连续电驱动四足机器人腿部机构设计与分析

提出了一种四足机器人腿部的连续电驱动（即电机整周转动驱动腿部实现摆转跨步动作）方案,设计了一种具有由切比雪夫机构、五杆机构组成的2自由度双曲柄复合连杆机构的机器人腿部结构．分析了动物的足端轨迹特性,采用轨迹圆滑、无突变、导数连续的椭圆曲线规划了机器人足端运动轨迹．以规划的足端轨迹再现为优化目标,采用遗传算法与fmincon函数内点法计算得到了腿部机构杆长的最佳尺寸．在此基础上,建立了机器人仿真模型,通过Adams仿真分析了机器人腿部机构的足端运动特性,并研制了腿部结构性能测试平台．完成了单腿足端运动轨迹跟踪实验,验证了腿部结构设计方案的可行性．     

基于高阶多项式的爬游机器人足端轨迹规划

针对深海爬游机器人足端轨迹规划问题,采用高阶多项式拟合的方法对其进行研究;首先,介绍了爬游机器人整体结构并对其进行运动学建模,结合爬游机器人运动学模型提出了一种直线与曲线相结合的机器人足端轨迹;其次,利用四阶多项式和六阶多项式分别对机器人足端轨迹进行拟合,比较两种拟合结果可知,六阶多项式拟合方法对机器人足端速度、加速度的规划效果更佳;利用六阶多项式轨迹拟合方法对多段轨迹连接点处的速度问题进行了分析,解决了机器人在运动过程中腿部抖动问题,使机械腿具有良好的控制柔顺性;最后,根据D-H法则建立机器人单腿仿真模型,通过仿真验证了算法的可行性,进一步在水池中利用机器人实物样机验证了算法的有效性.     

基于虚拟样机技术的四足机器人静态稳定步态规划

针对现有技术文献中广泛使用的多种静态稳定步态中速度稳定性与稳定裕度不可兼得的通病,在随动质心的静态步态基础上,利用参数化坐标变换矩阵方法规划出一种四足机器人前进过程中质心以曲线轨迹移动的静态步态方法,使该步态方法以连续性速度运动的过程中保证一定稳定裕度;通过D-H法求得四足机器人的逆运动学坐标变换矩阵,分别在三维空间中对四足机器人的四组足端轨迹方程进行规划,并带入MATLAB软件后以逆运动学方程计算出关节夹角驱动方程,利用步态规划图求出机器人四条腿各自对应的夹角驱动方程以及机体质心轨迹方程;最后在MSC.ADAMS软件中建立四足机器人虚拟样机并对规划的步态进行虚拟仿真,仿真结果验证了该步态对提升四足机器人对于速度连续性以及稳定裕度的提升。     

基于RBF-Q学习的四足机器人运动协调控制

通过分析四足机器人运动协调的实现方式, 利用RBF网络和Q学习算法设计了一种足端跟踪理想轨迹的运动协调方法。其仿真结果表明, 该方法可以控制四足机器人足端对给定位移和速度轨迹的精确跟踪, 实现四足机器人的运动协调。     

仿生猫科机器人的肩腿部运动学分析与结构优化

针对仿猫四足机器人肩腿结构进行研究,对机构进行运动学分析,通过蒙特卡洛法求解机器人足端运动空间。对比不同大小腿长比例下的足端可达空间,对机器人肩腿长度进行优化。将得到的优化结果作为输入,利用虚拟样机技术仿真输出机器人俯仰角和翻滚角曲线,验证机器人优化后的行走稳定性。通过拓扑算例对肩腿结构进行拓扑优化,获得腿部优化后结构形式,为样机试制奠定基础。     

