猪去氧胆酸与鹅去氧胆酸的提取纯化工艺

从提取胆红素后的猪胆粉中同时提取猪去氧胆酸与鹅去氧胆酸。将猪胆粉皂化制得混合猪胆汁酸粗品,在浓盐酸催化下形成甲酯,猪去氧胆酸甲酯与甲苯形成的复合物不溶于甲苯而结晶析出,蒸干回收溶剂;用柱层析法,以乙酸乙酯一石油醚为洗脱剂分离鹅去氧胆酸甲酯;最后经碱水解得到纯猪去氧胆酸与鹅去氧胆酸,纯度经HPLC测定均大于98％。该提取工艺能同时提取出猪胆粉中的猪去氧胆酸与鹅去氧胆酸,步骤少、操作简单、原料利用充分。适合于工业化生产。     

鹅去氧胆酸与熊去氧胆酸的合成工艺研究

以猪去氧胆酸为原料,合成了鹅去氧胆酸与熊去氧胆酸。为优化中间体与目标产物的合成工艺,探索了反应条件及重结晶条件等。鹅去氧胆酸和熊去氧胆酸的总产率分别达到26％、19％,HPLC检测其纯度相应为97．5％、96．2％。通过熔点、MS和1HNMR测定确证了各关键中间体及目标产物结构。改进后的工艺原料易得、总产率较高、后处理操作简便,具有较高的应用价值。     

雄烯二酮在含大豆油的有机溶剂体系中溶解度的测定与关联

测定了雄烯二酮在不同有机溶剂及含大豆油的有机溶剂体系中的溶解度,旨在为工业生产工艺优化提供基础数据和理论支持。采用平衡法测定了253.15K~313.15K,雄烯二酮在甲醇、乙腈、丙酮、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯和乙醇这六种有机溶剂和分别含有大豆油的这六种有机溶剂体系中的溶解度,结果表明:雄烯二酮在乙腈中的溶解度最大,有机溶剂对雄烯二酮溶解能力的大小依次为:乙腈丙酮乙酸乙酯甲醇乙醇异丙醇。且雄烯二酮在所有溶剂体系中溶解度随着温度的升高而增加。在含大豆油的有机溶剂体系中的溶解度均大于在相应纯溶剂中的溶解度。采用多项式经验方程、半经验关联模型和Apelblat方程模型对实验测定溶解度数据进行关联,相关系数都在98%以上,结果满意。     

六水氯化镁在醇类溶剂中溶解度的测定与关联

使用平衡法测定了在293.15~338.15 K时,六水氯化镁在乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、丙三醇、正丁醇、异丁醇六种醇类有机溶剂中的溶解度。实验结果表明六水氯化镁在六种醇类有机溶剂中的溶解度均随着温度的升高而增大,且在丙三醇、乙醇中的溶解度相对较大。采用Apelblat方程、λh方程、理想状态方程和多项式经验方程分别对溶解度实验数据进行关联,关联结果良好,其中Apelblat方程拟合结果优于其他三种方程。所得实验数据和拟合模型为六水氯化镁在非水体系中的应用提供了重要依据。     

费托蜡在五种有机溶剂中的溶解度测定及关联

研究采用动态法测定常压下费托蜡在正丁醇、乙酸丁酯、正辛烷、石油醚和甲苯溶剂体系中的溶解度.结果表明,费托蜡在5种有机溶剂中的溶解度均随温度升高而增大,且在不同溶剂中费托蜡的溶解度存在较大差异.采用Apelblat方程、多项式方程以及简化的二参数方程关联溶解度数据,关联结果良好,但Apelblat方程、多项式方程的拟合效...     

丁二酸在五种有机溶剂中溶解度测定及关联

采用激光监视技术由动态法测定了丁二酸在环己醇、环己酮、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺和冰醋酸中的固液平衡数据,实验测定温度由室温至近353 K,并分别用λh方程和NRTL方程对溶解度实验数据进行关联.根据实验数据可以看出丁二酸在五种溶剂中的溶解度均随温度的增加而增大,并且在不同溶剂中丁二酸的溶解度有较大差异.溶解度实验数据用λh方程关联和NRTL方程模型拟合结果的最大平均相对误差分别为3.98%和5.13%.结果表明λh方程模型和NRTL方程模型均能很好地关联丁二酸在五种有机溶剂中的溶解度数据.     

