冷轧对TiNi合金组织及力学性能的影响

在室温下对TiNi合金进行轧制,采用OM、XRD、DSC、TEM等分析检测技术,研究了冷轧变形量对TiNi合金显微组织演变、力学性能的影响规律,探讨了合金变形的微观机制。结果表明：TiNi合金在冷轧变形过程中,组织发生了B2奥氏体相向B19’马氏体相的转变;随变形量的增加,组织的不均匀变形增加,出现了纳米晶和非晶相。冷轧后的TiNi合金在拉伸过程中仅表现出奥氏体相、马氏体相的弹性变形和塑性变形阶段,应力诱发马氏体相变阶段消失,表现为连续屈服过程。TiNi合金在不同的应变阶段具有不同的变形机制：当应变量为0<ε≤0.3时,合金的主要变形机制为位错滑移;当应变量ε>0.3时,合金以孪生和位错滑移相结合的变形机制进行变形。     

ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo马氏体不锈钢中TRIP效应的同步辐射高能X射线原位研究

利用自制的小型拉伸装置对淬火+回火热处理后的ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo马氏体不锈钢试样进行单轴拉伸变形,使用同步辐射高能X射线衍射技术对钢中逆变奥氏体力学稳定性和相变诱导塑性(transformation induced plastic,TRIP)进行原位研究.结果表明,随着拉伸应力的增加,逆变奥氏体衍射峰积分强度逐渐减弱,逆变奥氏体在变形过程中逐步发生了形变诱导马氏体相变.利用Rietveld全谱精修拟合方法对不同应力状态下的逆变奥氏体相分数进行定量分析,发现逆变奥氏体的形变诱导马氏体相变开始于材料的宏观弹性阶段,并持续至整个塑性变形阶段.通过比较分析不同热处理工艺下逆变奥氏体的形变诱导相变过程和材料的加工硬化行为发现,逆变奥氏体的形变诱导相变的出现增加了马氏体基体的位错密度,导致材料加工硬化指数的提高,有效提高了材料的塑性.     

残留奥氏体转变行为对冷轧TRIP钢力学性能的影响

通过基于同步辐射技术的高能X射线衍射实验,对具有相同组织特征的低合金冷轧TRIP钢进行了室温和低温(-40℃)下的原位拉伸,观察拉伸变形过程中其残留奥氏体相的转变行为。结果表明:低温情况下TRIP钢组织中的残留奥氏体相稳定性降低,在弹性变形阶段以及塑性变形的前期便有大量残留奥氏体相发生马氏体转变,试样表现出较高的加工硬化能力。随着组织中残留奥氏体相的大量提前消耗,当变形进入高应变阶段时,TRIP钢组织因缺乏足够的马氏体转变,加工硬化能力快速下降,造成颈缩的提早出现,伸长率的降低。室温变形TRIP钢组织中残留奥氏体相的转变在整个变形过程中呈较平稳的趋势,TRIP效应能够持续发挥作用,特别是在变形的中后期仍能使组织保持较高的加工硬化能力,从而获得了较好的综合力学性能。     

热镀锌TRIP钢的微观组织结构及演变规律

利用光学显微镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和相变仪对热镀锌TRIP钢的微观组织进行了定性观察和定量计算,在此基础上对热镀锌TRIP钢残留奥氏体的演变规律和马氏体的精细结构进行了研究。定性观察表明热镀锌TRIP钢的微观组织由铁素体,贝氏体,残留奥氏体和马氏体构成,在贝氏体相变结束后的冷却过程中还存在马氏体相变;通过对微观组织计算发现,受贝氏体等温相变时间影响,热镀锌TRIP钢中的马氏体碳含量在0.80%~1.0%之间,贝氏体等温时间越长,最终组织中马氏体碳含量越高,Ms点越低;在贝氏体相变结束后,部分碳含量不高的奥氏体在随后的冷却过程中发生马氏体相变,以马-奥岛的形式存在,马氏体的精细结构以孪晶马氏体为主,存在少量位错马氏体。     

