Effects of various unbalanced voltages on the operation performance of an induction motor under the same voltage unbalance factor condition

This paper investigates the effects of different unbalanced voltages with the same voltage unbalance factor (VUF) on the performance of a three-phase induction motor and its feedback influence on the power system. Under eight different voltage unbalance conditions, the performance of a three-phase induction motor was measured through a real load test. The loss, efficiency, power factor and temperature rise of the motor under different unbalanced voltages are investigated. According to the test results and analysis, the importance of the positive-sequence voltage on the motor’s apparent performance and the negative-sequence voltage in the hidden damage were pointed out. Finally, it is strongly suggested that (1) the derating and temperature rise curves and related regulations should consider the VUF percent and the magnitude of positive-sequence voltage, and (2) the effects of unbalanced voltage on induction motors should also be modeled in power system voltage stability studies.     

The effect of fast changes in voltage unbalance on vibration characteristics of asynchronous motors

The effect of voltage unbalance in electrical networks that supply electrified traction loads on the operating regimes of large asynchronous motors (AMs) is considered. Based on the method of symmetrical components and analysis of hodographs of magnetic fields of AMs with a short squirrel-cage rotor, the influence of various types of voltage unbalance (continuous and intermittent) on its vibration characteristics is studied. It is shown that an increase in magnetic induction in the air gap of an AM causes an increase in radial vibration generating forces in the case of voltage unbalance. The obtained results indicate that alternating voltage unbalance can be riskier for AM operation than is constant voltage unbalance, in addition to having increased levels of AM vibrations. It is concluded that the use of new parameters of electric-energy quality allowing determination of instantaneous values of unbalance amplitude and the angle between symmetrical components of voltage of positive and negative phase-sequence is reasonable. The relevance of this research is confirmed by typical cases of AM shutoff at an oil-pumping station due to tripping of vibration-protection sensors.     

An analytical and graphical study of the symmetrical components in an induction motor supply in relation to the voltage unbalance parameters

Induction motors operating under a given unbalance factor have very different supply voltage conditions. This article presents a complete and precise analysis about the whole range of the amplitude and phase variation of the supply symmetrical components in relation to the values of the voltage unbalance parameters. The exact formulation and graphical representation of the supply voltage sequence components for a given unbalance parameter is shown.     

基于瞬态模型的不对称供电三相感应电动机分析

三相电压不对称对感应电动机性能影响较大，本文建立了三相感应电动机瞬态模型，基于该模型和复数不平衡因数（CVUF)的概念，研究不对称供电电压对感应电动机性能的影响，对不对称三相电压供电感应电动机起动过程进行了仿真，计算了不同CVUF时感应电动机的起动过程，研究了起动过程中的峰值转矩，起动时间、达到稳态后的三相电流不平衡因数，转速，转速波动，转矩波动与CVUF的关系，得出了相应结论。     

Causes and effects of unbalanced voltages serving an inductionmotor

A common requirement of a distribution system is to serve a combination of single-phase lighting loads and a three-phase induction motor. Two transformer connections for providing this combination service are the ungrounded wye-delta and the open wye-open delta. Each connection has its good points and bad points. Of concern are the three-phase voltages provided the induction motor. If the voltages are unbalanced, depending upon the degree of unbalance, the induction motor is subject to overheating. Sources of the voltage unbalance can be the unequal spacing between conductors of the primary and secondary lines, the transformer ratings and connection, and the amount of single-phase load relative to the three-phase load. This paper utilizes previously published models of the primary and secondary lines, transformer connections, and induction motors. A simple system is developed to demonstrate the voltage unbalance created by these components under normal and abnormal conditions and the effect of the resulting unbalances on the induction motor. The system model also provides an insight into the voltages that can appear across the transformer terminals during abnormal operating conditions     

Design and performance of a digitally based voltage controller forcorrecting phase unbalance in induction machines

The case of unbalanced supply presents a uniquely difficult problem in motor applications since its causes are varied. In many situations a static starter utilizing back-to-back thyristors in series with the motor lines is already installed for the purpose of soft starting or for power factor improvement. An attractive low-cost solution for phase unbalance is simply to modify the control strategy of the static starter by adjusting the firing angles of the three thyristors pairs independently. In this manner, the series connected thyristors serve the function of unsymmetrical, variable supply impedances which can be used to balance the voltage across the motor phases. A new digital controller utilizing a static starter for balancing the phase currents of an induction motor operating with unbalanced supply is presented. Experimental results show a marked reduction in the current unbalance from approximately 40% to a few percent and clearly demonstrate the attractiveness of the new phase balancer     

基于转速-电压坐标平面的暂态电压稳定分析

针对感应电机类动态负荷引起的暂态电压稳定问题,提出了一种基于转速-电压坐标平面的暂态电压稳定问题的分析方法,描述了感应电机类动态负荷在转速-电压坐标平面上的稳定边界。通过转速-电压坐标平面上电机运行点与稳定边界间的关系,可直观判断感应电机的加减速状态,并可清晰地解释感应电机类动态负荷在受到扰动后的暂态过程中引发电压失稳的机理。通过对比感应电机在转速-电压坐标平面上的工作点与所提的稳定边界间的关系,可以判断系统是否会出现电压失稳。通过单机无穷大系统及两区四机系统的仿真算例验证了所提分析方法的有效性。     

