气固流化床中侧向射流穿透深度的研究

本文以小米和两种硅胶为物料，在314×25mm的二维射流流化床中，用摄像法研究侧向射流穿透深度，并得到了关联式，误差小于25％．当射流倾角变化范围不大、并忽略射流位置的影响时，可以得到简化公式，误差小于40％使用基于对流体模型的计算机程序进行模拟，分析了射流产生的机理，研究了射流气速、直径、倾角和位置对射流穿透深度的影响．模拟值和实验值较吻合．     

微波连续化学过程研究进展

由于微波在其吸收介质中的穿透深度有限,间歇釜式反应器很难扩大规模,从而使微波化学应用于工业生产受到一定限制。发展微波连续化学过程是实现微波更普遍的应用于工业生产的有效途径。微波连续化学过程克服了吸收介质的穿透深度等问题,显著提高了微波辐射效率,并存在易于控制反应参数,优化实验过程,自动化连续操作等优点。主要介绍了典型的微波连续反应装置及其在微波连续化学过程的应用。     

流化床中射流机制和双射流相互作用

在文献的基础上, 通过实验和模拟的方法研究了射流机制和双射流的相互作用. 采用一个300 mm′51 mm的两维气固流化床,内置两个垂直射流, 使用多路毕托管系统测量射流穿透深度. 使用描述气固流态化的双流体模型进行模拟,用改进的IPSA求解模型方程,通过数值模拟, 讨论了射流产生的机理, 再现了双射流, 并发现双射流的相互作用可分为三类：孤立射流、过渡射流和互作用射流,提出了相应的射流间距判据. 发现影响双射流穿透深度最主要的因素是射流动量、两相间曳力、射流间距和床层表观气速, 建议使用Froude数、Reynolds数、床层表观气速、射流间距和喷口直径来关联不同区域的射流穿透深度. 得到了一个关联式并与文献中的关联式或实验数据做了比较.     

脱硫助剂的喷雾干燥及产品的性能研究

采用气流-压力式复合雾化器脱硫助剂进行喷雾干燥，介绍气流-压力式喷雾干燥的工艺流程及实验结果。     

干燥过程中脉动气流与物料间的热量传递特性

脉动燃烧装置用于干燥过程时具有热效率高和污染物排放量少等优点，但由于目前对其热质传递的特性缺乏深入的了解，限制了此类干燥器的广泛应用。为了深入了解脉动燃烧干燥过程的传热特性，我们建立了一台Hehnholtz型脉动燃烧器，所用燃料为液化气，采用水冷方式。通过脉动气流与黄铜球之间的对流传热实验，应用集总热容法确定了在不同频率脉动气流中黄铜与气流间的对流传热系数，探究了脉动频率对脉动燃烧干燥过程气流与物料间对流传热系数的影响，并建立了相应的准数关联式。应用建立的关联式，对耐火土颗粒在脉动燃烧气流中的干燥过程进行了预测，并与实验值作了比较，结果表明预测值与实验值吻合较好。     

基于Taguchi方法优化气辅成型气体穿透深度

基于气体辅助注塑成型过程的三维数值模拟,利用Taguchi实验方法设计了L9(34)实验矩阵,采用标准方差分析方法,分析了预注射量、注射温度、气体压力和延迟时间等工艺因素对气体穿透深度的影响,预测了优化工艺组合下的气体穿透深度。研究表明:在所选择的工艺因素中,对气体穿透深度影响程度依次为预注射量(F=87.8%)、气体延迟时间(F=8.1%)、气体压力(F=3.5%)和注射温度(F=0.6%)(F为因子重要性)。在优化工艺组合下预测的气体相对穿透深度为87.1%,与模拟计算值符合较好。     

双组分射流床中射流穿透深度的研究

使用多相流模型计算了灰熔聚流态化粉煤气化器中双组分的射流穿透深度。较科学地讨论了模拟计算中射流边界的定义；提出在工业气化器的操作条件下，用基于颗粒个数的算术平均法求混合物的平均直径，从而将双组分问题简化为单组分的计算，求出的射流穿透深度与实验值或文献值比较吻合，并发现床层表观气速的影响较大。     

砷化氢尾气处理方法的研究

采用氧化铜—氧化锌系脱胂剂处理剧毒尾气中的砷化氢，在不同的操作条件下对该脱胂剂的脱胂性能进行了实验研究，结果表明，在温度为２００℃，空速为２．７×１０￣４ｈ￣（－１）的条件下，穿透脱胂容量为２７０．９ｍｇ／ｇ，脱胂深度在１×１０￣（－８）以下。     