Q&P处理低碳中锰钢的显微组织与力学性能

对含硅的低碳中锰钢进行Q&P处理,获得了回火马氏体、新生马氏体和残留奥氏体的混合组织,利用SEM、TEM、XRD和拉伸试验机等检测手段研究不同热处理工艺下微观组织结构及力学性能。结果表明,随着淬火温度的提高,试验钢的抗拉强度先降低后升高,屈服强度则一直降低,总伸长率先升高后降低。淬火温度为250 ℃时,试验钢的综合力学性能最好,抗拉强度为1331 MPa,断后伸长率为17.3%,强塑积可达23 GPa·%。这主要是由于组织中一定比例的膜状残留奥氏体发挥TRIP效应,拉伸变形阶段表现出持续的加工硬化能力,获得更好的强塑匹配。淬火温度为270 ℃时,由于残留奥氏体的稳定性降低,组织内存在大量新生马氏体,使塑性下降。     

基于动态相变热轧TRIP钢塑性断裂的实验研究

通过热模拟压缩实验,研究了基于动态相变热轧C-Mn-Al-Si系TRIP钢塑性断裂后不同部位的组织。结果表明,实验钢组织中尺寸较大的残留奥氏体,在塑性过程中很快就会发生马氏体相变,从而导致孔洞或裂纹的起源或萌生;而且,裂纹的起源和扩展与组织的铁素体/残留奥氏体（马氏体）密切相关。减小残留奥氏体的晶粒尺寸,提高残留奥氏体的稳定性,不让其在形变初期快速转变为马氏体,有利于TRIP钢强度及塑性的提高。     

压下率对两相区温轧淬火配分中锰钢组织性能的影响

采用SEM、TEM、XRD、室温拉伸等手段,研究了0.1C-7.2Mn钢两相区温轧淬火配分处理钢的组织形貌、碳化物析出、残留奥氏体体积分数及其中的C含量及力学性能。结果表明,随着温轧压下率的增大,两相区温轧淬火配分处理后试样的马氏体板条得到细化并逐渐平行于轧制方向;两相区温轧淬火配分处理后试样的显微组织由马氏体和残留奥氏体组成,并且有碳化物析出;随着温轧压下率的增大,碳化物的平均尺寸粗化,残留奥氏体的体积分数逐渐升高,并且残留奥氏体中的C含量先升高后降低,屈服强度和抗拉强度均先升高后降低,伸长率先降低后升高。当温轧压下率为80%时,强塑积达到最高31.50 GPa·%。     

201不锈钢形变诱发马氏体相变特性

201不锈钢塑性变形过程中会发生马氏体相变,相变改变了材料力学性能,使201不锈钢拉深成形后易产生时效开裂现象。为探明201不锈钢因马氏体相变导致的时效开裂原因,通过单向拉伸试验,研究了201不锈钢马氏体相变特性、温度和应变速率对马氏体相变的影响规律。结果表明:马氏体相变量随拉伸变形量的增加而增加;增加变形温度与应变速率,均会抑制马氏体相变;当温度达到100℃时,不再有相变发生;在同一温度下,随应变速率的增大,屈服强度和屈强比均增大,伸长率减小;但因马氏体相变,201不锈钢在50℃以下和100℃以上的抗拉强度表现出相反的变化规律;在不同温度下,201不锈钢在应变速率为0.001 s-1时的塑性变形能力最好。     

