HPLC法检测辣椒不同部位中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱的含量

辣椒果实中的辣味成分包括辣椒碱及其衍生物(统称为辣椒碱类化合物),其中,引起辛辣味的主要化学成分辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱约占总量的90%以上.本试验的目的是检测不同辣椒品种的不同部位中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量.因此建立了高效液相色谱方法,采用色谱条件为:C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),1‰磷酸水溶液-乙腈(600:400)为流动相,流速为1.5mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为281nm.该法简便,结果准确,可用于测定辣椒中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱的含量.利用该方法,检测了不同辣椒品种的不同部位中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱的含量,结果发现印度Teja中辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量最高;辣椒果实不同部位辣椒碱和二氢辣椒碱含量的趋势为胎座>果肉>种子,为合理选择果实不同部位生产辣椒碱提供参考.     

Volatile compounds and capsaicinoid content of fresh hot peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) of different Calabrian varieties

BACKGROUND: Because of the great variability in size, shape, colour, pungency and aroma of Calabrian Capsicum annuum(hot pepper), this study was carried out to furnish producers with information on volatile compounds and capsaicinoid content useful for the genetic improvement of this species. Fully ripened fresh peppers of the most widely cultivated varieties were studied. Capsaicinoid content was determined by reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection (RP‐HPLC/DAD). Volatile compounds were determined by headspace solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME/GC/MS). RESULTS: Sixty‐four volatile compounds were identified, the main classes being alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes and aliphatic branched‐chain hydrocarbons. The ‘Naso di cane’ (C. annuumvar. abbreviatum) variety contained the lowest amount of volatiles, especially alcohols and aldehydes, while the highest levels of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were found in ‘Vulcan’ and ‘Corno di capra’ varieties. CONCLUSION: From statistical evaluation of the data obtained, each variety showed a typical composition of capsaicinoids and volatiles determining the taste and odour of the hot peppers. These results should be useful in the context of research aimed at selecting varieties with the best sensory characteristics. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant activities of different colored sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

ABSTRACT:  Antioxidant compounds and their antioxidant activity in 4 different colored (green, yellow, orange, and red) sweet bell peppers ( Capsicum annuum L.) were investigated. The total phenolics content of green, yellow, orange, and red peppers determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method were 2.4, 3.3, 3.4, and 4.2 μmol catechin equivalent/g fresh weight, respectively. The red pepper had significantly higher total phenolics content than the green pepper. Among the 4 different colored peppers, red pepper contained a higher level of β-carotene (5.4 μg/g), capsanthin (8.0 μg/g), quercetin (34.0 μg/g), and luteolin (11.0 μg/g). The yellow pepper had the lowest β-carotene content (0.2 μg/g), while the green one had undetectable capsanthin and the lowest content of luteolin (2.0 μg/g). The free radical scavenging abilities of peppers determined by the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method were lowest for the green pepper (2.1 μmol Trolox equivalent/g) but not significantly different from the other 3 peppers. All 4 colored peppers exhibited significant abilities in preventing the oxidation of cholesterol or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6) during heating. However, these 4 peppers did not show significant differences in their abilities in preventing cholesterol oxidation. The green pepper showed slightly higher capability in preventing the oxidation of DHA compared to the other 3 peppers.     

Agronomic, chemical and genetic profiles of hot peppers (Capsicum annuum ssp.)

A study on morphology, productive yield, main quality parameters and genetic variability of eight landraces of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum ssp.) from Southern Italy has been performed. Morphological characters of berries and productivity values were evaluated by agronomic analyses. Chemical and genetic investigations were performed by HPLC and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, respectively. In particular, carotenoid and capsaicinoid (pungency) contents were considered as main quality parameters of hot pepper. For the eight selected samples, genetic similarity values were calculated from the generated RAPD fragments and a dendrogram of genetic similarity was constructed. All the eight landraces exhibited characteristic RAPD patterns that allowed their characterization. Agro-morphological and chemical determinations were found to be adequate for selection, but they resulted useful only for plants grown in the same environmental conditions. RAPD application may provide a more reliable way based on DNA identification. The results of our study led to the identification of three noteworthy populations, suitable for processing, which fitted into different clusters of the dendrogram.     

Anti-oxidant content of different coloured sweet peppers, white, green, yellow, orange and red (Capsicum annuum L.)

