Garlic extract and its selected organosulphur constituents promote ileal immune responses ex vivo

The effects of garlic extract and three organosulphur compounds of garlic on intestinal immune responses in mice were investigated. Peyer’s patch (PP) cells were isolated from mice orally administered with garlic extracts or one of three organosulphur compounds (alliin, allicin, diallyl disulphide (DADS)). PP cells isolated from mice that had been orally injected with ethanol extract significantly produced interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4. IL-2 production in PP cells was significantly reduced by hot-water and ethanol extracts from garlic. PP cells from mice administered with two organosulphur compounds, alliin or DADS (5 mg/kg/day), could produce IL-2, IFN-γ and IL-4, whereas allicin showed moderate activity. The enhancement activity of IL-2 and IFN-γ productions in PP cells by DADS was higher than those obtained by administration of alliin or allicin. Comprehensive analyses of genetic profiles in PP tissue from mice administered with ethanolic extracts, allicin or alliin revealed that oral administration of samples increased 68–144 genes and decreased 50–52 genes by ?1.8-fold. Analyses of clustering profiles of microarrays indicated that ethanol extract and alliin upregulated the expression of IFN-γ. These data showed that garlic and its organosulphur compounds stimulate de novo IFN-γ biosynthesis in PP cells, thereby promoting ileal immune responses.     

Diallyl disulphide,but not diallyl sulphide,increases leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 expression and cellular adhesion in monocytes

A steam distillation process at pH 9 was conducted to prepare garlic oil for food supplement. A garlic oil predominant in bioactive diallyl monosulphide (8.9%), diallyl disulphide (56.9%) diallyl trisulphide (7.6%) and diallyl tetrasulphide (2.6%) was obtained from peeled garlic cloves. The adhesion molecule leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) mediates leucocyte adhesion and migration during immune responses. In this study, we investigated the effects of diallyl sulphide (DAS) and diallyl disulphide (DADS) on LFA-1 expression, cell adhesion and migration in the U937 and peritoneal macrophages from mice. After treatment, DADS, but not DAS, elevated the expression of LFA-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in U937 cells and peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, LFA-1 and intracellular adhesion molecular-1 (ICAM-1)-mediated adhesion also was increased by DADS in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After DADS treatment, LFA-1 clustering also increased on U937 surface. In contrast, there was no significant difference in migration of U937 cells between DADS treatment and no treatment. This study indicates the DADS, but not DAS, regulates immune responses by modulating LFA-1 expression, clustering and LFA-1-mediated adhesion in monocytes, evidences that DADS acts as an immune regulator of adhesion molecules during immune responses.     

Inhibition of neointimal formation by trans‐resveratrol: Role of phosphatidyl inositol 3‐kinase‐dependent Nrf2 activation in heme oxygenase‐1 induction

Neointima, defined as abnormal growth of the intimal layer of blood vessels, is believed to be a critical event in the development of vascular occlusive disease. Although resveratrol's inhibitory effects on proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells has been reported, its activity on neointimal formation is still unclear. Oral administration of trans‐resveratrol significantly suppressed intimal hyperplasia in a wire‐injured femoral artery mouse model. In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, trans‐resveratrol inhibited platelet‐derived growth factor‐stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation with down‐regulation of cyclin D and pRB. Moreover, platelet‐derived growth factor‐induced production of reactive oxygen species was inhibited by trans‐resveratrol and the compound induced heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1). The anti‐proliferative activity of trans‐resveratrol was reversed by an HO‐1 inhibitor, ZnPPIX. Subcellular fractionation and reporter gene analyses revealed that trans‐resveratrol increased the level of nuclear Nrf2 and antioxidant response element reporter activity, and that these were essential for the induction of HO‐1. Trans‐resveratrol also enhanced the activities of phosphatidyl inositol 3‐kinase and extracellular signal regulated kinase, and phosphatidyl inositol 3‐kinase was required for Nrf2/antioxidant response element‐dependent HO‐1 induction. These data have significant implications for the elucidation of the pharmacological mechanism by which trans‐resveratrol prevents vascular occlusive diseases.     

