Integrated analysis of demand-side programs

A case study of residential appliance efficiency standards in the Nevada Power Company service territory is used to illustrate an integrated method for evaluating the load shape and economic impacts of demand side utility programs. The method consists of four models developed at the Lawrence Berkeley Labs: a residential energy demand model, the DOE-2 building energy analysis model, a residential hourly load and peak demand model, and a utility financial impact model. Load impacts are modeled from the bottom up with end-use energy and hourly demand models. Benefits are calculated with the aid of a production cost model and methods adapted from avoided cost offers to cogenerators and small power producers. The analysis of avoided production costs explicitly considers perturbations in future supply plans resulting from demand-side load modifications. Utility and social costs are compared to the benefits of appliance standards     

不对称信息下新型储能容量租赁市场的博弈均衡分析

新型储能容量租赁由于低风险和高灵活性正成为一种受到广泛关注的商业模式。为解决能源社区内独立储能商和多个发用电一体产消者在不对称成本信息下的储能容量租赁问题,先通过Harsanyi转换将不对称信息转化成完全信息。然后建立了储能商和产消者间的两阶段扩展式博弈模型。接着设计了基于统一价格机制的市场出清和结算规则。最后分析了统一价格机制下储能商和产消者两阶段完全信息扩展式博弈的子博弈精炼纳什均衡,并通过Brouwer不动点定理证明了均衡的存在性。仿真研究表明,储能容量租赁能显著降低产消者的用电成本和提高储能利用效率。而且基于统一价格机制的博弈均衡在寻找公平租赁价格、增加储能商利润、提高储能容量租赁规模以及提升社会福利等方面均优于基于歧视价格机制的博弈均衡。     

Using utility demand-side management programs to spur thedevelopment of more efficient appliances

Traditionally electric and gas utilities have promoted the development of more efficient appliances through research institute R&D programs and through utility incentive programs which provide incentives for efficient commercialized products. A third mechanism has evolved: multiutility incentive programs which target higher levels of efficiency than the best products on the market. One program of this type is now underway for refrigerator/freezers. A second program has just begun for residential clothes washers. Further efforts are likely as evidenced by a research project which identified major opportunities for more efficient appliances and by the formation of a new organization to develop and promote programs of this type. This paper summarizes each of these efforts     

Justifying and planning an energy monitoring system

In order to stay healthy and competitive, businesses are using manufacturing metrics to help drive their goal of making profits in the most efficient way possible. When they are efficiently managed with power monitoring systems, electrical distribution systems can have a significant positive impact on many metrics. Monitoring systems, which many large companies are using successfully, can track energy usage within the plant, allocate costs, manage load, and collect information that can be used to identify equipment or operating problems. In addition, these systems can help reduce capital costs for power system expansion. This article begins with an overview of power monitoring and then explains primary benefits such as avoided investment, improved cost allocation, demand control, and energy conservation. Other benefits in operation and maintenance are also discussed. The second half of the article describes system possibilities and discusses system planning with a focus on how the latter is driven by business needs. Power monitoring system options are then developed for functionality, computers, and transmitters     

高压变频调速技术在发电厂中的应用

针对电厂风机或水泵等辅机系统采用阀门、挡板调节管路流量而造成大量电能资源浪费的问题,结合水泵或风机变频调速节能控制原理,提出利用变频调速方案对电机控制系统进行节能升级改造。结合电厂#3机组一次高压风机系统实际情况,探讨高效可行的电机变频调速节能升级改造方案。#3机组一次风机改造后1年的运行反馈数据分析结果表明,变频调速技术通过动态调节电机转速来控制流量、降低轴功率,具有非常良好的节能效果,同时改造方案降低电机起动电流和起动次数,避免频繁起动对电机和电网的冲击破坏,具有好的推广应用前景。     

