Effects of spatial variation in cohesion over the concrete-rock interface on dam sliding stability

The limit equilibrium method(LEM) is widely used for sliding stability evaluation of concrete gravity dams.Failure is then commonly assumed to occur along the entire sliding surface simultaneously.However,the brittle behaviour of bonded concrete-rock contacts,in combination with the varying stress over the interface,implies that the failure of bonded dam-foundation interfaces occurs progressively.In addition,the spatial variation in cohesion may introduce weak spots where failure can be initiated.Nonetheless,the combined effect of brittle failure and spatial variation in cohesion on the overall shear strength of the interface has not been studied previously.In this paper,numerical analyses are used to investigate the effect of brittle failure in combination with spatial variation in cohesion that is taken into account by random fields with different correlation lengths.The study concludes that a possible existence of weak spots along the interface has to be considered since it significantly reduces the overall shear strength of the interface,and implications for doing so are discussed.     

Experimental study on mechanical behavior of shear studs in assembled monolithic steel-concrete composite beam

为研究装配整体式钢-混凝土组合梁中栓钉抗剪连接件的受力性能,设计了10个栓钉抗剪连接件,对其进行推出试验,得到了现浇混凝土板和预制混凝土板中栓钉抗剪连接件在单调和重复荷载作用下的界面剪力-滑移曲线以及破坏形态。结果表明：预制混凝土板中栓钉受剪承载力比现浇混凝土中栓钉受剪承载力略低,均为栓杆剪断和栓钉根部焊缝破坏;重复荷载作用下峰值界面剪力对应的界面滑移明显大于单调荷载作用下峰值界面剪力对应的界面滑移;重复荷载作用下的峰值界面剪力与单调荷载下的峰值界面剪力相当,其界面剪力-滑移曲线基本一致。     

芙蓉江大桥拱座混凝土–基岩抗滑稳定性研究

 通过对混凝土–岩石胶结面剪切破坏过程中剪应力–位移曲线的分析,假设混凝土–岩石胶结面剪应力由混凝土与岩石之间的胶结作用和摩擦效应共同承担,从而建立考虑峰后胶结损伤的胶结面力学模型。室内混凝土–岩石剪切试验结果的反演分析表明,该模型可以很好地反映胶结面剪切破坏过程。利用建立的混凝土–岩石胶结面力学模型,对拟建的芙蓉江大桥拱座抗滑稳定性进行三维计算分析,结果表明：桥梁荷载下拱座–基岩胶结面剪切应力小于其抗剪强度,胶结面变形以弹性变形为主,量值较小,拱座–基岩胶结面不会产生剪切破坏。     

结构面剪切破坏特性及其在滑移型岩爆研究中的应用

 从锦屏二级水电站深埋隧洞施工中发现结构面的剪切滑移可能诱发极强岩爆,因此为研究结构面对滑移型岩爆的控制机制,利用水泥砂浆作为模型材料制作了3种不同起伏高度的不规则锯齿形结构面并进行了直剪试验,研究了不同起伏高度、剪切速率和法向压力下的结构面的强度特征和破坏机制,并对现场的滑移型岩爆进行了初步的机制分析。研究结果表明,每种起伏高度的结构面的峰值抗剪强度和残余强度均随法向压力增大而增大;随着起伏高度的增加,结构面的抗剪强度、内摩擦角逐渐增加;随着剪切速率增加结构面抗剪强度具有先增加后减小的趋势;不同工况下结构面的破坏机制可归纳为锯齿的滑移错断机制、结构面上下盘的拉伸断裂机制和上盘前端下盘后端的冲击断裂机制,结构面的起伏高度越大、法向应力越高,冲击断裂的规模越大;现场结构面的应力集中程度、结构面面壁凸台的尺寸、强度和位置等决定了滑移型岩爆发生的等级、爆坑深度。     

早龄期普通混凝土直剪性能及损伤耗能分析

为了研究早龄期普通混凝土直剪作用下的力学性能,完成了12个普通混凝土试件的直剪试验,获取了试件的破坏形态及直剪荷载-位移全过程曲线,分析了直剪作用下龄期对普通混凝土直剪强度、峰值变形、变形模量、损伤演变、能量耗散等力学特征参数的影响规律.结果表明:龄期越长,受剪荷载-变形曲线上升段越陡峭;当龄期≤3d时,混凝土断面剪切...     

