PIPEFLO软件中经验公式对凝析气管道的设计适用性分析

目前在海底管道工艺设计领域有许多的工艺模拟软件,稳态模拟软件PIPEFLO具有一系列的组合经验关系式,在工程设计中,通过选用不同的组合经验关系式进行模拟计算,往往能够取得较好的模拟效果,但需要凭工程设计者的经验来选取组合经验公式。PIPEFLO软件中,压降计算公式主要有OLIMANS公式、DUKLER公式、BB公式、L.M.公式等,持液率计算公式主要有EATON持液率公式和BB持液率公式。本文将不同的压降/持液率计算公式组合成4组计算公式,对A到B某凝析气管道进行模拟计算,并将软件模拟计算出的压降计算结果与现场采集的实际压降数据进行对照分析,以确定适合该管道的PIPEFLO软件中误差最小的经验公式组合,为同类海底管道工艺设计中软件经验公式的选择提供参考。     

基于DDPM模型的气力输送弯管冲蚀模拟

通过稠密离散相模型(Dense Discrete Phase Model, DDPM)和标准k-ε湍流模型探究了气力输送弯管的冲蚀情况和颗粒运动情况。数值模拟结果表明,颗粒流经弯管时,会撞击弯管外侧壁面的中部,导致此处弯管的冲蚀速率最大,冲蚀形貌呈现“V”型。在流体曳力和颗粒惯性力的共同作用下,弯管的冲蚀速率随气体速度的增加而增加,随管道压力的增加而减小,随弯管半径的增大而减小,由冲蚀角度考虑应尽量选择方位为竖直管道A的气力输送弯管,其冲蚀速率相对竖直管道B减小8.5%。     

基于L形管道的气液两相流-流固耦合模拟计算

在湿气集输工艺中,流体快速流经弯管时对管道造成冲击和震动,影响管道安全运行。针对该问题,以L形管道为例研究以空气-水为流动介质,基于流固耦合求解器(FSI)和体积分数法(VOF)的组合求解方法,用ADINA软件模拟出气液两相流在L形管道中的流动状态,并分析流体对管道变形的影响。     

天然气凝析液起伏管道集输敏感特性模拟研究

天然气凝析液管道采用气液混输技术进行输送,地形起伏可能造成管线内流型复杂和流动不稳定,导致管线低洼处容易产生积液,影响集输效率。采用多相流模拟软件LedaFlow建立某凝析气田集输管道水力模型,模拟分析地形起伏对管线压力和持液率分布的影响,探究削弱地形起伏对压力波动影响的集输条件,模拟分析输气量、管径以及管道出口压力对起伏管道水力特性的影响。研究表明:地形起伏增大了压力和持液率的波动,使流动不稳定。高输量、小管径和低压集输能够削弱地形起伏的影响。高压集输压降小,低压集输压降大,存在最优运行压力使生产成本最低。该研究为气液混输管路输送参数的选取提出了合理化建议,对复杂地貌条件下天然气凝析液集输管道的设计和运行管理具有意义。     

正常加注工艺中缓蚀剂液滴在湿天然气集输管道内流动分布的数值研究

针对湿天然气集输管道的典型结构,采用Fluent软件提供的RNGκ-ε模型描述管道内复杂的湍流流动过程,非稳态的Mixture模型模拟管道走向,缓蚀剂加注量及缓蚀剂液滴的粒径对正常加注缓蚀剂的流动规律的影响。结果表明：水平管道由于重力沉降作用使得管壁顶部在入口1m之后存在缓蚀剂低浓度区,而在管壁底部存在液相积累,在弯管部分存在有利于缓蚀剂在管道内壁均布的二次流,二次流夹带下弯管底部缓蚀剂沿管道周向涡旋流动使管道顶部含液率逐渐增加,上弯管部分压差力和重力的联合作用使管道底部含液率逐渐增加而顶部含液率逐渐降低。液滴粒径的减小有利于缓蚀剂在管道内壁的均布,而加注量的增加对改善顶部低浓度区的分布状况作用不大。因此改善缓蚀剂加注工艺,减小缓蚀剂液滴粒径有利于管道防腐。     

基于ANSYS的埋地热油管道弯管附近应力失效研究

研究了埋地热油管道在结构-热耦合应力作用下失效原因及锚固墩位置对其应力的影响。采用ANSYS对埋地热油管道进行应力模拟计算,得出在结构-热耦合应力作用下管道弯管处当量应力分布情况,并对不同角度的弯管进行结构-热耦合应力对比分析,得出不同角度弯管位置的应力数值,绘制变化曲线。同时改变弯管附近锚固墩位置,计算得出弯管处应力变化云图。结果显示,弯管处的最大当量应力随着角度的增加而逐渐减小,且调整锚固墩位置可进一步消减管道处最大当量应力,为防止埋地热油管道泄漏事故发生提供理论依据。     

倾斜管柱气液两相流持液率计算方法研究

倾斜管柱气液两相流持液率的计算方法在石油工业中具有重要地位。采用Beggs-Brill相关式、Mukherjee-Brill相关式、Eaton相关式和杜克勒Ⅱ相关式计算了倾斜管柱的持液率,通过实验手段测量相同气液体积流量下,不同角度的持液率数据,分析了上述4种计算式的准确性,发现Beggs-Brill相关式比较准确。对Beggs-Brill相关式进行了分析,发现当其他条件一定时,其计算的持液率关于管柱倾斜角度具有一定的对称性,对称轴为50°,倾斜角度为90°时和10°时计算的持液率相等,结合所测量的实验数据,做出曲线发现在倾斜角度在45°到60°之间持液率最大,倾斜角度为90°的持液率与为10°的持液率比较接近,同时持液率随角度的变化具有一定的对称性。     

气液两相管道清管液塞头形状数值模拟与实验

使用CFX软件对清管过程液塞头进行数值模拟,水和气体作为连续相,采用VOF方法计算及欧拉-欧拉类方法中的均相模型。模拟了管道中无液膜,以及不同厚度、不同流速液膜两种情况。并将CFX软件模拟结果与清管实验结果,文献中的实验结果进行对比分析,模拟结果与实验结果和文献中的数据吻合较好。清管液塞头部的形状呈抛物线,管道中的液膜能够显著减小清管液塞的长度。     

埋地热油管道弯管处应力破坏研究

近年来,埋地热油管道弯管漏油事件时有发生,反映出管道的原始设计、施工等方面存在不足。为使埋地热油管道安全稳定运行,在给定位移载荷的作用下,对弯管各部位的应力的变化情况进行模拟分析,得出了导致弯管失效漏油的过大应力位置和弯管角度对应力的影响,并提出了改进措施,从而为防止发生埋地管道泄漏事故的研究奠定基础。     

基于OLGA的起伏湿气集输管道水力特性研究

由于多相流动的经济性,气田大部分集输管道都采用气液混输技术。集输管线在通过地形起伏的地区时,气体的压力、温度及流速将随之变化,地形起伏不均是造成气田气液混输管道生产不稳定的一个重要因素。采用多相流模拟软件OLGA建立了湿气集输管道水力计算模型,模拟分析了地形起伏程度、管道输气量、管径、含水率对管道压降的影响。并对不同影响因素下的模拟结果进行分析,该分析结果为地形起伏地区气田集输管道的运行管理和设计提供了理论基础。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.