一种编制打印程序的改进方法

本文通过分析在FOXBASE下编制打印表格程序的传统方法的弊病,对编辑、调试程序的方法作了相应的改进,在提高程序的运行速度、节省开支方面具有一定的实用价值。     

基于谈判博弈的微电网群多主体共享储能容量优化配置策略

大力发展新能源,是构建新型电力系统、推动能源转型的必然选择。文章提出了基于谈判博弈的微电网群多主体共享储能容量优化配置方法。首先,考虑微电网群运营商(MGCO)与共享储能运营商(SESO)之间的协同交互机制,建立基于共享储能的微电网群容量优化框架;其次,考虑微电网之间的能量共享以及共享储能容量租赁,构建考虑能量共享的微电网群容量优化配置模型;然后,计及共享储能动态租赁,构建SESO储能容量优化配置模型;在此基础上,构建基于谈判博弈的MGCO和SESO储能容量配置模型,并提出基于ADMM的分布式求解方法。最后,基于MATLAB进行算例分析,结果表明,所提储能优化配置方法能够在降低MGCO成本的同时提高SESO的收益,达到了双赢的效果。     

含规模化5G基站租赁共享储能的配电网混合博弈优化调度

传统供电方式下规模化5G基站面临高昂运行成本,为进一步协调5G基站电源侧能源结构低碳经济转型与电网侧灵活性调节能力提升,文章提出了一种含规模化光伏集成5G基站租赁共享储能系统的主动配电网混合博弈优化调度方法。以主动配电网为主体,多电信运营商与共享储能运营商组成5G基站联盟为从体,构建主从博弈优化模型,并采用二分法进行求解,得出主动配电网最优分时电价策略与5G基站联盟优化运行策略。考虑5G基站联盟各主体间的电量交互与成本分摊,基于纳什谈判理论构建多电信运营商与共享储能运营商合作博弈运行模型,并将其等效为5G基站联盟运营效益最大化子问题与电量交易支付谈判子问题,在此基础上,提出基于交替方向乘子法的分布式算法进行求解。最后,仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性。     

An Approach to Conservation and Load Management Economic Analysis

This paper discusses a technique used by Northern States Power Company for the evaluation of conservation and load management alternatives. The technique involves examining the cumulative present worth of the avoided costs net of revenue effects due to proposed programs. The factors considered include annual revenue requirements for generation operation and maintenance, generation capacity, generation fuel inventory, transmission, distribution system, annual production cost, and revenue impact of the strategy being considered. The cumulative present worth of these factors when compared to base case alternatives yields an economic "figure of merit" for judging conservation and load management strategies.     

一种高精度双轴太阳能自动跟踪系统的设计

分析了当前太阳能跟踪系统中常用的方法及其优、缺点。提出了一种以单片机STC12C5206AD为控制核心,通过时钟控制粗调定位,然后利用光电转换电路,精确跟踪太阳的方案。试验结果表明,采用该方案既保证较高的太阳利用率,又避免了无效电能损耗和机械磨损。     

需求侧响应在电力零售市场中的应用

电力需求侧响应就是运用系统可靠性项目或基于市场的价格去影响需求的时间和水平。总结介绍了需求侧响应在零售市场的几种应用形式,即可中断负荷项目、电量回购项目和动态电价项目,并对几个成功案例进行了介绍和分析,提出了需求侧响应尤其是动态电价项目在我国的设计机制.     

电力与通信共享铁塔的关键技术与商业模式

5G通信时代的到来为各大运营商的发展提供了新机遇,同时也带来了新的挑战。5G通信的大规模建设需要越来越多的铁塔资源进行支撑,但由铁塔公司自行投资建设铁塔面临着土地资源有限、建设周期长、资金压力大等诸多困难。将通信基站的天线挂载在电力铁塔上,可以不新建通信铁塔实现通信信号更广覆盖。共享铁塔的建设需要考虑设备安装及运维、防雷接地、电磁干扰等方面的关键问题,在关键技术的基础上首次提出直接租赁、间接租赁和合资建设3种共享商业模式。为比较共享铁塔与不共享铁塔对于参与各方在经济方面的差异,基于实际算例结合差额净现值法对不同商业模式中电网公司、铁塔公司和第三方公司在共享铁塔中获得的收益进行了分析研究,通过比较不同租金和出资份额下各方的收益差异,总结出共享铁塔年租金和出资份额的变化规律与可行区间。     

纽约州能源效率和可再生能源计划

美国纽约州能源研究和开发管理局(NYSERDA)提供各种计划帮助纽约州居民和企业提高能源效率。这些计划为纽约人提供了各种渠道去获得资金和技术专长,学习成熟的清洁能源技术和减少能源浪费的流程,并使得人们在省钱的同时能够保护环境。NYSERDA提供资源、专业知识和客观信息,使得纽约人可以做出明智的能源决策。NY-SERDA计划分成5个系列,每个系列代表一个互补的组提供该区域的能源重点和目标。     