电网电压不平衡度对DFIG运行特性的影响

分析了电网电压不平衡理论以及常见的电压不平衡情况,推导了电网电压不平衡时双馈感应发电机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)的输出功率,研究了电网电压不平衡时双馈感应发电机的运行特性。在Matlab/Simulink中搭建DFIG并网模型,进一步仿真研究了电网电压不平衡情况下DFIG的运行特性。研究表明,随着不平衡度的增加,风机输出有功功率和无功功率、定子侧有功功率和无功功率、转子侧有功功率和无功功率的脉动幅值近似线性增大。在同一不平衡度下,有功功率的脉动幅值高于无功功率的脉动幅值。     

Design considerations for 12-pulse diode rectifier systemsoperating under voltage unbalance and pre-existing voltage distortionwith some corrective measures

In this paper, design considerations for twelve-pulse diode rectifier systems operating under utility voltage unbalance and pre-existing harmonic voltage distortion are discussed. For a twelve-pulse diode rectifier system connected in parallel to feed a common DC link via an interphase transformer, it is shown that a small amount of impedance mismatch, utility voltage unbalance or pre-existing voltage distortion drastically affects the current sharing capability of the rectifier bridges. This, in turn, generates additional uncharacteristic and characteristic harmonics thereby increasing the THD. In order to mitigate these effects and ensure proper operation of diode rectifiers, specially designed line reactors termed harmonic blocking reactors (HBRs) are introduced. Analysis and design procedures for HBRs are discussed. Simulation results illustrate improved performance. Experimental results from a laboratory prototype system show close agreement with theory     

Effects of momentary voltage dips on the operation of induction andsynchronous motors

Simplified stability calculations of induction and synchronous motors on voltage dips are presented. The voltage dip withstand characteristics of induction and synchronous motors rated at the same horsepower and driving the same inertial loads are calculated. The motor characteristics influencing stability are: the type of motor selected (synchronous or induction); the pull-out torque of synchronous motors and the breakdown torque of induction motors; a constant excitation controller or an excitation boost on voltage dips for the synchronous motors; load and motor inertia; and load characteristics. Synchronous motors are not suitable for fast autoclosing or bus transfer, although these can be autoresynchronized. Transient torques and current surges must be considered when induction motors are connected for fast bus transfer. Due to varying power systems, motors and load characteristics, and much interaction between these, an analysis of avoiding a shutdown on voltage dips has to be performed on a case-by-case basis. This may include a computer-based study. The stiffness of the power system in relation to motor loads, the probable type of faults and fault clearance times, and motor protection and controls are some other concerns requiring an analysis in this context     

Characteristics of shaft voltage and bearing currents

This article reviews investigations into reduced bearing life due to voltage source adjustable speed drive (ASD) AC motor operation. Relevant bearing failure mechanisms and indicators are discussed. dv/dt and electric discharge machining (EDM) contributions are discussed and experimental data presented showing the voltage levels on motor shafts when operating with ASDs. Finally, techniques to reduce shaft voltage are discussed, along with the electrical characteristics and interaction of system components. The example chosen is electrostatic shielded induction motors     

具有低速高性能的电压定向V/F控制方法

针对传统的V/F控制方法低速性能差且转速精确度低的问题,提出了一种电压定向V/F控制策略。此控制策略在传统的V/F控制基础之上采用了一种电压提升方法来补偿定子电阻压降以使电机磁链幅值保持恒定,同时根据感应电机非对称T型等效电路提出一种滑差补偿策略,以改善系统的低速性能和转速精确度。与传统的V/F控制不同的是,该方法是根据定子电压定向进行同步坐标变换,其不需要复杂的矢量计算且易于实现。实验结果表明:采用该方法在0.3Hz满载情况下,电机能平稳运行,而且在不同负载大小和频率下,电机转速精确度都得到了明显提高。     

Characterization of voltage sags in industrial distribution systems

This paper describes the various characteristics of voltage sags experienced by customers within industrial distribution systems. Special emphasis is paid to the influence of the induction motor load on the characterization of voltage sags. During a fault, an induction motor operates as a generator for a short period of time and causes an increase in sag magnitude. Its reacceleration after the fault clearance results in an extended post-fault voltage sag. The influence of the induction motor on the imbalanced sags caused by single line-to-ground faults (SLGFs) and line-to-line faults (LLFs) has been analyzed in detail. For an imbalanced fault, the induction motor current contains only positive- and negative-sequence components. Induction motors create a low impedance path for the negative-sequence voltage due to an imbalanced fault. This causes a small sustained nonzero voltage with large phase-angle jump in the faulted phase and a voltage drop in the nonfaulted phases with a small phase-angle jump. The symmetrical components of the induction motor during the imbalanced sags have been studied. The results show that induction motor behavior is determined by positive- and negative-sequence voltages during the imbalanced sag     

Online condition monitoring of induction motors

Condition monitoring of induction motors is a process that may be used to great advantage in mining and other industrial applications. The early detection of motor winding deterioration prior to a complete failure provides an opportunity for maintenance to be performed on a scheduled routine without the loss of production time. Presented in this paper is a theoretical and experimental analysis of a voltage mismatch technique that may be used in operating situations to monitor the health of induction motor windings. It extends previous work in this area by demonstrating the robust nature of the monitoring process not only under conditions of power supply unbalance but also in situations where motor construction imperfections exist and mechanical loads are unpredictable. A suggested procedure for application of this condition monitoring process in industrial situations is also included.     