Five different coloured sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum cv. Signal), white, green, yellow, orange and red were analysed for total carotenoids, α‐tocopherol, sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), organic acids (citric and ascorbic acids) and anti‐oxidant properties. The mature fruits, ‘Signal Red’, ‘Signal Orange’ and ‘Signal Yellow’ contained higher carotenoids, α‐tocopherol, sugars and organic acids than the immature fruits, ‘Signal Green’ and ‘Signal White’. Among the mature fruits, ‘Signal Red’ was the highest in total carotenoids [9.15 mg (100 g)^?1 of fresh weight] while ‘Signal Orange’ was the highest in α‐tocopherol [5.40 mg (100 g)^?1 of fresh weight]. ‘Signal Red’ and ‘Signal Orange’ contained the most sugars and organic acids. The suppression of 2,2′‐azobis (2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN)‐induced oxidation of methyl linoleate by the acetone extracts from the coloured sweet peppers resulted as follows: ‘Signal Red’ > ‘Signal Orange’ ≈ ‘Signal Yellow’ > ‘Signal Green’ ≈ ‘Signal White’. The order of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of the acetone extracts was similar to that of suppression of methyl linoleate oxidation.     

Anti-proliferative activities,phytochemical levels and fruit quality of pepper (Capsicum spp.) following prolonged storage

Peppers are rich in health-promoting phytochemicals, which are involved in the defence mechanisms against cancer. To select a lead variety of pepper with anti-proliferative activity against colon cancer cells and liver cancer cells, high antioxidant activity, and high concentrations of capsaicin, flavonoids and phenolics, we compared these attributes in nine different pepper accessions belonging to Capsicum annuum and C. chinense. Quality parameters such as weight loss and total soluble solids content were tested as well. The different parameters were determined immediately after harvest and after prolonged storage and marketing simulation. A significant variation of these traits was detected among the accessions. C. chinense line 1745 had the highest antioxidant activity, the highest levels of capsaicin and flavonoids, a high and specific anti-cancer activity, and the lowest weight loss level during postharvest storage. It is proposed that line 1745 has potential for use as a source for health-promoting traits and should be further evaluated for use as a nutraceutical for the prevention and treatment of colon and liver cancers.     

Effect of capsaicin from red pepper (Capsicum sp) on the deposition of carotenoids in egg yolk

The objective of this study was to compare the deposition of carotenoids in egg yolk in the presence of different levels of capsaicin in the diet of hens. A yellow corn basal diet was prepared and corresponded to the control treatment; the other five treatments were with red carotenoids as follows: Oleoresin and Biored (commercial unsaponified and saponified extracts of red pepper respectively) and three with red pepper meal (Guajillo) with different levels of capsaicin (0.76, 12.26 and 35.26 mg kg⁻¹ diet). The level of total carotenoids was 20–25 mg kg⁻¹ diet in the five treatments. The total carotenoids in egg yolks (30 ± 0.34 mg kg⁻¹) of red pepper diets with three levels of capsaicin were not statistically different. However, the carotenoid content was lower in egg yolks of commercial preparations (saponified, 26 ± 0.86 mg kg⁻¹; unsaponified, 24 ± 0.85 mg kg⁻¹). The highest level of capsaicin had a significant effect on the deposition of capsanthin and zeaxanthin during the 3 weeks of feeding. For the commercial saponified preparation (Biored) and the unsaponified pepper in the presence of capsaicin the colour obtained was the one preferred by the consumer (9.34 ± 0.05). Oleoresin was a poor pigment. It is concluded that capsaicin had a positive effect on the deposition of carotenoids in egg yolk without affecting the productivity parameters. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

GC–MS Characterization of Volatile Compounds in Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) by Optimization of Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Conditions

Food Analytical Methods - The habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is very aromatic and is the hottest pepper in the world. In this study, a headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas...     

NaOH treatment reduces capsaicin content and pungency of ‘Makedoniko’ pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Pickled peppers are preferred by certain consumer groups at reduced pungency. To investigate the reduction in pepper pungency and capsaicin content, fresh ‘Makedoniko’ hot peppers were treated with 0, 0.5 or 1% NaOH before preserved in acid brine for 60 days. Pepper physicochemical traits were monitored following NaOH treatment and during preservation. Capsaicin content was measured in the beginning and at the end of preservation, and the peppers were also tested organoleptically. Preservation in acid brine induced the typical green–yellow product colour, increased firmness and decreased the dry mass in all treatments. NaOH‐treated pepper increased phenolics, chlorophyll and antioxidant content in dry mass during preservation faster than the control. Capsaicin content was reduced by 25 or 50% following 0.5 or 1% NaOH treatment, respectively. Pepper organoleptic pungency was also decreased following 1% NaOH treatment. NaOH reduces capsaicin content and pungency of ‘Makedoniko’ pepper, with minor effects on its processed product quality.     

