Laboratory investigation into effect of bolt profiles on shear behaviors of bolt-grout interface under constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions

Rock bolts have been widely used for stabilizing rock mass in geotechnical engineering. It is acknowledged that the bolt profiles have a sound influence on the support effect of the rock bolting system. Previous studies have proposed some optimal rib parameters (e.g. rib spacing); unfortunately, the interface shear behaviors are generally ignored. Therefore, determination of radial stress and radial displacement on the bolt-grout interface using traditional pull-out tests is not possible. The load-bearing capacity and deformation capacity vary as bolt profiles differ, suggesting that the support effect of the bolting system can be enhanced by optimizing bolt profiles. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of bolt profiles (with/without ribs, rib spacing, and rib height) on the shear behaviors between the rock bolt and grout material using direct shear tests. Thereby, systematic interfacial shear tests with different bolt profiles were performed under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) boundary conditions. The results suggested that rib spacing has a more marked influence on the interface shear behavior than rib height does, in particular at the post-yield stage. The results could facilitate our understanding of bolt-grout interface shear behavior under CNS conditions, and optimize selection of rock bolts under in situ rock conditions.     

A new analytical solution for the displacement of fully grouted rock bolt in rock joints and experimental and numerical verifications

This study proposes a new analytical solution to predict displacement of a fully grouted rock bolt intersected by single rock joint. The main characteristics of the analytical model, consider the bolt profile and joint movement under pull test condition. The anchorage capacity of fully grouted bolts has been studied for many years; however, the bolt profile and its effect on bolt shear resistance are poorly understood. Investigations of load transfer between the bolt and grout indicate that the bolt profile shape and spacing play an important role in improving the shear strength between the bolt and the surrounding strata. Rock displacement is a sum of elastic part and a jump part due to the presence of joints planes. The performance of the proposed analytical model is validated by experimental method and comparison with numerical modeling. The results showed that there is a promising agreement between analytical and numerical methods. Studies indicate that the displacement rate between the bolt and the rock declines exponentially. Which is dependent on the bolt characteristics such as: rib height, rib spacing, rib width and thickness grout, material and joint properties.     

冻融循环对砂浆岩石锚杆锚固力影响的试验研究

 针对春季融雪期温度周期性变化导致砂浆岩石锚杆支护结构锚固性能劣化的现象,研究冻融循环对其锚固能力的影响。利用室内模型试验得到不同冻融循环周期下锚杆位移和锚固力的大小,以及锚杆应力、围岩应力、锚杆和砂浆交结面剪应力的变化,从锚杆荷载传递机制出发,研究冻融循环作用下锚杆的破坏模式和影响锚杆锚固性能的主要原因。研究结果表明：冻融循环使砂浆弹性模量和强度降低,加载端砂浆破坏提前,加快了荷载向锚杆深处的传递,锚杆深处应力及锚杆与砂浆交结面的剪应力增大。冻融循环作用下锚杆极限荷载降低,变形增大,且随着冻融周期的增加,荷载–位移曲线的拐点和钢筋滑移曲线的水平段出现提前,锚杆破坏时的极限荷载降低,变形增大。     

考虑锚杆腐蚀作用的岩质边坡系统可靠度分析

 锚杆腐蚀是导致锚固工程事故的重要原因之一,为此,主要研究锚杆腐蚀作用对锚固岩质边坡系统可靠度的影响。首先,在系统分析现有钢筋腐蚀模型及锚杆腐蚀试验数据基础上,确定锚杆腐蚀模型。分析与腐蚀作用相关的锚杆自由段屈服失效模式和锚固段锚杆与注浆体界面黏结失效模式,进而确定相应的锚固边坡失效模式。给出基于蒙特卡洛模拟的边坡时变系统可靠度分析方法,并以锚固岩质边坡为例证明所提方法的有效性。结果表明：K. A. T. Vu和M. G. Stewart提出的钢筋腐蚀模型适用于分析处于密闭潮湿和干湿交替环境条件之间的锚杆腐蚀作用。在锚杆服役的前期,自由段锚杆的腐蚀作用对边坡稳定性的影响较大,而在后期锚固段锚杆的腐蚀作用对边坡稳定性的影响开始变得较大,并且锚杆服役后期锚固力和边坡系统失效概率的变化幅度明显大于前期。边坡系统失效概率随锚杆握裹层厚度的增加而减小,随注浆体水灰比的增加而增大,当握裹层厚度和水灰比达到一定值时,边坡系统失效概率随时间增大的程度并不明显。     

Bond strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer ribbed rebars in normal strength concrete

Ninety pullout specimens were used to study the bond behavior of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) ribbed rebars with thirty different specially designed rib geometries to the normal strength concrete. The test variables were the rebar diameter, rib spacing, and rib height. For each specimen, the bond failure mode, the average bond strength, the slip at the loaded end, the initial bond stiffness, and the bond–slip relationship curves were analyzed. It was found that the bond strength and bond–slip performance of these specially machined rebars varied with the combinations of rib spacing and rib height, alternatively known as the relative rib area(ratio of projected rib area normal to bar axis to product of nominal bar perimeter and center-to-center rib spacing). Based on analysis of the test results, design recommendations involving optimal rib spacing and rib height were made concerning optimum rib geometries of GFRP ribbed rebars with superior bond–slip performance.     