奥氏体化温度对汽车用QP钢组织性能的影响

利用扫描电镜及透射电镜、X射线衍射仪和拉伸试验机对采用不同的奥氏体化温度处理后QP钢微观组织和力学性能进行观察及测试分析,探讨了奥氏体化温度对QP钢组织与力学性能的影响。研究结果表明:奥氏体化温度对QP钢最终的组织性能有决定性影响。部分奥氏体化时,QP钢的最终组织为马氏体+残留奥氏体+铁素体;完全奥氏体化时,QP钢的最终组织为马氏体+残留奥氏体。随奥氏体化温度提高,铁素体数量减少,马氏体数量增多,QP钢的强度增加,塑性下降。拉伸过程中,QP钢中发生了残留奥氏体向马氏体转变。     

模具钢无碳化物贝氏体的相变行为及其对磨损性能的影响

研究了H13模具钢的常规马氏体(油淬火+580℃回火)和无碳化物贝氏体(300℃等温处理)的相变行为，以及显微组织对其冲击磨损性能的影响。结果表明：试验钢经贝氏体等温后形成了由板条状贝氏体铁素体和残留奥氏体组成的无碳化物贝氏体组织；贝氏体铁素体+残留奥氏体组织的冲击磨损性能在磨损后期(1.5和2.0 h)优于马氏体组织。这是由于马氏体组织容易产生微裂纹，产生大量犁削，从而导致耐磨性能降低，而无碳化物贝氏体组织在冲击磨损过程中使表层发生剧烈的塑性变形，诱导微观组织中的残留奥氏体转变成α相铁素体，能够阻止试验钢基体在冲击磨损过程中产生切削，从而提高其耐磨性。     

Optimization of flow stress in cool deformed Nb-microalloyed steel by combining strain induced transformation of retained austenite, cooling rate and heat treatment

In this study cool deformation was incorporated in the overall thermo-mechanical processing of a Nb-microalloyed steel. Included in this was the effect of cooling rate subsequent to hot rolling on precipitate formation in the ferrite phase. The results show that increasing the cooling rate prevents precipitate formation in the ferrite phase at the cool deformation temperature. As well, the amount of retained austenite under the low cooling condition in the temperature range of cool deformation, 700-300 °C, was measured by neutron diffraction. It is then shown that strain-induced transformation of retained austenite to martensite is the main factor in increasing the strength of cool deformed Nb microalloyed steel. Combining accelerated cooling, strain-induced transformation of austenite to martensite during cool deformation and a subsequent heat treatment stage to increase precipitation maximizes the flow stress of the steel. Finally, it is shown that this process also lowers the yield strength/ultimate strength ratio.     

碳氮共渗层A_R压缩形变诱发马氏体相变动力学

用声发射、定量金相等方法研究了室温单向压缩条件下，１８Ｃｒ２Ｎｉ４ＷＡ用碳氮共渗层中残余奥氏体发生的形变诱发马氏体相变动力学，推导出相变动力学方程并用定量金相测定结果加以验证，结果表明，共渗层中残余奥氏体在形变过程中发生马氏体相变，在弹性应力范围内仅形成少量应力协助马氏体，塑变开始后，才发生明显的应变诱发马氏体相变。     

Evolution of lattice strain and phase transformation of β III Ti alloy during room temperature cyclic tension

An in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction cyclic tension test was carried out on a β III Ti alloy to study its micromechanical behavior and the stress-induced phase transformation. Pre-strained material showed a microscopic multi-stage re-loading behavior following the sequence of elastic deformation, stress-induced martensite (SIM) transformation, a second stage of elastic deformation followed by a final stage of SIM transformation. Based on the relationship of internal strains and diffraction intensities between the β phase and the SIM, it is concluded that after a small strain deformation, the austenite is divided into two different sets of grains with different properties. Those that previously experienced phase transformation have a lower critical stress for the SIM transformation due to residual martensite and dislocations, while the rest have a higher trigger stress and only transform to martensite after the stress is back to levels comparable to where transformation was seen in the previous cycle. The different properties within the same austenite grain family cause the multistage re-loading behavior. The reverse phase transformation during unloading was impeded by the combination of increased dislocation density in the austenite and the increased tensile strain in the martensite prior to unloading.     

