某油冷却器换热管泄漏原因

某公司生产的油冷却器换热管在投入使用9～12个月后发生腐蚀泄漏现象。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、扫描电镜和能谱分析、原子吸收光谱分析等方法分析了管道腐蚀泄漏的原因。结果表明：油冷却器换热管介质中的氯离子和硫离子在管内壁积垢中沉积并富集在管壁基体前沿,导致内壁产生大量点腐蚀,点腐蚀位置与未腐蚀位置形成大阴极小阳极腐蚀电池,增大了腐蚀速率,在管内介质的冲刷作用下,点腐蚀坑进一步扩大,最终导致管道泄漏。     

空调四通阀焊缝泄漏原因分析

某批空调四通阀在使用一段时间后,出现了大量焊缝部位泄漏的不良品。通过宏观分析、化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试、能谱分析、离子色谱分析、模拟试验等方法对四通阀焊缝泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明:四通阀暴露在含有硫和氯的腐蚀介质中,表面产生了蓝绿色和黑色的腐蚀产物,焊缝被腐蚀穿透以至最终发生泄漏。     

蒸汽管线三通管的泄漏原因分析

催化装置的蒸汽管线上有多个三通管均在焊缝处发生蒸汽泄漏。采用化学成分分析、硬度测试、宏观和微观分析等方法对泄漏的三通管进行了分析。结果表明,由于在焊接时,接口处未焊透留下了缝隙,在工作介质和焊接应力的长期作用下产生了缝隙腐蚀和应力腐蚀,最终导致泄漏。     

316L不锈钢板式换热器泄漏原因

316L不锈钢板式换热器使用约半年后频繁出现泄漏事故,通过扫描电镜分析、能谱分析、金相检验、显微硬度检测和有限元模拟分析等方法对泄漏原因进行了分析.结果表明:316L不锈钢板片发生了应力腐蚀开裂,造成泄漏.板片冷加工后产生了较大的残余拉应力且环境中存在Cl-腐蚀介质,导致残余应力较大的波峰和波谷处产生裂纹和腐蚀坑,是造...     

某输气管线穿孔原因分析

某输送未经处理的天然气管线发生穿孔泄漏。通过宏观分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析、X射线衍射分析等方法确定了其穿孔原因。结果表明:造成该处发生局部腐蚀穿孔的主要原因是砂石沉积在输气管线底部,并吸附聚集天然气中的产出水,H2S溶解在聚集的产出水中引起湿环境下的H2S腐蚀;该处腐蚀产物和泥沙形成的积垢与产出水中的Cl-对管壁局部腐蚀起到了促进作用。     

天然气旁通计量管道泄漏失效分析

对天然气场站计量旁通管道泄漏事故进行了失效分析,利用X-射线衍射、扫描电镜和金相等方法对管道的成分、夹杂、金相组织以及管道中的腐蚀产物进行了分析检测.结果表明:该计量旁通管道天然气泄漏是由于管道内残留的积水与天然气中的硫化氢共同作用产生腐蚀并引起管道破裂所致.     

锅炉SNCR脱硝水冷壁管泄漏失效分析

采用宏微观分析、力学性能试验、化学成分分析、金相检验以及能谱、X射线衍射分析等方法,对某锅炉SNCR脱硝水冷壁管泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明:该水冷壁管泄漏系在尿素腐蚀介质作用下产生的局部腐蚀穿孔所致;从脱硝喷枪泄漏的尿素液滴滴落在高温水冷壁管上和水冷壁管鳍片焊趾处的拉应力分别为水冷壁管的腐蚀泄漏提供了介质条件、温度条件和应力条件。     

某天然气管道内腐蚀问题探析

某输气管线自2006年10月投产以来,至今该段管道已经发生5起管道泄漏事件,泄漏点均在管道底部.通过对失效管道的壁厚测量、理化试验、腐蚀产物分析、防腐蚀层测试,并结合施工档案,可认定该管道是由于CO2和细菌腐蚀所造成破坏.通过清管排出管道内壁中残留积水及提高输送管输天然气的洁净度,有效地降低了管道发生内腐蚀的风险.     

某汽轮机抽汽疏水弯管泄漏失效分析

某电厂汽轮机一抽汽疏水弯管在服役约4a(年)后发生泄漏,在弯管两颊出现了两条轴向裂纹,现场调查发现该弯管两端有4道环焊缝及补焊现象。采用宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相分析、扫描电镜与能谱分析等手段对弯管泄漏原因进行了分析。结果表明:该管段内部介质中含有一定量的氯离子,在焊接残余应力及循环热应力的共同作用下弯管发生了应力腐蚀开裂和腐蚀疲劳开裂,最终导致弯管发生泄漏失效。     

浅谈CO2生产装置中的腐蚀问题

就二氧化碳生产装置中的管道设备腐蚀性作为研究对象,分析二氧化碳的腐蚀机理和腐蚀形式,并就水含量、温度、压力、介质流速、溶液pH值、介质中O2含量等因素对管道设备腐蚀性的影响做出综合分析,并介绍基本的防护方法。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.