三峡水库香溪河库湾不同异重流下水温分层模式研究

三峡水库蓄水后支流库湾水体的水动力条件发生变化,水温在垂向上的分布也呈现出了不同模式。为了分析不同类型的倒灌异重流条件下水体的水温分布情况,对香溪河库湾不同断面的水温进行原位监测,并构建库湾水体的水温水动力数学模型(CE-QUAL-W2)。研究结果表明:水库正常运行的不同时期,香溪河库湾水体的主要水动力条件和水温分布结构均不同,在水库运行时的泄水期,库湾水体水动力主要为表层倒灌异重流,水温呈现传统的分布模式;在水库汛期低水位运行时,库湾水体水动力主要为中层倒灌异重流,水温呈“双混斜”式分布;在水库蓄水期,库湾水体水动力主要为底部倒灌异重流,水温呈“半U”型分布。研究成果可为揭示香溪河水流水温特性、营养盐迁移及水华预测预报提供相关的理论支持和技术支撑。     

三峡水库春季调度对香溪河水动力场的影响

为了研究香溪河库湾水体富营养化的问题,采用数值模拟的方法分析了香溪河库湾春季水动力场的特点,并按照持续抬高和降低三峡水库水位两种工况研究了香溪河水动力场的变化。结果表明:①春季香溪河库湾水体存在着明显的分层异向流动,主要表现为表层水体由长江干流流向库湾,长江干流与库湾支流水体的交换作用明显;②水位持续下降或者持续上升的调度方式会对香溪河水动力场产生一定的影响,不仅使水体流向发生改变的位置有所变化,而且明显改变了库湾中上游水体流速,主要是表层水体流速;③水位持续下降会对水体分层流动产生抑制作用,而水位持续上升会促进水体的分层流动。     

三峡水库支流库湾低流速条件下测流方法探讨及应用

三峡蓄水成库后,库区部分支流受长江干流回水顶托,形成了支流库湾,水体流态由典型的河流形态变为类湖泊形态,受上游来流和水库调度等因素综合影响,库湾水动力条件变得极其复杂.在野外长期现场观测的基础上,针对支流库湾水体复杂的水动力条件,提出了一种独特的流速监测方法.运用该方法在香溪河库湾测流,获得了较好的测流结果,能较好地表...     

三峡水库香溪河库湾水华水动力调控初步研究

针对三峡水库蓄水运行后支流库湾春季水华频现问题,利用CE-QUAL-W2模型建立了香溪河-三峡库区整体立面二维水动力数学模型,对三峡水电站不同开机数量和春季不同水文条件下的香溪河库湾流速进行了数值模拟。计算结果表明:香溪河上游来流量较小时,滞留区表层流速小于香溪河库湾水华的临界流速0.05 m/s;而香溪河上游来流量增大到合适的值时,香溪河滞留区表层流速可大于0.05 m/s;仅利用三峡电站小幅度日调节对支流库湾流速的改善效果十分有限,而利用干支流水库对香溪河库湾流速的联合调控效果明显,可控制三峡水库香溪河库湾水华爆发。     

三峡库区大宁河库湾水体混合过程中的营养盐行为

为研究不同水文期不同水体混合模式下大宁河库湾的营养盐行为,基于2012年大宁河的现场监测数据,分析营养盐时空分布特征,采用箱式模型对不同水文期营养盐的收支量进行计算,以期为制定大宁河富营养化和水华控制策略提供理论依据。试验及计算结果表明:在泄水期,干流水体通过表层逆向进入库湾,而支流水体通过底层潜流向河口运输;在汛限期和蓄水期,干流水体主要通过中上层逆向进入库湾,而支流水体通过底层潜流向河口运输。干流对支流的逆向顶托作用常年存在,泄水期、汛限期、蓄水期干流对支流的贡献率分别为70.38％、28.42％和59.56％。在水体混合过程中,库湾上游来水以及干流顶托来水的混合作用是控制库湾水化学组成的主要物理因素。     

三峡库区草堂河库湾水动力特征

针对三峡库区蓄水后普遍存在的干流水体倒灌支流库湾的现象,为探究干支流水交换过程中的水动力特征,通过逐月(2012年9月至2013年7月)实地观测获取三峡库区中部典型支流草堂河库湾水动力参数及水体温度、浊度等数据,分析了水库运行各期干流与库湾的水交换情况及其对库区水环境的影响。结果表明:由于温度差异、干流惯性作用以及支流特殊地形等因素的影响,草堂河河口存在明显的双向水流结构,水库运行各期干支流交界面进出水体分布差异显著;特殊的河流走向使得全年多数月份草堂河与干流有效交换量高于其他典型支流;干流水体全年均能倒灌至库湾尾部,水库高水位运行期进出水体在河口呈上下分层结构且连续性较好,低水位运行期则以左右环流为主且连续性较差。     

