超高强度马氏体基钢强韧化及疲劳性能研究进展

超高强度马氏体基钢是钢铁材料中极为重要的组成之一,是重载零部件的首选材料。随着对超高强度马氏体基钢更高强韧性的需求以及更高疲劳强度的要求,基于传统强韧化机制的复合强化新工艺、新技术被不断提出。本文总结了超高强度中碳马氏体钢、二次硬化马氏体钢以及马氏体时效钢的研究进展以及常规强韧化机制,在此基础上归纳了超高强度马氏体钢的强化新方法、新机制,并对超高强度马氏体的疲劳行为进行了分析,最后对超高强度马氏体基钢的制备及强化进行了展望。     

超高强度马氏体时效不锈钢超声疲劳过程中的热效应

以新型1900 MPa级超高强度马氏体时效不锈钢为研究对象,通过激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对其超声疲劳试样断口进行观察与分析。结果表明,在超声疲劳实验过程中,所有的试样在表面均产生了烧蚀的痕迹。对于表面起裂的超声疲劳试样,即使在不同的应力幅值下（640~560 MPa）,试样的疲劳寿命均在10⁵周次左右,且烧蚀现象更为严重。而对于基体内起裂的试样,烧蚀现象较为轻微,且烧蚀处均在断口两侧几乎对称的位置。经对比分析可知,超声疲劳过程中产生的热效应对表面起裂试样的疲劳寿命有很大的影响,而内部起裂试样的疲劳寿命对超声疲劳热效应不敏感。     

超高强度钢疲劳塑性区内的应变诱发马氏体相变

对一种低碳马氏体型超高强度钢疲劳断口薄膜试样的电子衍射分析表明,疲劳塑性区内的残余奥氏体在交变应力的作用下转变为马氏体.本文就这种应变诱发相变对疲劳性能的作用机理进行了分析讨论.     

时效温度对18Ni(250)马氏体时效钢低周疲劳性能的影响

采用光学金相(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和疲劳寿命测试等方法研究了1700 MPa级18Ni(250)马氏体时效钢在不同时效温度下的疲劳性能。结果表明,18Ni(250)马氏体时效钢在480 ℃时效处理具有最佳力学性能和低周疲劳性能;循环应力响应行为呈现出软化特性,滞后回线几乎为直线,塑性应变量很小;不同时效温度下,疲劳条带与裂纹扩展方向相垂直,疲劳条带和瞬断区形貌均不同。     

冷处理温度对超高强度钢B318疲劳性能的影响

研究了冷处理温度对超高强度钢B318疲劳性能的影响,结果表明,在相同条件下,冷处理温度对该钢的疲劳性能影响很大。要获得稳定的疲劳性能,需控制冷处理温度的波动,并尽可能降低冷处理温度。冷处理温度的降低导致B318钢疲劳性能的改善可能与冷处理过程中碳化物析出和回火时超细碳化物析出以及组织细化有关。     

18Ni马氏体时效钢的相变超塑性

本文研究了18Ni(2450MPa级)马氏体时效钢的相变超塑性。通过冷变形量、应力以及冷却速度对相变应变影响规律的研究,开发了该合金的相变超塑性成形工艺。当冷变形量为60％时,在最佳工艺条件下,经14cyc γ?α’循环相变,可获得320％的极限延伸率。经TEM观察发现,该合金应力诱发马氏体形态为块状马氏体。     

Influence of carburization followed by shot peening on fatigue property of 20CrMnTi steel

In this study, the influences of carburization (followed by quenching and low-temperature tempering) followed by shot peening on “apparent” fatigue limits of 20CrMnTi steel specimens were studied and quantitatively analyzed according to the microstructure changes, induced residual stress fields, and position of fatigue crack sources, as well as a micro-meso-process theory for fatigue crack initiation previously proposed by the authors (Ref 6–8). The experimental results show that, although the hardness of the surface layer of carburized specimens is much higher than that of the pseudo-carburized specimens, the improvement effect of carburization on the apparent fatigue limits of specimens is uncertain. It should be related to the possible formation of nonmartensitic microstructure in the surface layer of carburized specimen. After the shot peening, the fatigue limit of specimens was improved and rose to a level about 40% higher than that of the pseudo-carburized specimens. Scanning electron microscopy fractographic analyses show that the fatigue sources, which indicate the weakest link of specimens, in pseudo-carburized and ascarburized specimens are all located at the surface, while after shot-peening, they appear in the interior beneath the hardened layer.     