Volatile constituents of Cachucha peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) grown in Cuba

The steam volatile components of three cultivars of Cachucha mature peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) were isolated by steam-distillation-continuous-extraction and analysed using GC and GC-MS. The composition of volatile compounds of the peppers differs clearly for the different cultivars. The content of volatile compounds, responsible for the flavour of Cachucha peppers, varied between 110.71 and 302.53 mg kg⁻¹. One hundred and thirty-six compounds were identified, from which hexyl isopentanoate, hexyl pentanoate, hexyl 2-methylbutanoate, 3,3-dimethylcyclohexanol, γ-himachalene and germacrene D were the major ones.     

Characterisation of antioxidant compounds in sweet bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under organic and conventional growing systems

BACKGROUND: Sweet red bell pepper is one of the best sources of ascorbic acid and carotenoids as well as phenolic compounds important in the human diet. There have been some studies showing a higher level of bioactive compounds in organic bell pepper fruits compared with conventional fruits, but not all studies have been consistent in this respect. The levels of carotenoids and phenolics are very variable and may be affected by ripeness, genotype and cultivation. RESULTS: The results obtained in this study showed that an organic growing system affected the level of bioactive compounds (carotenoids and polyphenols) in sweet bell pepper fruits cultivated in Poland. Organic bell pepper fruits contained significantly more dry matter, vitamin C, total carotenoids, β‐carotene, α‐carotene, cis‐β‐carotene, total phenolic acids (as well as individual gallic and chlorogenic acids) and flavonoids (quercetin D ‐glucoside, quercetin and kaempferol) compared with conventional fruits. The bell pepper variety also affected the level of antioxidant compounds in fruits. CONCLUSION: Organic growing increased the level of antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, phenolic compounds and vitamin C in sweet bell pepper. The second significant factor affecting the antioxidant compound content of sweet bell pepper was variety. It would be necessary to continue this study as a long‐term experiment in order to eliminate the influence of seasonality. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

5 种不同基因型辣椒果实发育期品质变化

辣椒果实发育是一个复杂的遗传过程，而品质的变化是果实发育的一个核心问题。本研究以5 种不同基因型辣椒（螺丝型辣椒‘SJ11-3’、 短羊角型辣椒‘06g19-1-1-1’、朝天型辣椒‘CJ14-11-2-5-1’、长线型辣椒‘L2016-61’和灯笼型甜椒‘THNX143’）为实验材料，通过对辣椒果实4 个不同发育阶段品质变化的研究，探讨辣椒果实在发育过程中的品质变化规律。结果表明，除纤维素和半纤维素外，所有辣椒可溶性糖、果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、VC、VE、辣椒红素、辣椒素和木质素含量总体均随果实的发育不同程度上升。青熟期向转色期转变是所有辣椒各个发育阶段中品质性状变化最大的阶段，其中果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、总可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和VC含量在青熟期到转色期之间总体大幅升高。相关性分析表明除纤维素和半纤维素含量与其他品质指标均呈负相关关系外，其他品质指标之间均呈正相关关系。通过隶属函数值法对5 种不同基因型辣椒材料在青熟期和红熟期两个主要食用阶段的品质综合评价发现，青熟期品质性状综合评分为‘CJ14-11-2-5-1’＞‘SJ11-3’＞‘THNX143’＞‘06g19-1-1-1’＞‘L2016-61’，红熟期品质性状综合评分为‘SJ11-3’＞‘CJ14-11-2-5-1’＞‘THNX143’＞‘06g19-1-1-1’＞‘L2016-61’。本研究可为进一步了解不同基因型辣椒不同发育时期的整体品质变化差异提供新思路，为辣椒果实品质形成机理的研究及相关品质的育种改良提供参考。     

Prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in red chilli pepper (Capsicum annum L.) from India

