理效果较佳,出水COD为1 800 mg/L,对COD的总去除率可达70%左右。     

SBR中好氧颗粒污泥的培养与除污效能

以普通絮状活性污泥为种泥，采用人工配水，通过控制运行条件在SBR中成功地培养出了好氧颗粒污泥。研究表明，该好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的同步硝化反硝化和去除COD的性能。好氧颗粒污泥成熟后平均直径为4～5mm，沉速为72～90m／h，反应器中MLSS为7．8g／L，使反应器对COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到了95％～98％和75％～90％。     

Anoxic treatment of phenolic wastewater in sequencing batch reactor

Studies were conducted on the anoxic phenol removal using granular denitrifying sludge in sequencing batch reactor at different cycle lengths and influent phenol concentrations. Results showed that removal exceeded 80% up to an influent phenol concentration of 1050 mg/l at 6 h cycle length, which corresponded to 6.4 kg COD/m3/d. Beyond this, there was a steep decrease in phenol and COD removal efficiencies. This was accompanied by an increase in nitrite concentration in the effluent. On an average, 1 g nitrate-N was consumed per 3.4 g phenol COD removal. Fraction of COD available for sludge growth was calculated to be 11%.     

新型一体化生物反应器的同步脱氮除磷影响因素研究

为了提高对污水的处理效能,设计了一种新型一体化生物反应器并采用其处理生活污水,研究了DO和HRT对同步脱氮除磷效果的影响,并探讨了其实现机理。试验结果表明：在进水COD为290～510mg／L、MLSS为2500mg／L、污泥龄为15d以及好氧区和缺氧区的溶解氧分别为2mg／L和0．2mg／L时,系统的脱氮除磷效果较好,对TN、TP的去除率分别可达80％和90％,DO过高或过低都会影响同步脱氮除磷的效果。控制DO为最优值,并保持其他操作条件相同,当HRT为12h时对总氮和总磷的去除率均在80％以上,随着HRT的延长,同步脱氮除磷效果反而下降。该一体化反应器集厌氧、缺氧和好氧区为一体,在一定的运行条件下能够实现同步脱氮除磷,是处理生活污水的有效方法。     

Simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation processes in sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for treating copper and cadmium-containing wastewater

The application of simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation processes in the same reactor is known to be effective in the removal of both biodegradable and non-biodegradable contaminants in various kinds of wastewater. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of the two processes under sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operation in treating copper and cadmium-containing synthetic wastewater with powdered activated carbon (PAC) as the adsorbent. The SBR systems were operated with FILL, REACT, SETTLE, DRAW and IDLE periods in the ratio of 0.5: 3.5: 1.0: 0.75 :0.25 for a cycle time of 6 h. In the presence of 10 mg/L Cu(II) and 30 mg/L Cd(II), respectively, the average COD removal efficiencies were above 85% with the PAC dosage in the influent solution at 143 mg/L compared to around 60% without PAC addition. Copper(II) was found to exert a more pronounced inhibitory effect on the bioactivity of the microorganisms compared to Cd(II). It was observed that the combined presence of Cu(II) and Cd(II) did not exert synergistic effects on the microorganisms. Kinetic study conducted for the REACT period showed that the addition of PAC had minimized the inhibitory effect of the heavy metals on the bioactivity of microorganisms.     

驯化耐盐活性污泥处理高盐度工业废水

以某石化企业废水处理厂纯氧曝气池剩余污泥为接种污泥,采用逐步提高盐度负荷的方法对活性污泥进行耐盐性驯化,考察了驯化效果.结果表明,经过较长时间的驯化,活性污泥微生物能够适应高盐度的生存环境并能在其中生长、繁殖.驯化后的活性污泥能较好地抵御高盐度冲击负荷.在进水TDS为18～35 g/L的条件下,驯化后的活性污泥纯氧曝气池对高盐度工业废水中COD的平均去除率为85.7%,比原废水处理厂常规活性污泥纯氧曝气池的高出近10%.该驯化方法可以驯化出能耐受较高盐浓度并具有良好COD降解性能的耐盐活性污泥.     

一体式膜生物反应器处理城市污水的试验研究

采用一体式膜生物反应器处理城市污水,考察了污泥浓度的变化、系统对有机物和氨氮的去除效果以及温度对氨氮去除效果的影响。结果表明,在试验初始阶段,MLVSS和MLSS均随时间的延长而增加,培养25d后MLVSS基本稳定在2500mg／L左右,而MLSS则继续增加,系统稳定运行后,MLSS维持在4000mg／L左右;对COD和NH3-N的去除率分别为85％左右、36．7％～96．7％;对NH3-N的去除效果受温度影响较大,当温度〈15℃时,温度逐渐成为去除NH3-N的制约因素。     

基于工艺模拟的污水处理厂数字化实例研究

在对污水处理厂历史监测数据收集、整理和分析的基础上,利用GPS-X软件,建立并校正了污水处理厂工艺模型,同时探索了校正方法。研究结果表明,自养菌最大比生长速率作为污水特征参数,需通过拟合出水的NH3-N浓度变化进行校准。污泥浓度的拟合是一个非常重要的步骤,影响污泥浓度拟合的参数包括进水特征参数(VSS/TSS值、总COD中颗粒惰性组分的占比)、剩余污泥排放量、初沉污泥排放量。     

固定化微生物抗Cr~(6+)毒性能力及其去除特性研究

采用固定化微生物SBR反应器和普通活性污泥SBR反应器处理投加了Cr^6＋的生活污水,考察了固定化微生物去除COD及Cr^6＋的能力及抗毒性,并对除铬机理作了初步探讨。结果表明：在保证对COD的去除率较稳定的条件下,固定化微生物与普通活性污泥所能承受的Cr^6＋浓度分别为70mg／L和1．9mg／L;污泥对Cr^6＋有很强的吸附及还原能力,反应器中的Cr^6＋最终主要以Cr^3＋的形式通过排放剩余污泥而被去除;在进水Cr^6＋浓度〈70mg／L时,两个反应器中的微生物对铬的吸附基本符合Langmuir吸附等温式,这种吸附作用和微生物的量有关。而和微生物活性的关系不大。该方法为重金属废水的生物处理开辟了新思路。