Differential effects of resveratrol and its naturally occurring methylether analogs on cell cycle and apoptosis in human androgen‐responsive LNCaP cancer cells

Stilbenes are phytoalexins that become activated when plants are stressed. These compounds exist in foods and are widely consumed. Resveratrol is a grape‐derived stilbene, which possesses a wide range of health‐promoting activities, including anticancer properties. Several other stilbenes structurally similar to resveratrol are also available in food, but their biological activities remain largely unknown. In this study, we compared the effects of resveratrol and its natural derivatives pterostilbene, trans‐resveratrol trimethylether, trans‐pinostilbene and trans‐desoxyrhapontigenin on androgen‐responsive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. We found that these compounds exert differential effects on LNCaP cell growth, cell cycle and apoptosis. Trans‐resveratrol trimethylether appeared to be the most potent compound among the stilbenes tested. Treatment of LNCaP cells with trans‐resveratrol trimethylether resulted in G2/M blockage while other compounds, including resveratrol, induced G1/S arrest. Moreover, different from other compounds, trans‐resveratrol trimethylether induced apoptosis. At the molecular level, the effects of these compounds on cell cycle correlated with induction of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 1A and B mRNA levels. Additionally, these compounds also inhibited both androgen‐ as well as estrogen‐mediated pathways. These results provide mechanistic information on how resveratrol and its methylether analogs may act to contribute to potential antiprostate cancer activity.     

Pterostilbene Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Migration and Matrix Metalloproteinase‐2 through Modulation of MAPK Pathway

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) migration and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) activation are main roles in atherosclerosis. Pterostilbene (trans‐3, 5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxystilbene) is known to have various pharmacologic effects such as anti‐inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. The present study aimed to investigate the anti‐atheroscleroic property of pterostilbene in the rat smooth muscle cell (SMC) A7r9 cell lines and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, pterostilbene treatment significantly inhibited migration/invasion capacities of in A7r9 cell. Pterostilbene was also found to significantly decreased MMP‐2 activity and expression by gelatin zymography and western blot assay in SMC. In the MAPK signaling pathway, western blot assay also indicated that pterostilbene up‐regulated the phosphorylation of extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (Erk)1/2. Moreover, inhibition of Erk1/2 by specific inhibitors significantly abolished the pterostilbene‐decreased expression of MMP‐2 and migration/invasion capacities. These findings suggest that pterostilbene inhibited SMC migration and that MMP‐2 activation could be mediated via Erk1/2 phosphorylation. It is further possible that pterostilbene could play a novel role in the treatment of atherosclerosis.     

Ligustilide Inhibited Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Migration via c‐Myc/MMP2 and ROCK/JNK Signaling Pathway

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) excessive migration, a basic change of pathological intimal thickening, can lead to serious cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Ligustilide (LIG), the main active ingredient of angelica volatile oil, has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, circulatory system, and immune function. However, whether it protects against intimal thickening and VSMCs excessive migration and its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of LIG on VSMCs migration and its underlying mechanism. The protective effect of LIG on VSMCs excessive migration was assessed using an atherosclerotic spontaneously hypertensive rat model and an angiotensin II (AngII)‐induced VSMCs migration model. The results showed that LIG exerted a protective effect against pathological intimal thickening as demonstrated by decreasing VSMCs migration in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, intimal thickening and VSMCs migration were inhibited and LIG performed a suppressive effect on the expression of c‐Myc protein while enhanced phenotypic transformation related proteins α‐SMA expression. Meanwhile, the administration of LIG significantly lowered the blood pressure and blood lipids level in atherosclerotic spontaneously hypertensive rats. In vitro, LIG suppressed AngII‐induced VSMCs migration and downregulated the expression of migration related protein c‐Myc, MMP2, ROCK1, ROCK2, p‐JNK, and JNK. These findings suggested the protective effect of LIG on VSMCs migration was associated with the decrement of c‐Myc/MMP2 signaling pathway and ROCK‐JNK signaling pathway. Thus, LIG may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for preventing cardiovascular disease.     