夯土-水硬石灰与石英砂浆液-木锚杆锚固系统性能

运用室内物理模型试验和原位试验,对基于水硬石灰与石英砂浆液的木锚杆锚固系统在夯土介质中进行了拉拔测试与杆体-浆体界面应变监测,研究了该锚固系统的锚固性能与破坏模式、杆体-浆体界面剪应变分布与传递特征。试验结果表明,该锚固系统50 cm 锚固长度可以提供30～45 kN（室内）与16．2～19 kN（现场）的极限锚固力;锚固系统具有较强的延性;在加载进程中杆体-浆体界面的应力分布与传递特征具有单峰值或双峰值分布、界面应力向锚固末端传递、压应力出现在锚固段中末端等特征,表现出复杂的受力特性。研究结果表明,该锚固系统在结构形式和力学性能上适合于夯筑土遗址加固,并与遗址体具有较好的兼容性。     

螺纹钢与圆钢锚杆工作机理对比试验研究

为深入研究以螺纹钢为杆体的全长粘结砂浆锚杆锚固机理，进行了螺纹钢锚杆与圆钢锚杆对比试验研究。试验结果表明拉拔条件下螺纹钢受力范围相对圆钢小且衰减快；螺纹钢周边浅部粘结物应力水平高于圆钢周边粘结物应力，且其变形破坏更显著：螺纹钢以屈服形式破坏而圆钢则整体拔出。通过试验分析了螺纹钢由于存在螺纹起伏使其与粘结物之间存在明显挤压、剪胀、剪断等作用从而较大地提高了锚固强度。     

加锚固体的三维复合单元模型研究

首先提出了复合单元的概念，然后将其应用于建立砂浆固结锚杆的分析模型。该模型考虑了岩体、砂浆、锚杆、岩体/砂浆接触面，砂浆/锚杆接触面等多重介绍，借助阶谱的概念，复合单元可以纳入常规有限单元法分析中去，当某单元不含锚杆时，即退化为常规有限单元。应用该模型进行加固布设优化分析，当单元内锚杆的数量与方向改变时，计算网格无需变化，从而为大规模三维复杂结构计算分析的前处理提供较大便利，模型在有限单元软件CORE3中实现，并提供了计算实例。     

Effect of bar shape on the pull-out capacity of fully-grouted rockbolts

This paper presents experimental results obtained from the direct pull-out test using different types of rockbolts having different shape of lugs. These are smooth surface bars, ribbed bars, single conical lugged bars, double conical lugged bars and triple conical lugged bars. It is found that the failure mechanism of the conical lugged rock bolt is different from that of conventional rockbolts, in which the adhesion or the shear strength at the bolt–grout interface provides the load bearing capacity. From the results of experimental study, the use of the conical lugged rock bolts is suggested, because it provides a greater anchorage strength due to wedging effect that is a combination of the shear and compressive strength of the grouting material.     

An analytical analysis of the full-range behaviour of grouted rockbolts based on a tri-linear bond-slip model

This paper presents an analytical solution for predicting the full-range mechanical behaviour of grouted rockbolts in tension based on a realistic tri-linear bond-slip model with residual bond strength at the grout–bolt interface. The full-range behaviour consists of five consecutive stages: elastic stage, elastic–softening stage, elastic–softening–debonding stage, softening–debonding stage and debonding stage. For each stage, closed-form solutions for the load–displacement relationship, interfacial shear stress distribution and bolt axial stress distribution along the bond length were derived. The ultimate load and the effective anchor length were also obtained. The analytical model was calibrated and validated against two pullout experimental studies. The predicted load–displacement curves as well as the distributions of the interfacial shear stress and the bolt axial stress are in close agreement with test results. A parametric study is also presented, providing insights into the behaviour of the rockbolts.     