Performance of wound rotor induction generators with the combination of input voltage and slip power control

Input voltage control had been used for the improvement of power factor in grid-connected wind power based induction generators. However, efficiency in this case is very poor and the control range is also limited. The conventional rotor resistance control had also been used for wind power generation but in this case too, the input power factor becomes very poor. In this paper, a new control method is being proposed where both input voltage and slip power control are combined to achieve better performance of wound rotor induction generators (WRIG) for wind power generation. For each operating point, an optimum input voltage is set and the slip power is controlled by rotor impedance such that the maximum efficiency is achieved. Both power factor and efficiency improve for a wide range of speed variation. Moreover, the reactive power demand remains nearly constant which is compensated by a fixed value capacitor whose optimum value is found through the simulation. Moreover, the capacitors being placed at the rotor side, the efficiency of the proposed controller improves further. This scheme is useful for low power wind energy conversion system (WECS) where the wind speed varies over wide range. The performance of the proposed system under various wind conditions is experimentally verified.     

考虑中点电压不平衡的中点箝位型三电平逆变器空间矢量调制方法

论述了中点电压偏移时,中点箝位型(neutral point clamped, NPC)三电平逆变器的空间矢量调制方法(space vector pulse-width modulation,SVPWM)。当中点电压偏移时,电压矢量本身的变化和平衡算法所带来的冗余矢量作用时间所引起的合成误差。经计算得到不同调制度时的合成误差曲线。将中点电压的不平衡因子引入矢量的选择和作用时间的计算中,利用不平衡因子调整矢量作用时间。比较了当逆变器带有异步电机负载时,传统矢量调制方法和改进的调制方法在电机启动过程系统的响应特性。表明改进的算法不仅能使三电平逆变器的输出电压谐波含量大幅减少,并且中点电压不平衡、电机转矩脉动、电流畸变也大幅度减小。     

Terminal voltage and power factor control of induction generators for wind power generation system

This paper deals with two types of control method for induction generators used in wind power generating stations. One is aimed at maintaining the voltage of the station node and the other is aimed at maintaining a constant power factor through the branch connecting to the station. Both can be in the controllable area by adjusting the generator reactive power with compensating capacitors. First, theoretical equations for the terminal voltage and power factor of an induction generator are derived, and then the compensating capacitance corresponding to the wind velocity variation is determined quantitatively. By using the proposed control method, it is shown to be possible to maintain the terminal voltage and operating power factor of a wind power generation system at the target values, even when abrupt deviations are caused by wind power disturbances. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 19– 26, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20298     

异步电动机降压运行时的一种计算方法

给出了一种计算异步电动机降压运行时各损耗功率及定子电流电压的方法。以驱动某一风机负载为例 ,当其以降压调速方式调节风机流量时 ,应用MATLAB语言 ,对电动机的各损耗功率、定子电流电压及其实际运行效率等进行较为详尽地计算 ,计算结果以数据表格和图形方式给出     

自动电压控制下的地区电网电压无功运行状态评估指标体系

为从电压无功协调控制角度评估地区电网的电压无功运行状态,并量化造成运行状态不佳的原因,针对采用自动电压控制的地区电网,提出了一套电压无功运行状态评估指标体系。该指标体系以电网实际量测值为基础数据,基于地区电网的电压无功考核标准和控制策略,构建出三类评估指标:区域电源母线电压合格程度及其不合格原因评估指标、区域关口无功合格程度及其不合格原因评估指标、区域负荷无功平衡程度及其不平衡原因评估指标。通过对广东汕头地区电网的电压无功运行状态进行评估,验证了所提指标的正确性和有效性。所得结果可为地区电网运行参数设置、控制策略优化和无功补偿设备配置提供建议。     

电压稳定分析中异步电动机动态负荷建模探讨

探讨电压稳定分析中异步电动机(IM)负荷的建模问题。分析一般的动态负荷模型(GDLM)不能捕捉IM动态行为的机理。分别以IM的滑差模型和滑差磁链模型为基础，严格地导出了适用于电压稳定分析的简化一阶(SIM)和详细三阶(DIM)动态负荷模型，同时还说明了SIM和DIM模型实质上是对GDLM模型进行了不同程度的改进。对SIM和DIM模型在暂态电压稳定分析和静态电压稳定分析中的适用性进行分析比较，仿真结果表明：SIM和DIM分别以不同的准确度适用于不同场合的电压稳定分析。