Persimmon peel extract attenuates PDGF-BB-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and invasion through inhibition of c-Src activity

The unregulated migration and invasion of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) into the intima is a crucial step in the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, the oriental persimmon extract (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Fuyu) has been investigated for its anti-atherogenic properties, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. We investigated the inhibitory effects of persimmon peel and flesh extract on the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB-induced MMP-1 expression using Western blot, and abnormal migration and invasion of HASMCs using a modified Boyden chamber assay and a wound healing assay. We also evaluated the inhibitory effects of persimmon peel extract on aortic vessel thickening using a rat aortic sprouting assay. Persimmon peel (PPE), but not flesh extract (PFE), inhibited PDGF-BB-induced MMP-1 expression, cell migration and invasion in HASMCs, while suppressing the rat aortic sprouting. Western blot and in vitro kinase assay data demonstrated that PPE inhibited Src kinase activity and subsequently attenuated PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of MAPK and Akt signalling pathways. Taken together, our results indicate that persimmon peel might possess a potential anti-atherogenic effect through attenuation of ASMCs migration and invasion and aortic sprouting by direct inhibition of the c-Src kinase activity.     

Chinese Yam Extracts Containing β‐Sitosterol and Ethyl Linoleate Protect against Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E‐Deficient Mice and Inhibit Muscular Expression of VCAM‐1 In Vitro

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which is associated with increased expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte recruitment into the arterial wall. This study evaluated whether hexane extracts from the edible part (DB‐H1) or bark region (DB‐H2) of Dioscorea. batatas Decne have anti‐atherosclerotic properties in vivo and in vitro experiments. We also identified bioactive components in the hexane extracts. Thirty‐six apolipoprotein E (ApoE^?/?) mice and 12 control (C57BL/6J) mice were given a Western‐type diet for 11 or 21 wk. To examine the effects of yam extracts on lesion development, ApoE^?/? mice were orally administered DB‐H1 or DB‐H2 for the duration of the study (200 mg/kg b.w./day, 3 times per wk). Both DB‐H1 and DB‐H2 significantly reduced the total atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root. In addition, plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, oxidized‐low‐density lipoprotein, and c‐reactive protein were decreased by administration of DB‐H1 and DB‐H2. Consistent with the in vivo observations, DB‐H1 and DB‐H2 inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α–induced vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 expression and adhesion of THP‐1 monocytes to TNF‐α–activated vascular smooth muscle cells. It was also found that treatment with DB‐H1 or DB‐H2 resulted in the inhibition nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species production and iNOS expression in macrophages. Thus, DB‐H1 and DB‐H2 seem to influence atherosclerosis by affecting the production of inflammatory mediators in vivo. Our results suggest that yam extracts have the potential to be used in the prevention of atherosclerosis.     

Cover Picture: Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 6'2010

Regular issues provide a wide range of research and review articles covering all aspects of Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. Selected topics of issue 06 are: Measurement of caffeic and ferulic acid equivalents in plasma after coffee consumption: small intestine and colon are key sites for coffee metabolism Comparative resistance of food proteins to adult and infant in vitro digestion models Garlic components inhibit angiotensin II – induced cell cycle progression and migration: involvement of cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 and MAPK Diosgenin attenuates inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol inhibit MCF‐7 breast cancer cell proliferation interfering with ERK1/2 activation     

Effects of differences between cell‐free and cell‐associated glucosyltransferases from Leuconostoc mesenteroides on gluco‐oligosaccharides structure