Whole-building behaviour of bonded post-tensioned concrete floor plates exposed to fire

This paper discusses the whole-building behaviour of post-tensioned concrete floor plates under fire conditions. Based on the results of eight fire tests on one-way spanning bonded post-tensioned concrete slab strips, recently conducted by the authors, a nonlinear finite element model was developed to model an entire typical concrete floor plate. The considered floor plate was post-tensioned using bonded tendons and was supported on traditional reinforced concrete columns. The overall objective of the study was to provide an understanding of the structural response and modes of failure of these floor plates under fire conditions. The mechanical and thermal material nonlinearities of the floor’s components, consisting of the concrete, grout, prestressing tendon, and the anchorages, as well as the reinforced concrete columns, have been considered in the model. The interface between the tendon and grout was also considered, allowing the bond behaviour to be modelled and the tendon to retain its profile shape during the deformation of the floor. The model has been validated against published finite element results on a floor plate under normal temperature conditions. The temperature distribution throughout the floor slab and supporting columns, together with the developed displacement and stress due to heating, and the overall fire resistance of the floor were predicted by the model. Furthermore, the variables that influence the structural behaviour comprising different natural fires, applied static load during fire, use of non-tensioned reinforcement, as well the difference between unbraced and braced frames were investigated in a parametric study. The study has shown that the failure mode of the floor under fire conditions is mainly due to tensile splitting along the tendons that extended to the top surface, while at ambient conditions the mode of failure is punching shear. The restraint provided by shear walls in the considered braced frame and the use of non-tensioned flexural reinforcement affected the vertical displacement behaviour under fire conditions, but did not affect the fire resistance due to the predicted tensile splitting failure mode. From the studies presented it is concluded that the design fire resistance of the floor specified in Eurocode BSEN1992-1-2 is acceptable, while that in the UK code BS8110 is unconservative and should be modified.     

FLAC3D中锚杆剪切破断失效的实现及应用

 为解决FLAC3D中无法实现锚杆剪切破断失效的问题,基于PILE结构单元提出锚杆剪切破断判据Fs(i)≥Fsmax(i),采用Fish编程语言二次开发,建立PILE结构单元杆体修正力学模型,并嵌入到FLAC3D主程序中。分别采用PILE单元杆体原模型和修正力学模型,进行杆体剪切实验和煤岩交界面滑移情况下的锚杆支护实验对比分析,结果表明：(1) 修正模型杆体剪切荷载–位移曲线呈现出剪切破断失效的特性,达到了以剪力为判据的定量破断,且破断部位结构单元剪力和轴力在发生剪切破断后均突变为零,实现了FLAC3D主程序中锚杆剪切破坏。(2) 采用修正模型的锚杆支护方案中,煤岩交界面附近杆体发生剪切破断,且煤–底板交界面附近杆体破断先于煤-顶板交界面附近杆体;煤岩交界面最大滑移量比原模型大17.5 mm,结果更接近实际。(3) PILE修正单元剪切破断失效的实现扩展了FLAC3D的应用范围。     

粗粒土与混凝土接触面特性单剪试验研究

采用大型单剪仪进行粗粒土与混凝土接触面在膨润土以及混合土(膨润土中掺入水泥)泥皮条件下的剪切试验。通过对不同水泥浆含量的混合土泥皮接触面进行试验,揭示不同泥皮条件下接触面的力学特性。结果表明,与无泥皮或膨润土泥皮时不同,存在混合土泥皮时,剪应力与剪应变关系曲线存在明显软化段,峰值强度的位置与水泥含量以及法向应力大小有关。水泥含量越大其相应的强度越大,水泥含量由10%提高到40%时,其相应的内摩擦角提高约3.2倍,水泥含量为40%时,其强度达到无泥皮时的84%。剪切破坏时,在同一高度处,法向应力越大,切向位移也越大;同样的法向应力及高度处,切向位移随水泥含量的提高而增大。无泥皮、低法向应力下,试样出现明显的剪胀现象,而泥皮条件下试样均表现为剪缩。试样的有效高度对粗粒料的强度及变形有一定的影响,最大粒径为20mm时,高度分别为100与30mm的试样相比,其内摩擦角及水平位移偏差分别为3%和6%左右。与最大粒径为60mm试样相比,最大粒径20mm试样的内摩擦角要小1.9°,减幅4.8%。     

土遗址加固中木锚杆锚固机理的现场试验研究

木锚杆锚固机理的研究对于土遗址传统材料与工艺的科学性挖掘和当今的保护加固具有重大价值。选择代表性的土遗址（交河故城）开展现场锚固测试,包括锚固性能测试和第一界面层（杆体-浆体）剪应变监测。试验结果表明：①鉴于杆体的自然选材,不同杆体的锚固性能差异较大,但锚固潜力巨大;②受力状态下,剪应力沿着界面呈现含峰值非均匀分布;③荷载逐步增大时,界面剪应力峰值逐步向末端转移;④剪胀作用明显,增强了锚固性能;⑤兼有拉力型和压力型锚固系统的复合特征。     