喷丸强化对23Co14Ni12Cr3MoE钢疲劳性能的影响

采用喷丸强化工艺在23Co14Ni12Cr3MoE高强度钢表面层引入了残余压应力,测定了喷丸工艺下的表面粗糙度、残余应力与疲劳寿命,对比了缺口试样(应力集中系数Kt=2)磨削加工与喷丸状态下的疲劳S-N曲线.结果表明,23Co14Ni12Cr3MoE高强度钢对喷丸强度的要求不同于一般的高强度钢,喷丸强度高时将产生过喷效应,导致疲劳寿命的降低,在优化的喷丸工艺条件下,缺口试样(Kt=2)在1×107循环周次下的条件疲劳极限提高了22%.     

Another mechanism for fatigue strength improvement of metallic parts by shot peening

Fatigue crack source in shot-peened specimens may be located either at the surface or in the interior, beneath the hardened layer. In this paper, the mechanism for fatigue strength improvement of shot-peened specimens with internal fatigue crack source was studied. Un-peened and shot-peened specimens made of quenched and low-temperature tempered 40CrNi2Si2Mo2V steel were used. The fatigue crack source in shot-peened specimen is found in the interior beneath the hardened layer. X-ray diffraction analyses of both kinds of specimen fatigue tested at stress equal to their apparent fatigue limit show that obvious changes have taken place in the surface layer for un-peened specimens, while for shot-peened specimens, such changes are observed in the sub-surface layer beneath the hardened layer. The calculated actual critical stress at the fatigue source position (the “internal fatigue limit”) for shot-peened specimen is about 138% of the (surface) fatigue limit of un-peened specimen. According to an analysis about the micromeso-processes of fatigue crack initiation in metals, a concept of “internal and surface fatigue limits of metal” has been proposed. It is believed that the fatigue crack source transfers into the interior, Also, the internal fatigue limit of metal is higher than its surface fatigue limit, and is another mechanism for the improvement of apparent fatigue limit of shot-peened specimen.     

喷丸强化对DD6单晶高温合金高温旋转弯曲疲劳性能的影响

研究了DD6单晶高温合金的喷丸强化,通过对比喷丸强化试样与未强化试样在760 ℃和650 ℃高温下的旋转弯曲疲劳寿命的增益特性,来确定单晶合金的喷丸强化效果.结果表明,喷丸强化可以提高DD6单晶高温合金在高温下的疲劳寿命,而且随着温度的升高疲劳寿命增益系数下降,在高温疲劳试验条件下喷丸试样形变表层中未发生再结晶.     

Influence of shot peening on the corrosion fatigue properties of a stainless steel for surgical implants

For some applications in surgical implants a rough surface is desired, since the jagged surface structure assists the adhesion of bone material or surface coatings. Some implants are peened with coarse and sharp edged peening media. In order to avoid a distinct loss of fatigue strength, spherical peening balls should be used. The present paper shows for stainless steel X2CrNiMo18‐15‐3 that the effect of surface roughening can be compensated by the effect of compressive residual stresses in the surface layer. However, the effect of surface flaws must not be ignored. For this reason, the shape and depth of surface flaws in shot peened surfaces has been examined and a classification of different types of surface flaws is presented. Fatigue tests in laboratory air and in physiological NaCl solution showed that there is a distinct influence of the depth and shape of surface flaws on the fatigue strength. The use of coarser peening balls and a subsequent electrolytic polishing treatment leads to an increase of fatigue strength. Furthermore, it is shown that shot peening may have a positive or negative effect on corrosion fatigue strength.     