固定床熔渣气化炉内冷态气固两相流动特性

为了研究固定床熔渣气化炉喷嘴射流速度和安装角度对炉内流场的影响,搭建了固定床熔渣气化炉冷态试验平台,并结合Fluent软件进行了建模。结果发现:(1)随着气体流量和射流速度的不断增加,气体在物料内部的穿透距离不断加长;(2)随着喷嘴下倾角度的增加,射流深度、回流区径向深度及回流区高度呈不断减小趋势;当喷嘴下倾5°~10°布置时为最优工况,料层内部喷嘴方向射流穿透深度适中,炉内流场分布较好;(3)随着喷嘴切圆角度的不断增大,喷嘴对冲碰撞作用越小,气流逐渐偏离径向区域,喷嘴轴截面气体分布量逐渐变少,料层内部射流穿透深度先增大后减小。综合考虑各因素,喷嘴下倾5°并切圆旋转10°布置时,料层内部水平方向射流穿透深度最大,炉内流场分布较好。     

气体辅助注射成型气体薄壁穿透的数值模拟研究

气体辅助注射成型中，气体的薄壁穿透是影响注塑件强度和性能的重要因素。运用有限元法及CAE技术，就聚合物流变性能及工艺参数对气体薄壁穿透的影响进行了数值模拟，探索了流变性能、注射工艺参数与气体薄壁穿透的规律性关系，用流变学理论分析了其影响机理，并揭示了气体薄壁穿透的形成原因。本研究的数值模拟结果与T．J．Wang等和D．M．GAO等的实验结论相符合。     

大型单射流流化床的流动特性

在φ500mm×8000mm的大型单射流半圆形流化床中,采用内径为42mm的半圆形射流管,以小米为实验物料,利用摄像法研究了射流气速、静床高度与射流深度的关系,得出了射流深度的定量关联式．藉PC—4光导纤维测浓仪,研究了大型射流流化床径向、轴向空隙率分布规律,最后得出了射流区各点空隙率分布的定量关系式．     

大型射流流化床的流型转变与射流深度

在高 8m、直径 0 .5m的大型射流流化床中 ,通过摄像分析法 ,研究了射流、喷流两种流型的转变 .结果表明在低静床高、大射流气速下易出现喷流 ;喷流出现时 ,功率谱主频射流气速曲线上出现一转折点 .转折点射流气速与摄像法得出的流型转变射流气速相同 .提出了射流、喷流流型转变关系式 .同时发现射流深度随射流气速变大而增大 ,结合二维射流床射流深度的研究结果 ,得出了射流深度的预测式     

Jet penetration depth in a two-dimensional spout-fluid bed

The jet penetration depth was proposed to be an important parameter to describe the jet action during the chemical process of spout-fluid bed coal gasification. A two-dimensional cold model of a spout-fluid bed coal gasifier with its cross section of and height of 2000 mm was established to investigate the jet penetration depth. Four types of Geldart group D particles were used as bed materials. A multi-channel pressure sampling system and a high-resolution digital CCD camera were employed for experimental investigations. The effects of spouting gas velocity, spout nozzle diameter, static bed height, particle property and fluidizing gas flow rate on the jet penetration depth have been systematically studied by pressure signal analysis and image processing. Experimental results indicate that the jet penetration depth increases with increasing spouting gas velocity and spout nozzle diameter, while it decreases with increasing particle density, particle diameter, static bed height and fluidizing gas flow rate. Additional, a new correlation considered all of the above effects especially static bed height and fluidizing gas flow rate, was developed for predicting the jet penetration depth in spout-fluid beds. The correlation was compared with published experimental data or correlations, which was in well agreement with the present experimental results and some other references.     

洗涤冷却管出口处的射流深度和界面波动特性

采用压差传感器和高清摄像仪对洗涤冷却管出口处射流深度和洗涤冷却室内气液界面波动特性进行了冷模实验研究,研究发现,随着表观气速的增大,射流深度呈指数式增大,由此提出了主流射流深度与洗涤冷却管出口处动量通量的经验式,其最大射流深度可达2.51 cm,同时采用VOF模型和RNG κ-ε 湍流模型对其进行了模拟计算,模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好。研究结果还表明,洗涤冷却管出口处液面波动对床层内气液两相环流脉动的影响较为显著。     