异构片层结构304不锈钢的制备及其力学性能

采用形变诱导马氏体退火逆转变工艺制备了异构片层结构(HLS)的304奥氏体不锈钢。通过扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析了304奥氏体不锈钢的显微组织和物相组成,并采用室温拉伸试验研究了其力学性能。结果表明,通过变形量为34%的热轧、75%的冷轧以及700 ℃退火12 min后,试验钢中的马氏体相逆转变为奥氏体相,部分残留奥氏体发生再结晶,获得了由微米再结晶晶粒与超细晶/纳米晶晶粒以及残留奥氏体晶粒组成的异构片层结构,微米再结晶晶粒和残留奥氏体被超细晶/纳米晶晶粒所包围。异构片层结构304奥氏体不锈钢的屈服强度为940.1 MPa,断裂总延伸率为43.1%,获得了良好的强度-塑性匹配。     

Local laser heat treatment of ultra high strength steels to improve formability

Ultra high strength steels are of enormous interest especially in the automotive industry due to their potential in realising light weight structures and improving the crash behaviour. However the poor formability of these steels limits their application for many parts in the car body. A solution to this limitation can be a local heat treatment using a laser beam to soften the material where a high formability is needed. Laser treatment was performed using a Nd:YAG laser with 3 kW maximum power. The output power was temperature controlled to achieve a constant temperature level during the heat treatment. Large areas are treated by scanning the surface with the laser beam. The materials under investigation are dual phase (DP), retained austenite (RA) and martensitic (MS) steels with a tensile strength of 600–1,200 MPa. The microstructure of DP steels consists of martensite and ferrite. RA steels contain ferrite, martensite and additionally a certain amount of retained austenite which transforms into martensite during plastic flow. MS steels are fully martensitic which gives them the highest yield strength of all UHS steels. The various steels were provided as not galvanised sheets (hot or cold rolled) with a thickness of 1.5 mm. Depending on material and process parameters tempering of martensite, formation of ferrite and transformation of retained austenite to martensite are observed as a result of the heat treatment. Tensile tests of DP 600, DP 1000 and MS-W 1200 reveal a significant reduction in yield and tensile strength and an increase in elongation after LHT. The effect is due to tempering of martensite and in the case of MS-W also due to an increase in volume fraction of ferrite. Tensile tests of RA-K 700 reveal a minor reduction in yield and tensile strength and a decrease in elongation. This can be attributed to the lower content of retained austenite which has transformed into martensite during LHT. From this result it can be expected that LHT is not beneficial for high deformation degrees. Deep drawing of a mock-up geometry using MS-W 1200 and RA-K 700 showed a significant decrease in slide force (~20%) compared to the initial condition. This results show that laser heat treatment has the potential to improve formability of UHS steels.     

Tensile behavior of TRIP-aided multi-phase steels studied by in situ neutron diffraction

TRIP-aided multi-phase steels were made by thermo-mechanically controlled process, where the ferrite grain size and the amount of the retained austenite were changed by controlling process conditions. The tensile behavior of four steels was studied by in situ neutron diffraction. It is found that the retained austenite bearing about 1.0 wt% C is plastically harder than the ferrite matrix. The steel with a ferrite grain size of ≈2.0 μm showed tensile strength of 1.1 GPa and a uniform elongation of 18.4%, in which stress-induced martensitic transformation occurs during plastic deformation but a considerable amount of austenite remains even after the onset of necking. It is concluded that the enhancement of uniform elongation is caused mainly by the work-hardening due to the hard austenite and martensite, where the contribution of the transformation strain is negligible.     