电动并联六轮足机器人的运动驱动与多模态控制方法

提出一种并联六轮足移动机器人．该机器人设有多模式Stewart型腿结构,其负载能力大,集成了轮式运动和足式运动的优点,可实现足式、轮式、轮足复合式运动．首先,阐述了机器人设计思路,对电动并联六轮足机器人的硬件系统和控制系统进行设计．其次,针对足式运动模式,设计了一套完整的足式“三角”步态和稳定行走算法,该算法可降低足端与地面之间的垂直方向冲击,防止足式运动拖腿或打滑;针对轮式运动模式,设计并介绍了6轮协同控制和轮式协同转向原理;针对轮足复合式运动模式,介绍了变高度、变支撑面、变轮距、主动隔振控制原理,重点分析了主动隔振控制和变轮距控制,可实现主动隔振及姿态平稳控制,提高了机器人在崎岖颠簸地形下的轮足复合式运动的稳定性．最后,对电动并联六轮足机器人的足式、轮式、轮足复合式运动模式进行实验,实验结果验证了本文提出的并联六轮足移动机器人设计的可行性和各运动模式下驱动与控制算法的有效性．     

仿生六足步行机器人步态轨迹的研究与仿真

针对仿生六足步行机器人关节较多,其步态轨迹规划和关节控制量计算都较为复杂的现状,采用Solidworks软件与MSC.ADAMS软件相结合的方式对六足仿生步行机器人的样机模型进行了运动学仿真与分析.通过仿真,验证了所设计的三角步态的适用性和所选择的三次样条曲线作为机器人足端点轨迹曲线方案的可行性.详细阐述了六足仿生步行机器人轨迹仿真的原理、方法及过程,找到了一种在ADAMS环境下求解机器人逆解的方法,简化了理论计算,提高了设计效率.     

仿生四足机器人设计及运动学足端受力分析

仿生四足机器人腿部结构设计与生物腿部实际结构存在差异,足端与地面的刚性接触力对于控制其运动平稳和收敛会产生不利影响。为解决上述问题,分析德国牧羊犬骨骼结构,通过图像处理和分析手段获取牧羊犬对角小跑步态运动中四肢各关节的运动规律,设计一款四足机器人。该机器人足端具有转化足端与地面刚性接触为柔性接触的机构。根据正运动学和逆运动学理论分析模型足端工作空间。将仿真获得的受力曲线与实际受力曲线进行对比,结果表明,运动控制函数和柔性机构更有助于四足机器人的运动平稳。     

侧向推搡下的四足机器人复合抗扰控制策略

针对四足机器人侧向推搡下的平衡恢复问题,提出了一种复合抗扰反应式鲁棒控制策略.该策略由摆动相的自适应侧摆规划策略和支撑相的关节抗扰控制构成.摆动相自适应侧摆规划策略通过四足机器人足端落地点的力平衡条件进行主动式步态规划以保证机器人在侧向推搡下的姿态稳定,并基于关节输出力矩给出了侧摆的启动条件.支撑相关节抗扰控制通过带扰动项的四足机器人完整动力学模型设计了基于干扰观测器的鲁棒滑模控制器,实现对侧向推搡扰动的补偿.最后,通过Matlab与ADAMS联合仿真验证了提出的控制策略的有效性.     

基于双层级CPG的3维蛇形机器人运动控制方法

为实现3维蛇形机器人多模式运动控制,提出了一种基于双层级中枢模式发生器(CPG)的运动控制方法.该双层级CPG网络包含节律层和模式层,节律层的CPG神经元用于控制3维蛇形机器人的俯仰关节组和偏转关节组的相位关系,模式层的CPG神经元用于控制3维蛇形机器人关节组内各个关节的相位差及关节轨迹.首先,利用Kuramoto振荡器对CPG神经元进行建模,并确定CPG网络的层级结构和耦合拓扑;然后,基于蛇形约束曲线计算3维蛇形机器人侧滚运动、侧移运动、滑行运动及转向运动4种典型运动步态的控制参数;最后,通过联合仿真和实验验证该双层级CPG网络的控制性能.由实验结果可知,3维蛇形机器人的侧滚运动、侧移运动、滑行运动以及转向运动的实际速度分别能够达到3.9 cm/s、9.0 cm/s、2.1 cm/s和10.8°/s.因此,该方法能够有效地、灵活地控制3维蛇形机器人的多模式运动.     

基于扩展雅可比矩阵的冗余液压驱动四足机器人运动控制

针对冗余液压驱动四足机器人运动学逆解问题,提出一种基于扩展雅可比矩阵的冗余液压驱动四足机器人运动控制方法.该方法既能解决冗余自由度带来的逆解多解问题,还能使机器人足端入地角度满足摩擦锥要求避免足端滑动.首先,规划机器人足端轨迹得到机器人足端速度,在分析机器人足端入地角度对机器人运动性能影响的基础上,结合机器人腿部结构几...     