A theoretical model for rock joints subjected to constant normal stiffness direct shear

The authors have conducted an investigation into the behaviour of rock joints subjected to direct shear. Both concrete/rock and rock/rock joints were investigated. The behaviour of rock/rock joints is important for the assessment of stability issues involving rock masses (e.g. rock slope stability). Concrete/rock joints are vital to the assessment of performance of concrete piles socketed into rock, rock anchors and concrete dam foundations.This investigation included an extensive series of direct shear tests under a range of stress boundary conditions. The rock used for the tests was a soft artificial siltstone, called Johnstone. The results from the tests on concrete/Johnstone joints have been presented in Seidel and Haberfield (Geotech. Testing J. (2002), accepted for publication) and on Johnstone/Johnstone joints in Fleuter (MEngSc Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia, 1997) and Pearce (Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Australia, 2001, in preparation). This paper describes the theoretical models developed to simulate the observed behaviour, including asperity sliding, asperity shearing, post-peak behaviour, asperity deformation and distribution of stresses on the interface. These models have been combined into a micro-mechanical simulation of joint shear. Comparisons between program predictions and measured performance are presented and discussed.     

两种介质接触面剪切力学性能的试验研究

采用直剪试验研究一体两介质和两体两介质接触界面力学性能的影响,以砂浆和混凝土构造宽度方向一致不同形状因子λ的不规则接触面,用以模拟工程体和地质体的相互作用。根据直剪试验,分析了一体两介质试件和两体两介质试件的破坏状态及应力–位移曲线,得到结论:界面黏结力和正应力对两介质接触面的力学性能有很大影响;形状因子λ在中低等法向力下对于两体两介质接触面的剪切力学性能有着重要的影响,在高法向应力下接触面的剪切力学性能则由弱介质的强度等因素决定;由于破坏的状态和受力的方式不同,在中低等法向力下,一体两介质的峰值抗剪强度大于两体两介质的峰值抗剪强度;在高法向应力下,恰恰相反。     

土工膜/土工织物界面大型斜坡模型试验研究

复合衬垫系统广泛应用于垃圾卫生填埋场,是防止渗沥液污染物渗漏扩散的重要屏障。在垃圾重力及沉降作用下易造成斜坡上复合衬垫系统拉伸破坏或沿其界面产生滑移而失稳。目前,由于缺乏对复合衬垫系统内部剪力传递机理的认识,仍难完全解决以上两大岩土工程问题。因此,设计并采用复合衬垫系统大型斜坡模型试验装置开展了其内部剪力传递机理的研究。该装置通过砂袋加载模拟填埋过程,采用手拉葫芦为核心的滑移控制系统再现了土工膜/土工织物界面的渐进累积破坏过程。试验结果表明：当外部剪力小于峰值强度时,界面不会进入残余状态,上覆的土工合成材料锚固端的拉力也非常小;但当外部剪力超过界面峰值强度时,界面就会逐渐进入残余状态,并最终达到残余强度。同时,薄弱界面上覆的土工合成材料锚固端的拉力也显著增加,严重时甚至被完全拉断。     