Effect of grout properties on the pull-out load capacity of fully grouted rock bolt

This paper represents the result of a project conducted with developing a safe, practical and economical support system for engineering workings. In rock engineering, untensioned, fully cement-grouted rock bolts have been used for many years. However, there is only limited information about the action and the pull-out load capacity of rock bolts, and the relationship between bolt–grout or grout–rock and the influence of the grout properties on the pull-out load capacity of a rock bolt. The effect of grout properties on the ultimate bolt load capacity in a pull-out test has been investigated in order to evaluate the support effect of rock bolts. Approximately 80 laboratory rock bolt pull-out tests in basalt blocks have been carried out in order to explain and develop the relations between the grouting materials and untensioned, fully grouted rock bolts. The effects of the mechanical properties of grouting materials on the pull-out load capacity of a fully grouted bolt have been qualified and a number of empirical formulae have been developed for the calculating of the pull-out load capacity of the fully cement-grouted bolts on the basis of the shear strength, the uniaxial compressive strength of the grouting material, the bolt length, the bolt diameter, the bonding area and the curing time of the grouting material.     

Experimental study on shear behavior of bolt connectors in steel-concrete composite beams

为研究螺栓抗剪连接件在钢-混凝土组合梁中的受剪性能,对24个采用螺栓连接件的钢-混凝土组合试件进行了推出试验,分析了螺栓直径、螺栓强度、螺栓埋置长细比和混凝土强度等参数对螺栓连接件的破坏模式、荷载-滑移特性和受剪承载力的影响。研究结果表明：螺栓抗剪连接件的破坏模式主要为螺栓周围混凝土受压破坏和螺栓栓杆的剪断破坏;当发生混凝土受压破坏时,增大混凝土强度、螺栓直径、螺栓埋置长细比可以提高螺栓连接件的受剪承载力;当发生螺栓的栓杆剪断破坏时,提高螺栓强度可以提高螺栓连接件的受剪承载力。在试验研究的基础上,给出了不同破坏模式下钢-混凝土组合梁螺栓连接件的受剪承载力的计算方法,建议公式的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

节理剪切过程中锚杆的变形分析

当锚杆与砂浆的粘结未破坏时，以指数曲线来描述锚杆的侧剪应力分布；而对于锚杆与砂浆的粘结遭到破坏的区段，采用抛物线来拟合。给出了粘结破坏和未破坏两种情况下锚杆的轴应力-轴位移关系，提出利用锚杆拉拔实验数据来反演确定计算中所用到的参数。并在缺少实验数据的情况下，给出了一些参数的估计方法。根据岩石是否遭到挤压破坏，分别给出了锚杆的横向剪应力与横向位移的关系式，分析了剪切过程中锚杆加固节理的剪应力-剪位移关系，讨论了对锚固节理剪切变形刚度有重要影响的一些参数。分析表明．高的岩石单轴抗乐强度、较大的锚固面积比有助于提高锚固节理的剪切刚度。分析还表明，倾斜锚杆加固的节理比垂直锚杆的剪切刚度更大，倾斜锚杆以较小的剪切位移调动了更大的剪切阻力；倾斜锚杆加固的节理抗剪强度比垂直锚杆大，提高锚固面积比能显著提高节理抗剪强度。     

肋间距超限钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度试验

为分析肋间距超限对钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度的影响,共制作了36个钢筋肋间距超限试件和合格试件,进行了对钢筋肋外形特征变化比较敏感的中心拉拔试验;通过中心拉拔试验结果的对比,分析了2类试件在破坏模式、荷载 位移曲线、承载力和粘结强度方面的差异。研究结果表明:所有试件破坏时只发生了钢筋粘结滑移破坏和混凝土劈裂破坏,钢筋均未达到屈服强度;2类试件破坏承载能力相差9%~15%,且离散性相对较小;2类试件粘结强度相差小于12.4%;在满足锚固长度和搭接长度的前提下,钢筋肋间距超限10%左右对钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度基本没有影响。     

Finite element modeling of block shear failure in coped steel beams

Block shear is a potential failure mode that is encountered in the connection regions of coped steel beams. Limited experimental studies completed so far have shown that the block shear failure in coped steel beams is a complex phenomenon, which is highly dependent on the number of bolt lines. In this paper, the use of the finite element method in predicting the block shear failure load was studied by making comparisons with experimental findings. The effects of numerical modeling details on load capacity predictions were investigated. In light of these investigations, a finite element analysis methodology has been developed and used to conduct a parametric study. Simplified load capacity prediction equations were developed based on the results of the parametric study and are presented herein.