Deploying solar energy with community choice aggregation: A carbon fee model

This article investigates solar photovoltaic deployment through community choice aggregation programs. A case study of a solar energy program facilitated through a public energy council in Southeastern Ohio is highlighted, which used a ‘carbon fee’ model to collect a 0.2 cents per kilowatt hour incremental fee above the standard aggregation rate. This premium funds the development of behind-the-meter solar installations, and may serve as an exemplary approach for other aggregation programs to deploy solar.     

Peak Shaving?A Way to Fight Rising Costs

The background of rising costs in the production, transmission, and distribution of electric power and energy is discussed and, in particular, the significant increases in the cost of generation. It discusses the adverse annual load pattern experienced by Buckeye Power, Inc. and the electric water heater control program of load management adopted by Buckeye to fight the rising costs of providing electric service.     

Avoided costs: Ontario Hydro's experience

Ontario Hydro regularly estimates avoided costs primarily for use in evaluating some design, operating, planning, and domestic marketing alternatives. Avoided costs reflect the expected cost of increased or decreased use of existing facilities or the expected cost of delaying or advancing additional resources. The author explains how Ontario Hydro calculates avoided costs. He includes a brief review of various methods proposed for calculating them. He refers to the theoretical basis for the methods used and lists in detail the assumptions used by Ontario Hydro     

Public Benefits Charges to Fund Resource Acquisition Programs: An Orwellian Tale

It’s time for less Orwellian double-speak and more straight talk. We need to be sure that claims of avoided energy and capacity savings are true savings—not merely paper “negawatts” or pure wind. We shouldn’t seek the accomplishment of good social objectives through costly programs, bureaucratic administration, a central planning approach that ignores market incentives, high rebates, and cross-subsidies.     

Maximum savings approach for location and sizing of capacitors in distribution systems

This paper proposes a computationally efficient methodology for the optimal location and sizing of static and switched shunt capacitors in radial distribution systems. The problem is formulated as the maximization of the savings produced by the reduction in energy losses and the avoided costs due to investment deferral in the expansion of the network. The proposed method selects the nodes to be compensated, as well as the optimal capacitor ratings and their operational characteristics, i.e. fixed or switched. After an appropriate linearization, the optimization problem was formulated as a mixed-integer linear problem, suitable for being solved by means of a widespread commercial package. Results of the proposed optimizing method are compared with another recent methodology reported in the literature using two test cases: a 15-bus and a 33-bus distribution network. For the both cases tested, the proposed methodology delivers better solutions indicated by higher loss savings, which are achieved with lower amounts of capacitive compensation. To calculate the energy savings and the deferral investment cost exactly, a load flow for radial distribution network is executed before and after the compensation. The proposed method has also been applied for compensating to an actual radial distribution network served by AES-Venezuela in the metropolitan area of Caracas. A convergence time of about 4 s after 22,298 iterations demonstrates the ability of the proposed methodology for efficiently handling compensation problems.     

Industrial Cogeneration?Insights and Observations

Industrial cogeneration competes for funds with new industrial manufacturing facilities. New manufacturing capacity or production modernization programs have historically received investment priorities over utility systems. Due to rising energy costs and higher percentages of energy-content in overall manufacturing costs, new interests are being directed to the potential for reducing costs and improving company earnings by having well-designed industrial co-generation systems. Methods and techniques for achieving the highest available returns-on-investment are presented. Equations are proivded for steam turbine topping industrial cogeneration systems which are formulated with the objective of achieving the best selection of system design parameters which have the highest possible returns-on-investment.     

Load Management in Europe - Marketing Aspects

Different load management strategies and utility approaches are used to obtain efficient utilization of electric energy in Europe. This paper focuses on the use of pricing as a marketing tool, the importance of pilot programs in marketing, and especially on the broader approach to marketing used by utilities. As the energy market becomes more complex, several utilities extend their endeavours to comprehensive programs. The utility either acts as co-ordinator itself, or as a part of a joint venture. A broad utility approach to customers, often as a total entrepeneur, is becoming more common in Europe.