Mechanically-induced martensite transformation of NiTiFe shape memory alloy subjected to plane strain compression

Based on the channel die compression, NiTiFe shape memory alloy (SMA) was subjected to plane strain compression. Mechanically-induced martensite transformation, nanocrystalline and amorphous phase can be observed in the case of large plastic strain. Mechanically-induced martensite transformation is obviously different from the conventional stress-induced martensite transformation. The former generally occurs after dislocation slip, whereas the latter arises prior to dislocation slip. The occurrence of B19’ martensite phase contributes to accommodating subsequent plastic deformation of NiTiFe SMA. Mechanically-induced B19’ martensite is partially stabilized due to the existence of local high stress field and consequently it is unable to be reverted to B2 austenite phase during unloading.     

Dependency of Deformation Behavior of Retained Austenite in TRIP Steels on Microstructural and Chemical Homogeneity

The room-temperature stability of the retained austenite against strain-induced martensitic transformation, its deformation behavior, the response to the bainitic isothermal treatment, the appearance of yield point elongation and other peculiarities of plastic flow, and the mechanical properties of transformation-induced plasticity(TRIP) steel were tailored based on the chemical homogeneity and the relative distribution of the retained austenite, bainite, and ferrite in the microstructure. The presence of ferritic-pearlitic banded structure in the initial microstructure resulted in an inhomogeneous TRIP microstructure, in which the retained austenite and bainite were confined to some bands and it was found to be responsible for the resultant inferior mechanical properties. The appearance of discontinuous yielding for the chemically inhomogeneous material was related to the martensitic transformation of unstable retained austenite at the initial stage of tensile deformation. These results are essential for better understanding of the behavior of advanced high-strength steels and their applications.     

超细晶铁素体基体Q&P钢恒应力下的变形行为

采用预淬火热处理工艺得到了超细晶Q&P钢,通过力保载程序控制试验研究了试验钢在某一恒定应力作用下的组织演变和变形行为。结果表明,随着保载应力不断增大,应变量逐渐增加,应变随保载时间的延长略微增加;当加载应力低于屈服强度时,随保载时间延长,应变无变化;加载应力高于屈服强度时,变形量剧烈增加,在变形过程中应变诱导的残留奥氏体向马氏体转变;同时随着应变量不断增加,残留奥氏体的稳定性呈先降低再升高趋势。     

Effect of Retained Austenite on Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) exhibits a favourable combination of strength and toughness, and has been used as a substitute for quench-tempered or carburise-quenched steel. A characteristic feature of bainite transformation of cast iron, as opposed to carbon steel, is that precipitation of carbide is suppressed by the high concentration of silicon. Thus, a favourable structure, consisting of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite without carbide, can be provided by the optimum austempering treatment. Such microstructure and the mechanical properties of the iron are significantly affected by the conditions of the austempering treatment and the chemical composition. In this study, several grades of ductile iron were austempered under various conditions. The relationship between the impact strength, the quantity of retained austenite and the isothermal transformation curve was investigated. The stability of the retained austenite is considered important, because ADI contains a large amount of retained austenite which contributes to the improvement of ductility and toughness and which may transform to martensite when held at low temperature or subjected to stress. In this study, the stability of the retained austenite at low temperatures was examined by holding or stressing to establish the relations between transformation and temperature, stress and strain.

When the austempering time is short, the untransformed austenite partially transforms to martensite during air cooling, due to the lower carbon content, resulting in lower impact strength. As the austempering time increases, the untransformed austenite is stabilised by carbon-enrichment and there is little transformation to martensite, resulting in a large amount of retained austenite and higher impact strength. When the austempering time becomes much longer, the carbon-enriched austenite decomposes, presumably to bainitic ferrite and carbide, decreasing impact strength. In increasing the silicon content, precipitation of carbide in bainite is suppressed and both the maximum impact value and the content of retained austenite increase. The decreasing rates after the maxima through an additional isothermal holding becomes smaller.

By holding at temperatures down to –40°C, the decrease in retained austenite and the increase in hardness are both small. The retained austenite is stable under stress lower than that required to cause plastic deformation. Compressive stress hinders the martensitic transformation, because the transformation is accompanied by volume expansion.