直线运动摄像机在线动态标定

为实现AS-R智能机器人在运动情况下摄像机在线动态标定,提出一种新的基于粒子滤波的直线运动摄像机标定方法。用状态空间方法描述直线运动摄像机模型,把摄像机内参数和位置运动参数作为状态量,特征点图像坐标作为观测量,根据粒子滤波算法求得摄像机内参数和位置运动参数的最优估计,并用双线程实现整个标定过程。AS-R机器人在直线运动情况下的摄像机在线动态标定实验结果表明：该算法是合理可行的,并且具有很高的标定精度和良好的鲁棒性。该方法适用于各种类型的系统噪声。     

应用于机器人标定的主动式靶标装置设计与精度优化

激光跟踪仪是工业机器人标定技术中常用测量设备,但其测量范围受限于被动式靶标的激光光线接收角度,进而影响了机器人的标定精度。为解决该问题,设计了一种具有三自由度的主动式靶标装置,并提出了一种精度优化方法,有效地补偿因装置的装配而引入的测量误差。该方法利用圆点分析法初步辨识主动式靶标装置的DH参数,基于距离平方误差模型法对该装置进行DH参数的精辨识,并基于坐标系转换将主动式靶标装置的位置误差补偿到激光跟踪仪输出的位置向量,从而实现误差的补偿。通过实验验证了该主动式靶标装置能够有效地扩大工业机器人关节的被测范围。所提出的精度优化方法能够将该装置的测量误差降低9331%,实际定位精度为00507 mm,能够满足机器人标定的精度要求。     

一种新的机器人机构距离误差模型及补偿算法

在标定机器人绝对位置精度和实施误差综合补偿过程中,必然涉及到测量系统坐标系与机器人基础坐标系间的变换.由于这一变换很难精确测定.从而给机器人绝对位置精度标定与误差补偿带来了难以克服的困难.本文首次提出了一种新的机器人机构距离误差计算模型及补偿算法,论证了距离误差同样可以作为机器人绝对位置精度的一种度量.利用该模型和算法对机器人进行误差分析和实施误差综合补偿,可避开上述测量系统与机器人系统间的坐标变换,从而简化了机器人绝对位置精度的标定过程,为提高机器人的绝对位置精度开辟了一个新的简便的途径.     

基于可测距平板工具的机器人TCP标定方法

针对工业机器人工具中心点（Tool Center Point,TCP）标定,提出一种基于带二维测距功能标定工具板的标定方法。标定工具板能够感知机器人TCP的触碰,并测量任意两触点之间的距离。使机器人TCP与标定板触碰四次,并以触点形成的线段长度为坐标变换不变量为约束,建立TCP参数标定模型。该模型包括一个三元二次代数方程组,通过消元法可求出其所有可能解,并提出了真实解的判定方法。通过数值仿真,验证了所提出方法的可行性。以电阻触摸屏作为标定板为例,分析了标定板距离测量分辨率对标定精度的影响规律。以电阻屏为标定板进行了参数标定实验,证实了该方法的准确性。方法标定过程简单,易于实现自动化,适用于大多数工业机器人的工具坐标系的标定。     

基于HALCON的全景摄像机标定及应用研究

现有全景摄像机标定算法中,场景的先验知识在很多情况下难以准确获取。提出了一种基于HALCON的双曲面折反射全景摄像机标定算法。通过摄像机或者标定板的相互移动来获取不同位置的标定板图像;通过HALCON预处理后提取角点坐标;通过最小二乘法求解标定点投影方程的展开系数得到相机的内外参数。该算法中摄像机只需满足单视点要求,不需要场景的先验知识,也不需要特殊的装置和设备。实验结果表明能够获得较高的标定精度,并且在足球机器人边线距离的测量中得到了准确的结果。     

基于机器人力控制表面跟踪的遥控焊接虚拟环境标定

提出了基于机器人力控制表面跟踪的遥控焊接虚拟环境标定方法．采用基于力觉传感器坐标系横切面轮廓线的力控制策略对工件表面进行跟踪,并精确测量接触点的空间位置．通过椭圆跟踪轨迹直接最小二乘拟合算法和T形管工件标定算法,解决了T形管工件的虚拟环境标定问题．实验结果表明,该方法可以实现高精度的虚拟环境标定,虚拟环境模型精度能够满足以被动柔顺方式完成遥控焊接接触任务的需要．     

一种多分辨率混合相机系统标定方法

针对高速低分辨率相机和高分辨率相机构成的混合相机系统,提出基于空间约束的多分辨率相机标定方法.采用空间距离尺度作为统一各坐标系之间的度量单位,建立单相机内外参数模型和多相机相对外部参数模型.采用先单相机标定内部参数后多相机联合标定相对外部参数的方法完成混合相机的标定.首先使用2步法对每个相机进行内、外部参数标定,然后将这些参数作为初始值求解多相机标定模型.利用多个相机之间的空间约束,设计了相对外部参数的6步求解算法.实验表明该方法具有较高的稳定性和标定精度.     