TNAZ溶解度的测定与关联

采用动态法激光检测技术测定了温度为293.15～323.15 K时TNAZ在氯仿、乙醇、乙腈三种溶剂中的溶解度。实验数据采用关联温度和溶解度的apellbat模型[1]、理想溶液模型[2]、多项式经验方程对溶解度数据进行了关联,结果表明上述回归方程均能很好的关联溶解度数据,所得结果可用于工程设计及应用。     

鹅去氧胆酸重结晶纯化及溶剂对其结晶形态影响研究

通过对鹅去氧胆酸重结晶液固比及温度的优化,建立了一种鹅去氧胆酸的重结晶纯化方法,并用溶液重结晶法探究溶剂对鹅去氧胆酸性质和晶体形貌的影响,对重结晶后鹅去氧胆酸样品进行红外光谱法(IR)、高效液相色谱法(HPLC)、X射线衍射法(XRD)、示差扫描量热法(DSC)以及扫描电镜(SEM)表征。结果显示:样品最高收率达85.2%,纯度达99.9%。溶剂对鹅去氧胆酸重结晶的形态有较大影响。在不同溶剂中重结晶后,鹅去氧胆酸晶体形貌呈现多样性,表现出表面和截面有孔的规则六棱柱、不规则颗粒状、片层状、表面光滑的实心六棱柱、表面光滑的中空六棱柱。     

莱鲍迪苷A溶解度的测定与关联

采用激光动态监测法测定了273.15～318.15 K莱鲍迪苷A在丙酮、无水乙醇、95%乙醇和90%乙醇4种溶剂中的溶解度,并用Apelblat方程、理想溶液方程和多项式经验方程对实验数据进行了关联。结果表明,莱鲍迪苷A在4种溶剂中的溶解度均随温度的升高而增大,且在不同溶剂中莱鲍迪苷A的溶解度有较大差异,大小顺序为:90%乙醇>95%乙醇>无水乙醇>丙酮;莱鲍迪苷A的溶解度实验数据用Apelblat方程、理想溶液方程和多项式经验方程关联的最大平均相对误差分别为1.75%,3.85%,0.96%。上述结果可以为莱鲍迪苷A的结晶分离过程提供基础热力学数据。     

氯氧化铋在盐酸溶液中溶解度的测定和关联

在水解法制备氯氧化铋的反应结晶过程中,氯氧化铋在盐酸溶液中的溶解度数据至关重要。采用平衡法测定了303.15~363.15 K范围内氯氧化铋在盐酸溶液中的溶解度,并用Apelblat方程、经验多项式方程、λh方程对实验数据进行关联。结果表明:氯氧化铋溶解度随着盐酸浓度和温度的升高而增加,盐酸的浓度对氯氧化铋溶解度的影响更为显著;上述3种模型都可用于关联氯氧化铋的溶解度与温度的关系,就BiCl3-HCl-H2O体系而言,Apelblat方程、经验多项式方程和λh方程的拟合精度分别为0.99、0.98和0.93,Apelblat方程的模拟结果最佳。     

辣椒碱在不同溶剂中溶解度的测定与关联

应用平衡法,以辣椒碱晶体(含辣椒碱50.4%,二氢辣椒碱37.1%,降二氢辣椒碱7.9%)为原料,在262~333 K温度下测定了辣椒碱在甲醇、乙醇、正丁醇等9种溶剂中的溶解度曲线,分别采用理想溶液模型、Apelblat模型和多项式经验方程对实验数据进行关联. 结果表明,9种溶剂中,辣椒碱的溶解度均随温度升高而增大,辣椒碱在正丁醇中的溶解度最大,在水中的溶解度最小. 计算表明,乙醚适合作为辣椒碱的冷却结晶溶剂,产率为51.23%. 模型关联结果为理想溶液模型的误差较大,多项式经验方程的误差最小.     

