蠕墨铸铁的干滑动摩擦学特性

分析了蠕墨铸铁的干滑动摩擦磨损规律，研究了工况条件（速度，压力）、成分、组织对蠕墨铸铁干滑动摩擦学特性的影响，探讨了蠕墨铸铁摩擦表面三维形貌与摩擦表而温度特性，结果表明：蠕墨铸铁与球墨铸铁和灰铸铁相比具有最低的磨损率和最高的摩擦系数与最低的摩擦系数衰减最，适合于作为制动器材料。在蠕墨铸铁中添加P、Cr等合金元素可以显著提高耐磨性能。增加摩擦系数。通过对试样三维表面形貌和干滑动摩擦温度场分析．进一步从机理上解释了蠕墨铸铁所具有的良好干滑动摩擦学性能。     

柴油机气缸套材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

研究了5种不同气缸套材料的摩擦磨损性能,分析了不同材料在磨损过程中的磨损机制,结果表明:(1)船用低速柴油机不同材料气缸套的摩擦磨损系数不同,硬度也存在差异;(2)在润滑及润滑加酸的状态下,蠕墨铸铁缸套的摩擦系数较高,其材料润滑性能较灰铸铁差;(3)同为灰铸铁材料,Tarkall-A与Tarkall-C材料相比,Tarkall-A材料有更优的耐磨性能;(4)高温条件下,蠕墨铸铁材料和Tarkall-A材料较普通的Tarkall-C材料有更好的耐磨性能。     

衰退对蠕墨铸铁热分析曲线特征的影响

应用热分析技术对比了蠕墨铸铁、灰铸铁和球墨铸铁的热分析曲线特征,研究了蠕化、孕育作用衰退时间对蠕化率及热分析曲线的影响规律。试验表明,蠕墨铸铁热分析曲线最大共晶过冷温度与球墨铸铁相当,再辉现象明显;随着衰退时间延长,奥氏体初生温度呈上升趋势,蠕墨铸铁共晶最低温度下降,再辉温度逐渐升高;当转变为灰铸铁后共晶最低温度突然上升,再辉温度降低。     

ISO 16112:2017《蠕墨铸铁》标准解读

介绍了ISO 16112:2017修订的主要内容以及标准中规定的蠕墨铸铁的基本性能及金相组织、化学成分和碳当量、热处理等对性能的影响。蠕墨铸铁兼有灰铸铁和球墨铸铁的优良性能,其抗拉强度和屈服强度高于大多数灰铸铁而低于球墨铸铁,热传导性又接近于一般灰铸铁,因此蠕墨铸铁被用来制造在高温下以及有较大的温度梯度下工作的零件,使用蠕墨铸铁还能节省废钢。蠕墨铸铁的石墨形状为短而厚、紧密,在共晶团内蠕虫状石墨分枝生长而又紧密联系在一起。在ISO 16112标准中没有规定蠕墨铸铁的化学成分,制造商可以自行控制化学成分,通过合金化获得不同牌号蠕墨铸铁。蠕墨铸铁具有断面敏感性,其组织和性能也会随着铸件结构和壁厚的变化而发生改变。     

铸铁材料高温拉伸性能试验研究

对几种具有不同石墨形态、不同基体组织的铸铁材料的高温拉伸性能进行了试验研究。通过大量的试验,得出以下结论:(1)HT280、RuT400、QT400-15的抗拉强度均随温度升高而下降,且变化趋势一致,拐点均在400℃左右,石墨形态和基体组织共同交互作用影响抗拉强度的下降幅度;(2)HT280、RuT400、QT400-15的弹性模量随温度升高降低,QT400-15材料的弹性模量随温度的升高而逐渐下降,在450℃以后显著降低,逐渐低于珠光体基体为主的蠕墨铸铁,但高于灰铸铁;(3)在基体组织相同的情况下,蠕虫状石墨的铸铁比片状石墨的灰铸铁具有更高的高温抗拉强度,且蠕墨铸铁随蠕化率的降低,高温力学性能升高。     

含铬蠕墨铸铁摩擦磨损性能研究

用自制的干摩擦磨损试验机．研究了含铬蠕墨铸铁在不同接触压力及不同摩擦速度时的干摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：随着接触压力和摩擦速度的提高，含铬蠕墨铸铁的磨损量呈线性增加，摩擦系数先降低而后趋向于相对稳定；随着含铬量增加，蠕墨铸铁的磨损量降低，摩擦系数在碳化物含量为5％～6％左右时出现极大值；在试验条件下，含铬蠕墨铸铁的摩擦磨损性能优于普通蠕墨铸铁。     

蠕墨铸铁的生产

蠕墨铸铁的石墨形状介于灰铁的片状石墨与球铁的球状石墨之间，抗拉强度高于灰铸铁70％，略低于球墨铸铁，是结构件的优良材料。对蠕墨铸铁生产中应当如何选择、控制化学成分，蠕化剂的种类，蠕化处理方法及质量控制方法进行了介绍。     

蠕墨铸铁(上)

蠕墨铸铁的石墨形态是介于片状石墨和球状石墨之间的一种中间形态石墨。由于这个原因,它的材质性能也介于片状石墨铸铁和球墨铸铁之间。它具有接近于灰铸铁的铸造性能和导热性,并具有接近于球墨铸铁的强度。所以它作为一种新的工程材料愈来愈引起人们的注意,并已被应用于生产。实际上,蠕墨铸铁的发现有史已久。1948年Morrogh在研究用铈处理球铁的过程中,即发现了蠕墨铸铁,不过,当时他认为是球化失败的产物。直到1965年,才由J.W.     