The aflatoxin contamination of chilli pepper grown and marketed in Tamil Nadu, a southern Indian state, was assessed. Chilli samples were collected at different stages of the value chain and were quantified using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Forty-two representative samples were collected from four districts identified as the hub for production, distribution, agro-processing industries and retail stores. In addition, interviews were conducted among the chilli farmers, vendors and agro-industrialists across the hubs to assess their knowledge on aflatoxin contamination and safe handling practices. The maximum aflatoxin content determined in the chilli pepper was 37.8 µg kg⁻¹. Almost 66.7% of samples collected from the retail outlets had aflatoxin values above 10 µg kg⁻¹. The total aflatoxin content in the samples collected across the value chain was in the range of 3.83 to 37.80 µg kg⁻¹. Statistical analysis on aflatoxin contents showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the districts representing different operations of value chain. The detected aflatoxin content was highest in samples collected from Dindigul district and least in Erode district. The results of the perception study showed that respondents into farming and trade activities had very little or no knowledge of aflatoxin contamination of chilli. The prevalence of unacceptable levels of aflatoxin in the chilli supply chain in the districts studied is probably due to tropical climatic conditions and poor handling practices of chilli.     

辣椒“花壳”主要致变细菌的分离及鉴定

采用微生物学传统分离培养方法从辣椒"花壳"组织中分离到可致辣椒"花壳"细菌,并从中选取主要致变细菌,进行常规鉴定和分子生物学鉴定。通过对其形态特征观察、生理生化特征分析以及测定16S rDNA序列,用BLAST软件对测序结果进行相似性比对,鉴定结果发现:Bacillus subtilis 2株;Lysinibacillus sphaericus 1株;Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 1株;Bacillus pumilus 1株。     

Capsaicin,an inhibitor of Ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus section Nigri strains in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.)

ABSTRACT

Food decay by spoilage fungi leads to significant economic losses and hazards to consumers’ health due to the potential of mycotoxin occurrence. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin known as nephrotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. Natural capsaicin was evaluated for its effectiveness against the growth of five Aspergillus section Nigri strains and accumulation of OTA in inoculated black grapes. Results showed that capsaicin was effective in inhibiting fungal growth and OTA production by new four Aspergillus section Nigri strains (ATHUM 6997, 6998, 6999, 7000) and by Aspergillus carbonarius as well. Moreover, capsaicin addition exhibited maximum inhibition of OTA produced by ATHUM 6997, 6998, 6999, and 7000 in black grapes at 28.9%, 8.6%, 68.4%, and 78.1%, respectively. Inhibition percentage of OTA production by A. carbonarius in grapes treated with capsaicin was estimated at 61.5%. These results suggest that capsaicin influences the OTA biosynthesis pathway of all Aspergillus section Nigri strains and therefore could be used as an effective natural preservative against OTA contamination of vineyards. Risk assessment revealed that when grapes are treated with capsaicin, consumers are less exposed to OTA.     

In vivo assay of nitrate reductase in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaf and root

Assay conditions in vivo for determination of nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in leaf and feeder root tissues of tea bushes (Camellia sinensis L.) were studied. The composition of the incubation mixture, pH, temperature, period of incubation and tea shoot components were varied. Maximum NRA was obtained in leaf with a medium containing 300 mg Polyclar AT with 300 mg leaf disc in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at pH 7-5, 0.02 M KNO₃ in a total volume of 5 ml and incubated for 4 hat 30°C in the dark. Propan-1-ol inhibited NRA in tea leaf and root. Highest activity was found in the first leaf.     

A Comparative Study of Ascorbic Acid and Capsaicinoid Contents in Red Hot Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) Grown in Southeastern Anatolia Region

The aim of this study was to evaluate selected physico-chemical properties, ascorbic acid, and capsaicinoid (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, norhydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin, and total capsaicinoid) quantities of red hot pepper populations (Capsicum annum L.) grown in the South-Eastern Anatolia Region. Fresh and sun-dried red hot peppers and red hot pepper seed samples were collected from Kahramanmara?, pepper of Kahramanmara?; Gaziantep, pepper of Gaziantep; Kilis, pepper of Kilis; Diyarbak?r, pepper of Diyarbak?r; and ?anl?urfa, pepper of ?anl?urfa in the months of September through October 2010. The collected samples were analyzed in terms of certain quality parameters and capsaicinoid contents, while ascorbic acid amounts were determined only in fresh samples. All of the examined prameters were found to be significant statistically (P < 0.05). From the obtained results, it might be considered that these red hot pepper samples were suitable for cultivation due to their high-nutritional quality.