一种新的双环结构机器人无标定自抗扰视觉伺服控制方法

在研究基于自抗扰控制器的机器人无标定视觉伺服方法的基础上,提出了一种新的双环结构机器人无标定自抗扰视觉伺服控制方法．内环采用Kalman滤波算法进行图像雅可比矩阵的在线辨识,可较好地逼近真实模型;外环采用自抗扰控制器,利用非线性观测器实时估计系统相对于当前估计模型的总扰动,并在控制中加以动态补偿．针对六自由度工业机器人进行了二维运动目标的跟踪实验,实验结果表明了该方法的可行性和有效性．     

基于机器视觉的机器人测距研究

机器人测距技术是机器人导航、路径规划以及协作编队关键技术之一。基于透视投影几何原理,提出了单目视觉测距模型,实现物体测距。单目视觉测距模型实现了在摄像机与目标平面平行或者有夹角情况下,对目标物体距离的测量。实验结果表明,所提出的测距模型和和所用的算法,不仅避免了复杂的摄像机标定,而且测量速度快,能够实现对目标物体空间距离的精确测量。     

基于末端转角误差的并联机器人零点标定方法

针对一种4自由度高速并联机器人（Cross-IV机器人）的零点标定问题,提出了一种基于末端转角误差信息的快速零点标定方法．基于机器人的单支链闭环矢量方程,建立了零点误差全集与末端误差之间的映射模型．通过对误差传递矩阵的分解,在仅利用旋转编码器对末端转角误差进行测量的基础上,构建了该机器人的快速零点误差辨识模型．为进一步最大化测量效率及提高辨识矩阵的鲁棒性,提出了一种优化的测量点选择方案．通过仿真详细验证了该零点标定方法的鲁棒性与准确性．基于激光跟踪仪的验证实验表明,经标定后机器人末端位置误差降低至1.312 mm,转角误差降低至0.202°,标定结果表明该零点标定方法简单、有效．     

Autonomous robot calibration using vision technology

Unlike the traditional robot calibration methods, which need external expensive calibration apparatus and elaborate setups to measure the 3D feature points in the reference frame, a vision-based self-calibration method for a serial robot manipulator, which only requires a ground-truth scale in the reference frame, is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm assumes that the camera is rigidly attached to the robot end-effector, which makes it possible to obtain the pose of the manipulator with the pose of the camera. By designing a manipulator movement trajectory, the camera poses can be estimated up to a scale factor at each configuration with the factorization method, where a nonlinear least-square algorithm is applied to improve its robustness. An efficient approach is proposed to estimate this scale factor. The great advantage of this self-calibration method is that only image sequences of a calibration object and a ground-truth length are needed, which makes the robot calibration procedure more autonomous in a dynamic manufacturing environment. Simulations and experimental studies on a PUMA 560 robot reveal the convenience and effectiveness of the proposed robot self-calibration approach.     

Optimal planning of robot calibration experiments by genetic algorithms

In this article, techniques developed in the science of genetic computing are applied to solve the problem of optimally selecting robot measurement configurations, which is an important element in successfully completing a robot calibration experiment. Genetic algorithms are customized for a type of robot measurement configuration selection problem in which the robot workspace constraints are defined in terms of robot joint limits. Simulation studies are conducted to examine the effectiveness of the genetic algorithms for the application. ©1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A path conditioning method with trap avoidance

This work presents a sliding-mode method for robotic path conditioning. The proposal includes a trap avoidance algorithm in order to escape from trap situations, which are analogous to local minima in potential field-based approaches. The sliding-mode algorithm activates when the desired path is about to violate the robot workspace constraints, modifying it as much as necessary in order to fulfill all the constraints and reaching their limit surface at low speed. The proposed path conditioning algorithm can be used on-line, since it does not require a priori knowledge of the desired path, and improves the conventional conservative potential field-based approach in the sense that it fully exploits the robot workspace. The proposed approach can be easily added as an auxiliary supervisory loop to conventional robotic planning algorithms and its implementation is very easy in a few program lines of a microprocessor. The proposed path conditioning is compared through simulation with the conventional potential field-based approach in order to show the benefits of the method. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed trap avoidance algorithm is evaluated by simulation for various trap situations.     