等离子喷涂镍包石墨涂层的研究

为满足机械零部件固体润滑的要求,采用等离子喷涂方法在蠕墨铸铁表面制备镍包石墨涂层,研究其摩擦特性。结果表明:在4、8、20 N的载荷下,蠕墨铸铁与GCr15对磨摩擦系数分别为0.64、0.68、0.71,镍包石墨涂层与GCr15对磨摩擦系数分别为0.22、0.18、0.15,镍包石墨涂层起到明显的耐磨减磨作用。在4 N载荷下,磨损量从2.8 mg降到1.4 mg;在8 N载荷下,磨损量从3.2 mg降到1.6 mg,在20 N载荷下,磨损量从4.6 mg降到1.8 mg,镍包石墨涂层与蠕墨铸铁基体相比耐磨性显著提高,因此,镍包石墨涂层同时起到减磨与耐磨作用。载荷为4 N时,镍包石墨涂层的磨损机制以粘着磨损为主;载荷为8、20 N时,其磨损机制以磨粒的切削与石墨的润滑减摩为主。     

蠕墨铸铁冲击磨损性能研究

根据蠕墨铸铁缸盖服役的实际工况,利用自制冲击磨损试验机在不同冲击角度(30°、45°、60°)和环境温度(室温、200、400℃C)下进行蠕墨铸铁的磨损试验,研究了冲击角度和环境温度对冲击磨损性能的影响。采用SEM观察磨损形貌。结果表明:随温度从室温升高到400℃,蠕墨铸铁的磨损量逐渐升高,当冲击角度从30°升高到45°,蠕墨铸铁的磨损量降低,而冲击角度从45℃增大到60°,磨损量增加。且随冲击角度和温度的升高,磨损面的剥落坑逐渐增多。     

Friction and wear characteristics of polymer-matrix friction materials reinforced by brass fibers

This study is an investigation of friction materials reinforced by brass fibers, and the influence of the organic adhesion agent, cast-iron debris, brass fiber, and graphite powder on the friction-wear characteristics. Friction and wear testing was performed on a block-on-ring tribometer (MM200). The friction pair consisted of the friction materials and gray cast iron (HT200). The worn surface layers formed by sliding dry friction were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray energy-dispersive analysis (EDX), and differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TAG). The experimental results showed that the friction coefficient and the wear loss of the friction materials increased with the increase of cast-iron debris, but decreased with the increase of graphite powder content. The friction coefficient and wear loss also increased slightly when the mass fraction of brass fibers was over 19%. When the mass fraction of organic adhesion agent was about 10–11%, the friction materials had excellent friction-wear performance. Surface heating from friction pyrolyzes the organic ingredient in the worn surface layer of the friction materials, with the pyrolysis depth being about 0.5 mm. The surface layers were rich in iron but poor in copper, and they were formed on the worn surface of the friction material. When the mass fraction of brass fibers was about 16–20%, the friction materials possessed better wear resistance and a copper transfer film formed on the friction surface of counterpart. Fatigue cracks were also found in the worn surface of the gray cast-iron counterpart, with fatigue wear being the prevailing wear mechanism.     

碳化铬/Ni3Al复合堆焊层组织及摩擦磨损分析

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及X射线衍射分析钨极氩弧堆焊碳化铬增强Ni3Al基复合堆焊层的组织结构,并采用销盘式干摩擦磨损试验机对堆焊层与活塞环用蠕墨铸铁材料的干摩擦磨损性能进行试验比较.结果表明,复合堆焊层内形成Ni3Al金属间化合物基体,其中弥散分布有大量细小的块状和条状碳化物硬质相Cr3C2和Cr7C3;焊接时焊丝中Cr3C2颗粒溶解析出,重新析出的碳化铬颗粒中包含Fe和Ni元素,碳化铬颗粒与Ni3Al基体形成良好的冶金结合;弥散分布的碳化铬颗粒和Ni3Al基体固溶强化的Cr元素决定了堆焊层具有较高的硬度.室温条件下,复合堆焊层具有优异的耐干摩擦磨损性能,其摩擦系数为0.23,远低于活塞环蠕墨铸铁的0.39;磨损率仅为蠕墨铸铁材料的43%.     