模型嵌岩桩试验及数值分析

由于嵌岩桩的极限承载力很高,在现场试验中很难将其加载至破坏和监测破坏时嵌岩段摩阻力的分布特征。采用室内模型试验方法对桩1混凝土及桩1岩石界面的摩阻特性进行研究。试验中对两个嵌岩桩模型进行荷载试验,将其中一个加载至破坏。试验结果表明,破坏发生在桩/混凝土界面,而桩身及岩体内部均保持完好。另外,桩/岩石界面上的摩阻力分布是非均匀的;模型桩破坏时在嵌岩段上部产生的摩阻力远大于下部的值。数值模拟结果表明,摩阻力的这种分布特性是因为桩周岩体变形所在界面所产生的法向压应力的影响。试验结果说明,对于建造在高强度岩体中的嵌岩桩,其承载力特性极大地取决于桩/岩石界面的摩阻特性,而摩阻力的分布又受到桩周岩体变形的影响。     

Behavior of compacted clay-concrete interface

Tests of interface between compacted clay and concrete were conducted systematically using interface simple shear test apparatus. The samples, having same dry density with different water content ratio, were prepared. Two types of concrete with different surface roughness, i. e., relatively smooth and relatively rough surface roughness, were also prepared. The main objectives of this paper are to show the effect of water content, normal stress and rough surface on the shear stress-shear displacement relationship of clay-concrete interface. The following were concluded in this study: 1) the interface shear sliding dominates the interface shear displacement behavior for both cases of relatively rough and smooth concrete surface except when the clay water content is greater than 16% for the case of rough concrete surface where the shear failure occurs in the body of the clay sample; 2) the results of interface shear strength obtained by direct shear test were different from that of simple shear test for the case of rough concrete surface; 3) two types of interface failure mechanism may change each other with different water content ratio; 4) the interface shear strength increases with increasing water content ratio especially for the case of clay-rough concrete surface interface.     

Structural behaviour of eccentrically loaded precast sandwich panels

Results of an experimental investigation to study the ultimate strength behaviour of precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSP) with steel truss shear connectors are reported. Six full-scale sandwich panels with variable slenderness ratio were cast and tested under eccentric loads. Deflection characteristics, variations of strains across the insulation layer, strains in shear connectors, crack appearance and propagation under increasing load were recorded and analysed. The role of the shear truss connectors in transferring load from the outer wythe (layer) to the inner and ensuring composite behaviour was also observed. Results obtained showed that all panels behaved in a fully composite manner under eccentric load till failure. The ultimate strength of the PCSPs was found to decrease non-linearly with the increase in the slenderness ratio. Because of the complex behaviour of PCSP due to its material non-linearity and the interaction between its various components, finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted. Comparison with test results indicated that the FEA closely estimate the wall strength and formulae based on reinforced concrete principles underestimate the wall strength.     

剪切速率对黏性土混凝土界面抗剪强度影响的试验研究

通过自行研制的大型恒刚度桩土界面直剪仪,进行6种剪切速率的黏性土混凝土界面剪切试验,探讨剪切速率对黏性土混凝土界面抗剪强度的影响规律。结果表明:在黏性土混凝土界面,超孔隙水压力随着剪切速率的提高而增大;法向应力和剪切速率通过影响超孔隙水压力大小,决定黏性土混凝土界面剪切峰值强度和剪切破坏位移的大小;剪应力剪切位移关系曲线由基本一致变化到一定范围内产生偏离,且法向应力和剪切速率越大偏离越显著,并出现明显的应变软化现象;剪切速率从0.4mm/min增加至5.0mm/min,黏性土混凝土界面抗剪强度减小幅度增大,摩擦系数减小0.1,有效黏着力的变化介于0.81～5.93kPa之间。     

Effects of bolt profile and grout mixture on shearing behaviors of bolt-grout interface

Shearing behavior and failure mechanism of bolt-grout interface are of great significance for load transfer capacity and design of rock bolting system.In this paper,direct shear tests on bolt-grout interfaces under constant normal load(CNL) conditions were conducted to investigate the effects of bolt profile(i.e.rib spacing and rib height) and grout mixture on the bolt-grout interface in terms of mechanical behaviors and failure modes.Test results showed that the peak shear strength and the deformation capacity of the bolt-grout interface are highly dependent on the bolt profile and grout mixture,suggesting that bolt performances can be optimized,which were unfortunately ignored in the previous studies.A new interface failure mode,i.e.'sheared-crush' mode,was proposed,which was characterized by progressive crush failure of the grout asperities between steel ribs during shearing.It was shown that the interface failure mode mainly depends on the normal stress level and rib spacing,compared with the rib height and grout mixture for the range of tested parameters in this study.     