The gluco‐oligosaccharide structures depended largely upon the glucosyltransferase (GTF) differences. The oligosaccharides with four polymerisation degrees only was produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides 6055L that contain more cell‐free GTFs, while the gluco‐oligosaccharides with two polymerisation degrees could be yielded by strains PC13 and L4 that have high cell‐related GTFs. Also, more gluco‐oligosaccharides with α‐1, 6 glycosidic link as the backbone, accompanied by the α‐1, 4 glycosidic link as a branch structure was formed in the presence of cell‐free enzymes. The oligosaccharide with α‐1, 3 glycosidic link that connects to all of other branch structures was observed in the presence of cell‐related enzymes. To produce gluco‐oligosaccharides with α‐1, 3 glycosidic link, the L. mesenteroides strains with high proportion of cell‐related GTFs should be recommended. This is the first time to discuss the effects of the differences between the cell‐free and the cell‐associated GTFs produced by L. mesenteroides on oligosaccharide structure.     

Authentication study of volatile flavour compounds composition in Slavonian traditional dry fermented salami “kulen”

Volatiles from famous Slavonian salami “kulen” were isolated by nitrogen purge and steam distillation (NPSD) and analysed, for the first time, by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC and GC–MS). In all, 119 organic compounds were identified that originated from lipid oxidation, amino acid degradation, smoke treatment and added spices with different distribution among NPSD traps. NPSD method enabled comprehensive profiling with almost exclusive distribution of several major compounds in particular trap with little or no interference from abundant lipid constituents in the samples. The major identified flavour important compounds were methylphenols, methoxyphenols, organosulphur compounds (diallyl sulphide, diallyl disulphide, methylallyl disulphide, diallyl trisulphide and methional) and several derivatives of 2-cyclopenten-1-one such as ethyl cyclotene. Non-important flavour constituents such as high-molecular fatty acids, alcohols and aldehydes were also present among abundant compounds. General trends for possible discrimination of “kulen” volatiles profile among other European salami volatiles were noticed (lower amount of terpenes and higher percentages of diallyl sulphide, methoxyphenols, methylphenols and 2-cyclopenten-1-one derivatives).     

Storage quality of chopped garlic as influenced by organic acids and high‐pressure treatment

The storage quality of chopped garlic from bulbs in both dormant and dormancy‐terminated states with or without citric and/or ascorbic acids was investigated. The chopped garlic plus acids was also treated under high hydrostatic pressure (600 MPa, 1 min). Quality attributes of processed garlic during storage at 10 °C were evaluated in terms of colour, pH, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, glucose content and viable cell count. Overall, the combined treatments with organic acids and high pressure conferred the best storage stability of chopped garlic, but the results depended on the physiological state of the raw garlic bulbs. For garlic from dormant bulbs, addition of citric acid rather than ascorbic acid or a mixture of the two inhibited browning more effectively. However, garlic from dormancy‐terminated bulbs, treated with organic acids or high pressure, turned green and then yellowish‐brown or brown. While the PPO activities of chopped garlic treated with organic acids or high hydrostatic pressure were reduced nearly to zero, other possible factors may affect the discolouration of chopped garlic. Concerning microbiological stability, the total viable cells in chopped garlic decreased significantly during storage owing to its own antimicrobial activity and the synergistic effect of high pressure. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of the side chain size of 1‐alkyl‐pyrroles on antioxidant activity and ‘Laba’ garlic greening

Previous studies showed that 1‐alkyl‐pyrroles not only occur in fresh food products postulated as a natural antioxidant but also might be involved in garlic greening. In the present study, a series of 1‐alkyl‐pyrroles with different side chain size were synthesised to study the relationship of structure and antioxidative activity and their effects on ‘Laba’ garlic greening. The antioxidative activity of these compounds was evaluated by the method of scavenging ABTS˙ and DPPH˙. Results showed that increasing the size of R groups on the side chain, the antioxidative activity decreased gradually against the two radicals. The 1‐alkyl‐pyrroles generally exhibited stronger scavenging activities against ABTS˙ than DPPH˙. In contrast, their corresponding amino acids except for tyrosine showed almost no antioxidative activities while pyrrole exhibited much weaker activity as compared with the 1‐alkyl‐pyrroles, suggesting that the 1‐alkyl‐pyrroles donate H‐atom from pyrrole moiety rather than side chain to quench the two radicals. On the other hand, all 1‐alkyl‐pyrroles can turn newly harvested garlic green but to a different extent. All these results suggested that these pyrrole derivatives occurring in foodstuff played an important role in either protecting foodstuff from oxidation or acting on pigment precursors during ‘Laba’ garlic greening.     