Different thermal fatigue behaviors between gray cast iron and vermicular graphite cast iron

The initiation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks in gray cast iron and vemicular graphite cast iron were investigated by Uddeholm method to reveal the complex thermal fatigue behaviors of cast iron. Differences of thermal fatigue behaviors of gray cast iron and vemicular graphite cast iron were observed and analyzed. It is found that the observed differences are related to the combination of graphite morphology and the oxidization of matrix. More oxidized matrix is observed in gray cast iron due to its large specific surface area. The brittle oxidized matrix facilitates the propagation of microcracks along the oxidization layer. By contrast, the radial microcracks are formed in vermicular graphite at the edge of graphite due to fewer oxidization layers. It indicates that the thermal fatigue resistance of gray cast iron is dominated by graphite content and morphology while that of vermicular graphite cast iron strongly relates to the strength of the matrix.

     

合金元素对马氏体球墨铸铁腐蚀磨损的影响

研究了Si、Ni、Cu合金元素对球墨铸铁腐蚀磨损耐磨性的影响;结果表明,含硅量增加及添加铜、镍元素,马氏体球墨铸铁显微组织中碳化物数量减少,石墨球尺寸增大,腐蚀磨损耐磨性增加;磨损形貌观察表明,马氏体球墨铸铁腐蚀磨损机制以磨料磨损为主,腐蚀作用不明显。     

Influence of composition on friction-wear behavior of composite materi-als reinforced by brass fibers

In the study, for the composite materials reinforced by brass fibers, the influence of dominant ingredients, such as organic adhesion agent, cast iron debris, brass fiber, and graphite powder, on the friction-wear characteristics was investi-gated. The friction-wear experiment was carried out on the block-on-ring tribometer MM200. The worn surfaces of the fric-tion pair consisting of the composite materials and grey cast iron HT200 under dry sliding friction were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive analysis (EDX) and differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TAG). The experimental results showed that the friction coefficient and the wear loss of the composite ma-terial increase obviously with the increase of cast iron debris content, but decrease obviously with the increase of graphite powder content, and increase a little when the mass fraction of brass fiber was over 19%, and the orientation of brass fiber has obvious influence on friction-wear prop     

深冷处理对合金铸铁组织及耐磨性能的影响

采用OM、SEM、XRD、摩擦试验等分析手段研究了合金铸铁在淬火+回火后增加深冷处理工艺对组织及耐磨性能的影响。结果表明:深冷处理前后合金铸铁的石墨形态均主要以A型为主,级别为5级,深冷处理后马氏体晶界上析出超微细碳化物,残留奥氏体的体积分数由19.6%减小为14.8%,使得合金铸铁的硬度增加了3 HRC;深冷处理后合金铸铁在25~100 ℃的平均热膨胀系数由13.34×10^-6 K^-1减小至10.97×10^-6 K^-1,材料随温升其性能稳定性较好;同工况油润滑条件下,深冷处理后的合金铸铁磨损体积和摩擦因数小于未深冷的合金铸铁。     

浅谈近年来铸铁件的发展

介绍了近年来我国铸铁件的产量和新制订、修订的铸铁件国标:(1)灰铸铁的发展在产量增速上虽有所放缓,但质量上却有很大提高,体现在:新国标中牌号的细化,掌握了HT300和HT350的生产技术,专用灰铸铁的开发。(2)球墨铸铁不仅在产量上快速发展,而且更有质的飞跃,概括为:发展速度令人惊异,从无到有,从少量生产到占世界球铁产量的49.5%;球铁应用领域不断扩大;开发出各种球化处理方法;系列化生产了球化剂和孕育剂。重点介绍了Si固溶强化铁素体球铁、高强度高伸长率球铁、低温铁素体球铁、珠光体基体球铁、ADI、奥氏体球铁、高强韧TWIP铸铁,并指出了生产高端球铁件的关键点——优化石墨、净化晶界、强化基体。(3)蠕铁的进步体现在:新的国标替代了旧的部标,蠕铁缸体缸盖的生产渐入佳境,蠕铁制动盘的扩大应用正在稳妥推进。     

50%～30%中、低蠕化率铸铁的性能及应用

综述了灰铁、蠕铁和球铁中的石墨形态与其力学性能及热力学性能的关系。铸铁材料的实际性能是随着蠕化率或球化率的变化而变化,也就是随着球状、团状、团絮状、蠕虫状石墨的数量比例变化而变化的;中、低蠕化率(蠕化率50%～30%,即球化率50%～70%)铸铁处于由蠕铁向球铁变化的中、后段,具有优于球铁的铸造性能、致密性、导热性、减震性和切削加工性能,同时具有优于高蠕化率蠕铁的常温和高温力学性能。指出中、低蠕化率铸铁适用于需要较高强度和冷热疲劳性能的场合。     

Tribological characteristics of compacted graphite cast iron in dry sliding condition

In tribological system, friction pairs are the core.Different friction pairs show different tribologicalcharacteristics. Dry sliding friction means that there is noliquid lubricator in the process of wear and friction. Inmost cases, friction surfaces contact each other directly,while under some operating conditions, there exists solidlubricant. Among many friction pairs studied, the drysliding friction pairs with background of practicalapplication for brake system increasingly attract theatten…