强约束条件下环绕式相机标定方法

目的 在计算机视觉和摄影测量领域,经常应用多视角图像对场景进行高精度的三维重建。其中,相机内参数和相机间固定相对关系的高精度标定是关键环节,文章提出一种能够在强约束条件下快速进行相机标定的方法。方法 通过相机间6个相互独立的约束,充分利用系统的几何条件,确定固有关系,再以共线方程为基础推导强约束条件下的平差模型,并应用于自检校光束法平差,开展相邻立体相机的匹配,实现多相机系统的快速标定。结果 最后通过实验,验证了加了强约束条件后,加大了平差的多余观测数,提高了标定精度和鲁棒性。结论 建立了相机标定系统,提出了在强约束条件下快速进行相机标定的方法,展开了人体三维重建研究,并且该方法可推广到多个相机组成的多相机立体量测系统的标定中。     

Autonomous robot calibration using a trigger probe

This paper presents a new robot autonomous calibration method using a trigger probe. The robot grips a simple probe (which was manufactured as a standard end-effector tool) automatically to touch constraint planes in a workspace (the locations of the constraint planes are not necessarily known exactly). The robot internal sensor measurements are recorded for kinematic calibration while the tip-point of the probe is in contact with the constraint plane. The kinematic constraint conditions are obtained from the known shape of the constraint surface, rather than from the measured reference locations in a workspace. The new method eliminates any use of external measuring devices for robot end-effector location measurements for robot calibration; thus it is suitable for a periodic robot re-calibration in a shop-floor environment. Both simulation and experimental results for a six degree-of-freedom (DOF) PUMA robot are given in this paper. The evaluation results using an external precision measuring device — Coordinate Measuring Machine(CMM) — are also presented.     

机器人标定算法及在打磨机器人中的应用

首先介绍了机器人位姿匹配的基本原理,以及两种通用的机器人几何参数标定的优化算法：非线性优化方法和递归线性方程法,并分别利用这两种优化算法对打磨机器人的几何参数进行了标定．在此基础上,通过分析影响打磨机器人位置误差的因素,从参数集中剔除对位置误差影响不敏感和无法区分其影响效果的因素,再采用前述优化算法对机器人几何参数进行标定. 仿真结果表明此标定效果和前者相比无显著差异,在一定情况下甚至优于前者．因此在标定过程中,可以采用把冗余参数去除来对机器人进行精确标定．     

Automatic work objects calibration via a global–local camera system

In a human–robot collaborative manufacturing application where a work object can be placed in an arbitrary position, there is a need to calibrate the actual position of the work object. This paper presents an approach for automatic work-object calibration in flexible robotic systems. The approach consists of two modules: a global positioning module based on fixed cameras mounted around robotic workspace, and a local positioning module based on the camera mounted on the robot arm. The aim of the global positioning is to detect the work object in the working area and roughly estimate its position, whereas the local positioning is to define an object frame according to the 3D position and orientation of the work object with higher accuracy. For object detection and localization, coded visual markers are utilized. For each object, several markers are used to increase the robustness and accuracy of the localization and calibration procedure. This approach can be used in robotic welding or assembly applications.     

Calibration of multi-beam laser tracking systems

Laser tracking systems (LTSs) employ tracking laser interferometers for coordinate measuring of precision machine tools and robots. Such coordinate measuring machines, if properly calibrated, are potentially fast, very accurate and can cover a large workspace. LTS devices must be self-calibrated, using redundancy or constraint surfaces.A methodology for self-calibration of a multi-beam LTS utilizing planar constraints is formulated and demonstrated. A kinematic model of a multi-beam LTS is derived. Model error analysis demonstrates that the use of angular measurement of the gimbal joint positions, relatively inaccurate as these are, does improve the overall system calibration accuracy. Self-calibration model parameters observability of the multi-beam LTS is studied. The results reveal the applicability of planar constraints to system self-calibration. Simulation and experimentation results obtained on a prototype system are reported demonstrating the applicability of the calibration strategies.     

Integrated sliding-mode algorithms in robot tracking applications

An integrated solution based on sliding mode ideas is proposed for robotic trajectory tracking. The proposal includes three sliding-mode algorithms for speed auto-regulation, path conditioning and redundancy resolution in order to fulfill velocity, workspace and C-space constraints, respectively. The proposed method only requires a few program lines and simplifies the robot user interface since it directly deals with the fulfillment of the constraints to find a feasible solution for the robot trajectory tracking in a short computation time. The proposed approach is evaluated in simulation on the freely accessible 6R robot model PUMA-560, for which the main features of the method are illustrated.     

Using Specific Displacements to Analyze Motion without Calibration

Considering the field of un-calibrated image sequences and self-calibration, this paper analyzes the use of specific displacements (such as fixed axis rotation, pure translations,...) or specific sets of camera parameters. This allows to induce affine or metric constraints, which can lead to self-calibration and 3D reconstruction.A uniformed formalism for such models already developed in the literature plus some novel models are developed here. A hierarchy of special situations is described, in order to tailor the most appropriate camera model to either the actual robotic device supporting the camera, or to tailor the fact we only have a reduced set of data available.This visual motion perception module leads to the estimation of a minimal 3D parameterization of the retinal displacement for a monocular visual system without calibration, and leads to self-calibration and 3D dynamic analysis.The implementation of these equations is analyzed and experimented.