Effect of N-(p-coumaroyl)serotonin and N-feruloylserotonin, major anti-atherogenic polyphenols in safflower seed, on vasodilation, proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells

Scope: The objective of this study is to investigate a vascular effect of N‐(p‐coumaroyl)serotonin (CS) and N‐feruloylserotonin (FS), major antioxidative indolic polyphenols in safflower seeds with anti‐atherogenic properties, with emphasis on effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Methods and results: Both CS and FS (each 10 to 100 μM) relaxed rat femoral arteries, which were pre‐contracted by 10^?5 M phenylephrine or 50 mM KCl, independently of their endothelium. Both CS and FS also concentration‐dependently inhibited the increase of cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i) that was induced by KCl or 5‐hydroxytryptamine in cultured rat VSMCs. Next, we examined the effects of CS and FS on platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB‐evoked proliferation and migration of the VSMCs. Both CS and FS inhibited PDGF‐BB‐evoked proliferation and migration of the VSMCs in a concentration‐dependent manner. They also inhibited PDGF‐BB‐induced phosphorylation of PDGF receptor β and ERK1/2, and Ca²⁺ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in the VSMCs in a concentration‐dependent fashion. Conclusion: These results indicated a possible vascular effect of CS/FS to inhibit the activation of VSMCs by blocking the increase of [Ca²⁺]_i and/or blocking PDGF signaling. These may explain a part of anti‐atherogenic mechanism that underlies their ability to improve vascular distensibility and to inhibit aortic hyperplasia.     

Resveratrol inhibits migration and invasion of human breast‐cancer cells

Metastasis is the primary cause of death from breast cancer. Cell migration and invasion play important roles in neoplastic metastasis. The insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1) stimulates cell migration through activation of PI‐3K/Akt signaling pathway. IGF‐1 induces the tumorigenicity of many types of cancer cells and is critical for metastatic cell spread in estrogen receptor (ER)‐negative breast‐cancer cells. Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) is a key enzyme in the degradation of extracellular matrices and its expression has been dysregulated in breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Resveratrol exhibited potential anticarcinogenic activities in several studies. However, the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on the expression of MMP‐2, migration and invasion of breast‐cancer cell have not been demonstrated yet. In the present study, we investigated the anti‐invasive mechanism of resveratrol in human breast cancer MDA‐MB 435cells. Here, we showed that IGF‐1 is a potent stimulant of the migration of ER‐negative human breast‐cancer cells. Resveratrol could inhibit IGF‐1‐mediated cell migration of MDA‐MB 435 in vitro. The inhibitory effect of resveratrol was mediated in part through the suppression of the activation of PI‐3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, IGF‐1‐mediated expression of MMP‐2 was significantly inhibited by resveratrol in concomitance with alteration of cell invasion.     