硼酸在氯化钙溶液中溶解度的测定与关联

采用静态平衡法测定了298.15~343.15 K时硼酸在不同浓度的氯化钙溶液中的溶解度,并用Apelblat方程、经验方程、λh方程对实验数据进行关联。结果表明：硼酸溶解度随着氯化钙浓度的增加而减小,随温度的升高而增加;上述3种模型均可用于氯化钙溶液中硼酸溶解度与温度的关系,其中Apelblat方程和经验方程的拟合相关系数均在0.99以上,λh方程的拟合系数在0.98以上。硼酸在氯化钙溶液中溶解度的测定与关联为硼酸在氯化钙溶液中冷却结晶以及分离提纯提供了重要的固液相平衡数据,对卤水沉淀法提硼工艺研究具有重要意义。     

Effect of bile acid feeding on hepatic steroid 12 α-hydroxylase activity in hamsters

The effects of feeding cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid on the activity of the hepatic steroid 12α-hydroxylase, gallbladder bile acid composition, fecal neutral sterol output, cholesterol synthesis and bile acid synthesis were determined in female hamsters. The 12α-hydroxylase activity was inhibited to 56% by cholic acid, to 62% by chenodeoxycholic acid, and to 78% by ursodeoxycholic acid compared with the control. Bile acid composition was altered by feeding of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid to be rich in the given bile acids. Fecal neutral sterol output increased about twice by feeding chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, whereas cholic acid had no significant effect. Body cholesterol synthesis increased to 217% by chenodeoxycholic acid and to 274% by ursodeoxycholic acid, whereas effect of cholic acid was not significant. Bile acid synthesis was suppressed to 48% of control only by chenodeoxycholic acid. A positive correlation between the 12α-hydroxylase activity and the bile acid synthesis was observed in the control, chenodeoxycholatefed and ursodeoxycholate-fed animals. In conclusion, ursodeoxycholic acid might have less inhibitory effect on the steroid 12α-hydroxylase and the bile acid synthesis than chenodeoxycholic acid.     

戊二酸在冰醋酸和环己酮、环己醇及五种混合溶剂中的溶解度的测定

By using the laser-monitoring technique, solid-liquid equilibrium data of glutaric acid in cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, their five mixed solvents and acetic acid were measured within the temperature range from 292.15K to 354.60K by dynamic method. Empirical formula and λh equation were used to correlate the solubilities of glutaric acid in eight solvents. The maximal average relative deviations were 1.15% and 2.20% by using the empirical formula and λh equation to correlate the solubility data. The results showed that the empirical formula and λh model could correlate the solubility data of glutaric acid in eight solvents. In addition, the solubility data of glutaric acid in five mixtures （cyclohexanone＋cyclohexanol） could be predicted with the NRTL equation utilizing the parameters of the binary systems. The total average relative deviation was 3.60%. The results indicate that the NRTL equation could well predict the solubilities of glutaric acid in the mixed solvents of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol.     

反式阿魏酸在溶剂中的溶解度

由微波辅助提取技术应用到从稻壳中提取阿魏酸的过程中,采用溶剂萃取法分离提纯反式-阿魏酸。本文研究了反式-阿魏酸在8种二元物系相平衡数据,采用激光监视技术测定了反式-阿魏酸在乙酸甲酯,乙酸乙酯,乙酸丁酯,甲醇,乙醇,二氯甲烷,三氯甲烷和水混合溶剂中的溶解度,并用简单模型进行了关联,其溶解度关联值与实测值吻合程度良好。     

癸二酸溶解度的测定

采用激光透射原理与化工中动态溶解度测定相结合的方法,通过对癸二酸在不同溶剂中溶解度的测定,为癸二酸生产工艺的改进提供基础数据。对得到的溶解度数据用λh方程进行回归拟合,结果表明λh方程的平均相对误差不超过2．2％。说明λh方程能够很好地关联本文所测定的实验数据。     

S-噻吗洛尔-D-酒石酸非对映体盐在有机溶剂中的溶解度测定和预测

实验测定了S-噻吗洛尔-D-酒石酸非对映体盐(S-TTS)在乙醇、正丙醇、丙酮、1,2-二氯乙烷和乙酸乙酯中的溶解度。在相同温度下,S-TTS在这些溶剂中的溶解度(s)顺序是:s(乙醇)>s(正丙醇)>s(丙酮)>s(1,2-二氯乙烷)>s(乙酸乙酯)。用四参数多项式、Apelblat方程、改进的Apelblat方程和λH方程关联了溶解度实验数据,以四参数多项式关联实验数据的结果最好,其相关系数(R2)>0.99,平均绝对相对偏差(AARD)(%)<4。提出了1,2,5-硫氮二茂基团、含手性碳次甲基基团(*CH)等新的基团相互作用参数,并用UNIFAC法预测了S-TTS在这5种溶剂中的溶解度,所得结果的平均绝对相对偏差(%)<53,并与用.H方程等的结果作了比较。     