湿喷丸强化对TC4钛合金表面状态及疲劳性能的影响

采用陶瓷湿喷丸强化技术对TC4合金进行表面改性处理,研究湿喷丸强度对钛合金表面状态及拉拉疲劳寿命的影响规律。结果表明,湿喷丸强化在材料表面引入残余压应力场,随喷丸强度增加残余压应力层变深。喷丸强度为0.1~0.2 mmN时,材料表面机加工痕迹得到有效去除,且表面粗糙度降低。湿喷丸强化后,材料表层位错密度增加,晶粒细化。湿喷丸强化能够明显改善TC4合金疲劳性能,改善效果和喷丸强度间不是单调关系,即存在最优喷丸工艺参数。在喷丸强度0.3 mmN条件下,疲劳寿命是基材的1.93倍,改善效果最明显。     

Effect of shot peening process on fatigue behavior of an alloyed austempered ductile iron

Shot peening is one of the most common surface treatments to improve the fatigue behavior of metallic parts. In this study the effect of shot peening process on the fatigue behavior of an alloyed austempered ductile iron (ADI) has been studied. Austempering heat treatment consisted of austenitizing at 875℃ for 90 min followed by austempering at three different temperatures of 320, 365 and 400℃. Rotating-bending fatigue test was carried out on samples after shot peening by 0.4-0.6 mm shots. XRD and SEM analysis, micro hardness and roughness tests were carried out to study the fatigue behavior of the samples. Results indicate that the fatigue strengths of samples austempered at 320, 365 and 400℃ are increased by 27.3%, 33.3% and 48.4%, respectively, after shot peening process.     

喷丸强化对ZK60镁合金高周疲劳性能的影响

研究高强度变形镁合金ZK60经喷丸处理后的表面变形层微观组织结构的变化及其对高周疲劳性能的影响.结果表明:ZK60镁合金的最佳喷丸强度(N试片)为0.05 mm,经喷丸强化后,ZK60镁合金表面变形层的微观组织和织构发生变化,疲劳强度由140MPa提高到180MPa,提高约29%,疲劳寿命得到显著提高;ZK60镁合金也表现出明显的过喷效应.     

超高强度钢喷丸表面残余应力在疲劳过程中的松弛规律

对超高强度钢23C014Ni12Cr3MOE进行了喷丸强化，采用X射线衍射应力分析方法研究了旋转弯曲疲劳过程中喷丸表面残余应力的松弛变化规律。结果表明，在疲劳循环过程中，残余应力的松弛主要发生在疲劳的初始循环100周次内，疲劳循环100周次后残余应力基本稳定在某一个应力水平上，而且其中的大幅度松弛发生在疲劳的初始循环10周次内。对比不同应力水平下的松弛行为，在疲劳极限以上的应力水平下，残余应力松弛的幅度和速率都较大。对喷丸后的试样在疲劳试验前先进行200℃／2h的保温提前应力松弛处理，然后再进行疲劳试验，200℃／2h的保温处理可降低残余应力松弛的幅度和速率甚至在低于疲劳极限的应力水平时只发生小的松弛或不发生松弛。但由于喷丸强化试样疲劳裂纹往往从次表层萌生，表面残余应力的松弛只能作为评价材料疲劳性能的一个参考数值，在工程应用时不能只依据表面残余应力来判定材料的疲劳性能。     

TA15钛合金喷丸强化

为研究喷丸工艺对钛合金材料的强化效果,对TA15钛合金进行喷丸强化实验,并分别在手持式粗糙度仪和液压伺服疲劳试验机上测试了材料强化后的疲劳寿命及表面粗糙度。研究发现,喷丸强化能提高TA15钛合金的疲劳寿命,在弹丸S280、喷丸强度0.15mmA～0.2mmA条件下,可获得相对最好的疲劳性能。强化后的试样表面粗糙度与疲劳寿命的关系表明,较好的表面粗糙度可以获得较高的疲劳寿命,说明表面粗糙度是影响TA15钛合金材料疲劳寿命的因素之一。研究结果对TA15钛合金材料的喷丸强化工艺设计,具有指导作用。