Salvianolic acid B inhibits low‐density lipoprotein oxidation and neointimal hyperplasia in endothelium‐denuded hypercholesterolaemic rabbits

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis and restenosis are inflammatory responses involving free radicals and lipid peroxidation and may be prevented/cured by antioxidant‐mediated lipid peroxidation inhibition. Salvianolic acid (Sal B), a water‐soluble antioxidant obtained from a Chinese medicinal herb, is believed to have multiple preventive and therapeutic effects against human vascular diseases. In this study the in vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of Sal B on oxidative stress were determined. RESULTS: In human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs), Sal B reduced oxidative stress, inhibited low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and reduced oxidised LDL‐induced cytotoxicity. Sal B inhibited Cu²⁺‐induced LDL oxidation in vitro (with a potency 16.3 times that of probucol) and attenuated HAEC‐mediated LDL oxidation as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In cholesterol‐fed New Zealand White rabbits (with probucol as positive control), Sal B intake reduced Cu²⁺‐induced LDL oxidation, lipid deposition in the thoracic aorta, intimal thickness of the aortic arch and thoracic aorta and neointimal formation in the abdominal aorta. CONCLUSION: The data obtained in this study suggest that Sal B protects HAECs from oxidative injury‐mediated cell death via inhibition of ROS production. The antioxidant activity of Sal B may help explain its efficacy in the treatment of vascular diseases. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Outward electron transfer by Saccharomyces cerevisiae monitored with a bi‐cathodic microbial fuel cell‐type activity sensor

A Janus head‐like bi‐cathodic microbial fuel cell was constructed to monitor the electron transfer from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to a woven carbon anode. The experiments were conducted during an ethanol cultivation of 170 g/l glucose in the presence and absence of yeast‐peptone medium. First, using a basic fuel‐cell type activity sensor, it was shown that yeast‐peptone medium contains electroactive compounds. For this purpose, 1% solutions of soy peptone and yeast extract were subjected to oxidative conditions, using a microbial fuel cell set‐up corresponding to a typical galvanic cell, consisting of culture medium in the anodic half‐cell and 0.5 M K₃Fe(CN)₆ in the cathodic half‐cell. Second, using a bi‐cathodic microbial fuel cell, it was shown that electrons were transferred from yeast cells to the carbon anode. The participation of electroactive compounds in the electron transport was separated as background current. This result was verified by applying medium‐free conditions, where only glucose was fed, confirming that electrons are transferred from yeast cells to the woven carbon anode. Knowledge about the electron transfer through the cell membrane is of importance in amperometric online monitoring of yeast fermentations and for electricity production with microbial fuel cells. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大蒜油的抗凝血作用

为研究大蒜油的抗凝血作用,本实验从大蒜中分离提取大蒜油,经气相色谱-质谱联用仪鉴定该大蒜油中主要成分为二烯丙基硫醚（allyl sulfide,DAS）、二烯丙基二硫醚（diallyl disulfide,DADS）和二烯丙基三硫醚（diallyl trisulfide,DATS）。体外实验结果表明大蒜油、DAS、DADS、DATS均具有部分抑制凝血酶活性功能,且抑制作用由强到弱依次为DATS＞大蒜油＞DADS＞DAS。利用Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法进行酶动力学分析,结果表明大蒜油、DAS、DADS、DATS对凝血酶的抑制作用属于混合性抑制（竞争性和非竞争性抑制）。分子荧光光谱分析结果表明大蒜油、DAS、DADS、DATS能与凝血酶蛋白中的发色基团相互作用导致荧光猝灭。三维分子对接分析结果显示出DATS与凝血酶结合性能良好;二维分子对接分析结果显示出DATS与凝血酶蛋白活性位点处Asp189、Gly219和Ala190形成氢键,与酶活性位点的Gly216、Ser195、Trp215形成疏水作用力,体现竞争性抑制作用,与非活性位点Gly226、Asp221A、Tyr225、Glu217、Cys191、Val213形成疏水作用,体现非竞争性抑制作用。体内实验结果表明,大蒜油、DAS、DADS、DATS分别通过正向调控大鼠凝血四项指标而直接展现出抗凝血功能,且抗凝血能力依次为DATS＞DADS＞DAS＞大蒜油。大鼠体内抗氧化实验结果表明大蒜油、DAS、DADS、DATS均只有微弱抗氧化能力,大蒜油、DAS、DADS、DATS具有的抗凝血功能应与其抗氧化能力不相关。