三峡水库汛末蓄水期香溪河库湾倒灌异重流现象及对水华的影响

为研究汛末蓄水过程中，三峡水库干流对支流水体水流、水环境因子影响特征及作用机制，从2007年9月25日开始对三峡水库蓄水过程中香溪河库湾水流速度和水环境因子进行持续监测分析。结果表明2007年秋季三峡水库汛末蓄水过程中，水库干流依次以底部异重流、中层异重流、表层异重流形式倒灌进入库湾，使得香溪河库湾水体在深度方向具有典型的分层流特征，异重流现象是由水库干流与库湾水体之间的温度差和浊度差造成的。2007年秋季香溪河库湾暴发了一定程度的水华，倒灌异重流使得库湾表层水流流速增大，并将库湾表层浮游藻类演进式输运出河口从而降低库湾藻类生物量是本次异重流影响秋季水华的重要机制。     

汛末蓄水期香溪河库湾倒灌异重流现象及其对水华的影响

为研究三峡水库汛末蓄水过程中,干流对支流水体水流、水环境因子的影响特征及其作用机制,从2007年9月25日开始对三峡水库蓄水过程中香溪河库湾水流速度和水环境因子进行持续监测分析。结果表明,2007年秋季三峡水库汛末蓄水过程中,水库干流水体依次以底部异重流、中层异重流、表层异重流形式倒灌进入库湾,使得香溪河库湾水体在深度方向具有典型的分层流特征,异重流现象是由水库干流与库湾水体之间的温度差和浊度差造成的。2007年秋季香溪河库湾暴发了一定程度的水华,倒灌异重流使得库湾表层水流流速增大,并将库湾表层浮游藻类演进式输运出河口从而降低库湾藻类生物量是本次异重流影响秋季水华的重要机制。     

三峡电站日调度驱动的支流振荡对支流水温垂向结构的影响

三峡电站日调度驱动的重力波对其支流动力过程造成显著影响,其中的高频水流波动会显著影响支流库湾的物质、能量等垂向扩散和输运过程,进而影响水华暴发等环境问题。基于三峡水库香溪河支流2021年蓄水期末的水动力及水温垂向结构监测数据,分析了三峡电站日调度驱动的支流库湾高频振荡对水温结构的影响。研究发现,三峡出库流量日波动驱动支流水位也呈日波动和高频波动特征,其中水位日波动振幅约0.3~0.5 m,高频水位波幅约0.04 m。库湾底层水温高频波动比中上层更加明显,与香溪河库湾水深从河口向上游逐渐变浅有关系。支流近底水温波动功率谱分析显示,香溪河湍流耗散速率(6.5×10^-7 W/kg)明显高出一般水库的近底耗散率,表明水库调度驱动的水体高频波动导致较强的湍流发育和耗散。     

基于CE-QUAL-W2模型的三峡水库神农溪库湾水流水温特性分析

三峡水库蓄水以来,库区干、支流水文水动力变化显著。通过现场观测和构建三峡水库神农溪支流库湾立面二维水动力模型(CE-QUAL- W2),对比研究了三峡水库不同时期水流、水温时空分布特征。研究结果表明:神农溪库湾水体整体流速缓慢,不同时期均存在不同强度的异重流现象,包括干流倒灌异重流和上游入流底部顺坡异重流;枯水运行期和汛前消落期干流水体从表层潜入库湾,强度较弱;汛期和汛末蓄水期存在中层倒灌并且强度较大,影响整个库湾;上游入流处由于来流水温一般低于库湾,存在入流底部顺坡异重流现象。库湾水温呈春夏升温、秋冬降温的变化趋势,一年四季均存在水温分层现象;但冬季分层相对较弱,其它季节水温分层明显;水温分层模式因异重流的存在,明显不同于一般水库的水温分层。对比分析表明,CE-QUAL-W2模型可较为准确地反映神农溪库湾水流及水温时空分布特性。研究可为更细化分析三峡水库神农溪库湾水流水温特性、开展水华预报提供技术支撑。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.