含一阶和二阶起伏体节理剪切强度的试验研究

 利用高强石膏材料浇注含不同一阶和二阶起伏度的岩体节理模拟试件,通过节理在不同一阶和二阶起伏度及法向应力下的常法向荷载剪切试验,对其剪切强度特性进行研究,分析一阶和二阶起伏度及法向应力对剪切强度的影响规律。试验结果表明：含二阶起伏体节理试件的剪切强度–剪切位移曲线有多个峰值剪应力出现,只含一阶起伏体节理的峰值剪应力不明显;节理剪切强度随着一阶和二阶起伏度及法向应力的增大而增大;随着二阶起伏度与一阶起伏度比值的增大,剪切强度先增大后降低。对试验数据进行回归分析,提出能反映一阶和二阶起伏度及法向应力影响的剪切强度经验公式。     

循环荷载作用下脆性材料剪切性能试验研究

在自制的MTS振动台试验设备上对混凝土、岩石类脆性材料（砂浆材料）进行静力和动力剪切试验,试验结果表明,（1）动力荷载情况下位移-剪力包络线形状同静力荷载情况下曲线破坏形状相似,均可划分为相同的4个阶段;（2）在相同垂直压力作用下试件的动力抗剪强度与静力抗剪强度相比有明显的增大趋势,强度较低的试件强度增加较大;（3）在相同频率情况下,随着垂直压力的增大,峰值剪切强度、残余抗剪强度随之增大;（4）静力荷载情况下其破坏处水平位移要大于动力荷载情况下破坏处的水平位移,其他条件相同时破坏处水平位移值随峰值抗剪强度的增大而增大;（5）剪切过程中有明显的剪胀现象出现。最后根据试件的破坏形状,初步分析混凝土、岩石类脆性材料的动静态剪切特性的机制。     

Shear behaviour of reinforced concrete structural walls with eccentric openings under cyclic loading: experimental study

Reinforced concrete (RC) structural walls usually have some eccentric large openings according to the intention of the architectural design. However, the behaviour of such structures that are shear critical under cyclic loading has not been well studied. In this study, three single‐span, three‐storied, 40% scale specimens of RC structural walls with various eccentric opening ratios were constructed and tested in a lateral reverse cyclic manner until severe shear damage occurred in the walls. The main purposes of these tests were to evaluate the shear behaviour and to recognize the influence of various opening ratios on cracking and shear strength of structural walls under cyclic loading. The shear strength of specimen was calculated combining the shear strength of a structural wall without openings and the reduction factor due to openings. The comparison between the experimental results and the analytical results shows that the shear strength is different depending on the loading direction due to the eccentric opening location, the span length of short span beams may affect the cracking process and the failure mode, the approximate calculation method using Ono's reduction factor could be well applied to RC structural walls with various opening ratios less than 0.46. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冷弯薄壁型钢混凝土剪力墙受剪性能试验研究