β-蒿甲醚在五种有机溶剂中溶解度的测定与关联

采用重量法测量了288.35～322.75 K温度范围内β-蒿甲醚在正丙醇、异丙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯及N, N-二甲基甲酰胺中的溶解度.结果表明β-蒿甲醚在五种有机溶剂中的溶解度均随温度的升高而增大,但在不同的溶剂中溶解度及其温度敏感性存在一定差异,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、乙酸乙酯和丙酮中的溶解度相对较大,而在正丙醇和异丙醇中的溶解度相对较小但对温度比较敏感.采用经验方程和理想溶液模型对实验数据进行了关联,计算值与实验值吻合良好.上述结果可为蒿甲醚结晶过程溶剂选择提供基础数据.     

Differential effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and ursocholic acid on the formation of biliary cholesterol crystals in mice

The preventive effect of 3α,7β,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanoic acid (ursocholic acid) and ursodeoxycholic acid on the formation of biliary cholesterol crystals was studied in mice. Cholesterol crystals developed with 80% incidence after feeding for five weeks a lithogenic diet containing 0.5% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. When 0.25% ursocholic acid or ursodeoxycholic acid was added to the lithogenic diet, the incidence as well as the grade (severity) of the gallstones were reduced. Plasma and liver cholesterol levels were decreased by ursodeoxycholic acid but not by ursocholic acid. Gallbladder cholesterol and phospholipid levels were decreased by both bile acids. The biliary bile acid level was decreased by ursocholic acid but not by ursodeoxycholic acid. After feeding ursocholic acid, its level in the bile was about 25% and the levels of cholic acid and β-muricholic acid decreased. Fecal sterol excretion was not changed by ursocholic acid, but was increased by ursodeoxycholic acid. After feeding ursocholic acid, fecal excretion of deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and ursocholic acid increased. No differences were found between mice, with or without gallstones, in plasma and liver cholesterol levels, biliary phospholipid and bile acid levels, fecal sterol and bile acid levels, and biliary and fecal bile acid composition. The results suggest that the lower incidence of crystal formation after treatment with ursocholic acid is probably by a different mechanism than with ursodeoxycholic acid. In the mouse model, ursodeoxycholic acid exerts its effect at least partially, by decreasing cholesterol absorption. Ursocholic acid is well absorbed and excreted into bile and transformed into deoxycholic acid by the intestinal microflora in mice.     

Solubility measurement and thermodynamic properties of sulfamonomethoxine in pure solvents and sulfamonomethoxine hydrate in acetone + water binary solvent at different temperature

The experimental solubility of sulfamonomethoxine in six different pure solvents (methanol,ethanol,1-propanol,l-butanol,ethyl acetate and acetone) and sulfamonomethoxine hydrate in acetone + water mixture solvents were measured from 294.55 K to 362.15 K by a laser dynamic method under atmospheric pressure.Experimental results indicated that the solubility data of sulfamonomethoxine increased with temperature increasing in pure solvents and the solubility followed this order:acetone ＞methanol ＞ ethanol ＞ ethyl acetate ＞ 1-propanol ＞ 1-butanol,but solubility in ethyl acetate was not affected significantly by temperature.In acetone + water mixture solvent,the solubility of sulfa-monomethoxine hydrate increased with temperature and the acetone concentration.Thermodynamic equations were applied to correlate solubility data of sulfamonomethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine hydrate including the modified Apelblat equation,λh equation,Wilson equation,NRTL equation,Van't Hoff-Jouyban Acree equation and modified Apel-Jouyban-Acree equation.Furthermore,thermodynamic properties △Gd,△Hd and △Sd of sulfamonomethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine hydrate in dissolution process were obtained and discussed with the modified Van't Hoff equation and Gibbs equation.