炸药破甲威力与爆轰参数之间定量关系的探讨

探讨了炸药的破甲威力与爆轰参数之间的关系,发现在一定计算精度范围内,炸药的破甲威力与爆速Ｄ的关系比较复杂,而与爆压Ｐ的关系相对比较简单且具有较高的计算准确度,据此提出,爆压Ｐ与破甲深度ｈ、与破孔体积Ｖ之间的定量关系式。对单质炸药和混合炸药的计算结果表明,计算值与实验值的一致性令人满意。根据这一定量关系,可以确定提高炸药破甲威力的两条件途径,一是提高炸药的爆压,即提高炸药的能量,二是通过设计新型装药结构,提高炸药能量的利用率,应用本文定量关系,不仅能够预测炸药的破甲威力,而且对于寻求具有优良破甲威力的炸药及设计新型装药结构具有一定的参考价值。     

Modeling and optimization of operating parameters for abrasive waterjet turning alumina ceramics using response surface methodology combined with Box–Behnken design

Abrasive waterjet turning is a newly emerging non-traditional technology for machining ceramics. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of operating parameters on depth of penetration and surface roughness (Ra) in turning of alumina ceramics using abrasive waterjet. The quadratic regression models were developed to predict the depth of penetration and Ra by experiments using Response Surface Methodology. The influence of each operating factors has been studied through analysis of variance technique. Key parameters and their interactive effects on depth of penetration and surface roughness have also been presented in graphical contours which are useful for choosing operating parameter preciously. The operating parameters for depth of penetration and surface roughness were simultaneously optimized by RSM with desirability function. The absolute average error between the experimental and predicted values at the optimal combination of parameter settings for depth of penetration and surface roughness were calculated as within 5%. Thus the developed model can be effectively used to predict the depth of penetration and surface roughness in the machining of alumina ceramics.     

Strain-rate dependence of surface/subsurface deformation mechanisms during nanoscratching tests of GGG single crystal

Constant- and varied-depth nanoscratching tests of GGG single crystal were carried out at different scratching velocities. The morphologies of the scratched grooves and chips were analysed using scanning electron microscope. The experimental results indicated that higher scratching velocity led to shallower penetration depth, shallower residual depth, and larger continuous chips. Increasing the scratching velocity could effectively improve the plasticity and reduce the brittle-to-ductile transition depth of GGG single crystal. Based on the contact stress and contact area between the analysed sample and Berkovich indenter, a model for predicting the penetration depth was developed, which took into account the strain rate effect and elastic recovery of materials. The model was verified using constant- and varied-depth nanoscratching tests, and the predicted and experimental results were in good agreement. Subsurface damage underneath the ductile surface was characterised using transmission electron microscope. The TEM results demonstrated that higher scratching velocity led to the slipping planes appearing in more directions, which prevented the generation of long slipping plane and reduced the depth of the damage layers. The plastic deformation of GGG at the scratching velocity of 100 μm/s was dominated by poly-crystalline nanocrystallites and amorphous phases, and was similar to that at the low scratching velocity. This study provided a fundamental understanding of the strain-rate dependence of surface/subsurface deformation mechanisms of GGG during ultra-precision machining.     

Evolution of penetration resistance in fresh concrete

The objective of this research was to examine the setting of concrete through its penetration resistance; an experimental device, especially developed for this purpose was used, which consists of a system that lets a sphere fall on concrete from a certain height and then measures the depth of the crater. Forty-five samples were made with four different types of cement varying its quantity, water-cement ratio, at ambient temperature and humidity. A semiempirical model which explains the penetration resistance evolution in fresh concrete was proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The results are compared with the consolidation curves for soils represented by the logarithmic method. The proposed setting time was defined as the elapsed time between the placement of the concrete and the time when the depth of the crater is 18% of the initial one.     

Numerical analysis for predicting the operability window of slot-die coating onto porous media

The ability to coat porous media is critical for forming composite functional thin films. A major technical concern for accurately predicting this process is that the flow of the coating bead and the penetration process must be considered. These phenomena strongly influence each other. Therefore, both the flow into porous media and the coating-bead flow should be simultaneously treated. In this study, the target is a high-productivity coating system based on a roll-to-roll process using a slot die. Slot-die coating is a premetered, precision coating method. We investigated the coating of porous media to estimate the practical operability window and the penetration depth using two-dimensional numerical analysis. For this purpose, both the coating-bead pressure and the capillary pressure were considered as driving forces of penetration. Moreover, the curvature of the backup roll opposite the slot die was also taken into account to achieve an accurate estimation. We demonstrate that the penetration depth and operability window for defect-free coatings can be well estimated and that the results are consistent with experimental results.