通过7个冷弯薄壁型钢混凝土(CTSRC)剪力墙的拟静力水平往复试验,研究了其破坏过程和破坏模式,分析了混凝土强度、剪跨比、轴压比、水平分布筋和竖向型钢量等参数对其受剪性能的影响。试验结果表明：随着水平配筋率、轴压比和混凝土强度的增加受剪承载力提高;随着剪跨比提高,墙体受剪承载力降低;轴压比增加可提高墙体刚度,推迟墙体裂缝的出现,但不利于墙体延性;增加水平配筋可使墙体峰值后的承载力保持稳定。研究表明：CTSRC剪力墙与传统钢筋混凝土剪力墙的破坏特征和受力性能不同,在水平力作用下将出现沿冷弯薄壁型钢的竖向裂缝,经历整体墙到分缝墙的演变,避免了脆性剪切破坏。通过合理设计,CTSRC剪力墙可实现正常使用阶段有较高的刚度、峰值后有较好的延性、破坏时仍具有较高的竖向承载能力的目标。     

密实度不同时格栅–砂土界面循环剪切及其后直剪特性

为研究密实度不同时格栅–砂土界面在经历循环剪切及其后的表现,采用大型直剪仪进行了一系列大型单调直剪试验、循环直剪试验和循环后单调直剪试验。并将单调直剪试验与循环后单调直剪试验的结果进行对比分析。结果表明:单调直剪试验中,随着砂土密实度的增加筋土界面抗剪强度增加,剪切体胀现象变的明显;格栅–密砂界面发生循环剪切软化现象,土样在循环剪切过程当中整体上发生剪缩,且砂土密实度越大经历相同循环次数时的剪缩量越小;循环后单调直剪试验中,3种砂土密实度界面抗剪强度发展曲线都为软化型,在直剪过程中都发生自始至终的剪胀;遭受循环剪切后密砂–格栅界面抗剪强度发生了退化。     

土石混合料室内大型直剪试验的改进研究

随着土石混合料越来越广泛地被道路、堤坝、基础等工程采用,快速、准确地确定其抗剪强度指标显得越来越重要,室内大型直剪试验具有操作简单,可快速测定混合料的强度指标等特点,因而在工程中被广泛应用。但由于大型直剪仪自身结构及性能存在许多问题,使直剪试验及结果与其试验原理的应用条件及混合料的实际强度具有一定的偏差。本文对室内大型直剪试验进行了改进,研发了新型的土石混合料室内大型直剪试验系统,克服了常规直剪仪存在的主要问题,使得试验结果更精确、可靠,试验分析更完善。     

砂砾石垫层料与混凝土面板接触面特性的大型单剪试验研究

采用自主研制的低摩阻叠环式双向静动剪切试验机,考虑面板与垫层间喷涂和不喷涂乳化沥青两种情况,进行混凝土面板与砂砾石垫层料之间的大型剪切试验,研究混凝土面板与垫层料接触面的力学特性,基于Clough和Duncan非线性弹性本构模型整理出接触面模型参数,并探讨了乳化沥青在接触面剪切变形中的作用机制。研究表明:①不喷涂乳化沥青时,接触面应力随着剪切位移的增加逐渐变大,接触面剪应力与位移呈现出很好的双曲线关系。喷涂乳化沥青时,接触面剪应力与剪切位移在峰值强度前呈现出很好的双曲线关系,在峰值强度后,呈现出一定的应变软化特性,法向应力越低,表现越为明显;②两种情况下,随剪切位移的增加,上盒土体变形逐渐发展,并由上到下逐渐增加,最大的相对错动位移均发生在混凝土面板与垫层之间的接触面处,表明接触面的抗剪强度小于砂砾石垫层的抗剪强度;③法向应力对叠环的剪切位移有较大影响,法向应力越大,同一高度处叠环的剪切位移越大;在相同的剪切位移和法向应力作用下,喷涂乳化沥青时叠环水平位移均小于不喷涂时叠环水平位移;④乳化沥青对接触面的力学参数有很大的影响,采用Clough和Duncan非线性弹性本构模型拟合时,与不喷涂乳化沥青时相比,喷涂乳化沥青的接触面其劲度系数、指数及强度指标均有大幅度降低,剪切过程中乳化沥青形成了完整的过渡层来隔离砂砾石垫层料和混凝土面板的直接接触,并起到很好的阻隔–润滑效果。