Whole-body motion planning and control of a quadruped robot for challenging terrain

Quadruped robots working in jungles, mountains or factories should be able to move through challenging scenarios. In this paper, we present a control framework for quadruped robots walking over rough terrain. The planner plans the trajectory of the robot's center of gravity by using the normalized energy stability criterion, which ensures that the robot is in the most stable state. A contact detection algorithm based on the probabilistic contact model is presented, which implements event-based state switching of the quadruped robot legs. And an on-line detection of contact force based on generalized momentum is also showed, which improves the accuracy of proprioceptive force estimation. A controller combining whole body control and virtual model control is proposed to achieve precise trajectory tracking and active compliance with environment interaction. Without any knowledge of the environment, the experiments of the quadruped robot SDUQuad-144 climbs over significant obstacles such as 38 cm high steps and 22.5 cm high stairs are designed to verify the feasibility of the proposed method.     

Generation of a continuous free gait for quadruped robot over rough terrains

Generating a robust gait is one of the most important factors to improve the adaptability of quadruped robots on rough terrains. This paper presents a new continuous free gait generation method for quadruped robots capable of walking on the rough terrain characterized by the uneven ground and forbidden areas. When walking with the proposed gait, the robot can effectively maintain its stability by using the Center of Gravity (COG) trajectory planning method. After analyzing the point cloud of rough terrain, the forbidden areas of the terrain can be obtained. Based on this analysis, an optimal foothold search strategy is presented to help quadruped robot to determine the optimum foothold for the swing foot automatically. In addition, the foot sequence determining method is proposed to improve the performance of robot. With the free gait proposed in this paper, quadruped robot can walk through the rough terrains automatically and successfully. The correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method is verified via simulations.     

Adaptive dynamic locomotion of quadrupedal robots with semicircular feet on uneven terrain

This paper proposes an adaptive trajectory generation method for quadruped robots with semicircular feet to control body speed and heading, and to minimize power consumption on uneven terrain. The semicircular foot with single line of contact is easier to solve the kinematic problems than flat feet with active ankle joints. And its wheel-like rolling motion leads to improvement in power autonomy and reduction of impact forces. The adaptive gait patterns are changed by the sequential modulation of the locomotion period and the stride per step which are determined by the desired body speed and heading commands, and external environments. The efficiency and performance of the developed method are verified through computer simulations and experiments using a hydraulic actuated quadrupedal robot.     

Gait planning for quadruped robot based on dynamic stability: landing accordance ratio

In this article, the method for increasing dynamic stability of quadruped robot is proposed. Previous researches on dynamic walking of quadruped robots have used only walking pattern called central pattern generator (CPG). In this research, different from walking generation with only CPG, a instinctive stability measure called landing accordance ratio, is proposed and used for increasing dynamic stability. In addition, dynamic balance control and control to adjust walking trajectory for increasing dynamic stability measure is also proposed. Proposed methods are verified with dynamic simulation and a large number of experiments with quadruped robot platform.     

Bionic Quadruped Robot Dynamic Gait Control Strategy Based on Twenty Degrees of Freedom

Quadruped robot dynamic gaits have much more advantages than static gaits on speed and efficiency, however high speed and efficiency calls for more complex mechanical structure and complicated control algorithm. It becomes even more challenging when the robot has more degrees of freedom. As a result, most of the present researches focused on simple robot, while the researches on dynamic gaits for complex robot with more degrees of freedom are relatively limited. The paper is focusing on the dynamic gaits control for complex robot with twenty degrees of freedom for the first time. Firstly, we build a relatively complete 3D model for quadruped robot based on spring loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model, analyze the inverse kinematics of the model, plan the trajectory of the swing foot and analyze the hydraulic drive. Secondly, we promote the control algorithm of one-legged to the quadruped robot based on the virtual leg and plan the state variables of pace gait and bound gait. Lastly, we realize the above two kinds of dynamic gaits in ADAMS-MATLAB joint simulation platform which testify the validity of above method.