Associations between grain characteristics and alcohol yield among soft wheat varieties

Samples of ten winter wheat varieties, grown at four locations on the eastern side of the UK were assessed for alcohol yield. There was a strong negative association between alcohol yield and grain nitrogen content, but this was strongly influenced by differences between the sites, with a range of alcohol yields observed at given nitrogen levels. Inclusion of grain size parameters, thousand grain weight and grain length:width ratio, along with nitrogen, in a multiple regression, enabled more accurate prediction of alcohol yield for most of the varieties, indicating that grain size would be a useful parameter for selecting the best samples within varieties. A small‐scale measurement of hot water extract, along with grain nitrogen content, gave a reasonable prediction of alcohol yield, but the regression equation was not consistent across seasons. Starch content and turbidity (a measure of the ease of starch release) were both shown to be significantly influenced by variety, but not to give significant correlations with alcohol yield over a range of samples. Positive expression of these characters appeared, however, to contribute to improved alcohol yield in certain of the varieties. It was concluded that different genetic mechanisms influence alcohol yield and that improved breeding lines could be developed by combining positive alcohol yield attributes from complementary parents. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of environment and variety on the relationships of wheat grain physical and chemical characteristics with ethanol yield

BACKGROUND: Following the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO), there is an increasing demand for wheat grain for liquid biofuel in the UK. In order to enhance productivity of the bioethanol industry, good quality wheat must be used. RESULTS: A total of 84 grain samples comprising 14 varieties collected from 11 sites in two harvest years were analysed for a range of grain quality parameters and ethanol yield (EY). The grain quality parameters studied were starch and protein concentration, specific weight, grain density, packing efficiency, thousand‐grain weight (TGW), grain length, width, length/width ratio and hardness index. Regression analysis was used to establish the relationships between grain quality parameters and EY. Apart from grain length and density, all grain parameters had significant relationships with EY. In the order of importance, protein concentration, TGW, packing efficiency and specific weight showed good relationships with EY. All other parameters, including starch concentration, showed a poor correlation with EY. EY and the relationship with the grain parameters were affected more by environment than by variety. Some sites gave consistently higher EY than others. When site and variety were considered with TGW and protein, a good prediction of EY could be made (variance accounted for = 87%). CONCLUSION: Combining TGW and protein concentration could be a better indicator of EY than the current practice of specific weight and protein. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

青麦仁面条工艺优化及品质研究

为了丰富面条种类及提高其营养价值,以青麦仁全粉和面粉混合制作青麦仁面条,研究了青麦仁全粉、水分、食盐和食品改良剂添加量对青麦仁面条品质的影响,在单因素实验的基础上,以面条蒸煮品质及感官评分为评价指标,采用正交实验优化青麦仁面条的加工工艺。结果表明,三种食品改良剂的使用均可改善面条的蒸煮品质,其中瓜尔豆胶的效果最好;当青麦仁粉的添加量为20%,加水量为50%,食盐添加量为0.3%,瓜尔豆胶的添加量为0.6%时,青麦仁面条感官评分达87.3分,断条率0.00%,吸水率89.59%,吸光度0.186,硬度5.23 N,粘性2.86 N,弹性0.270,最大拉伸力22.14 g,蛋白质含量12.56%,碳水化合物含量67.5%,脂肪含量1.46%,膳食纤维含量5.38%,面条的品质特性最佳。      

The effects of irrigation,nitrogen fertilizer and grain size on Hagberg falling number,specific weight and blackpoint of winter wheat

The effects of irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on Hagberg falling number (HFN), specific weight (SW) and blackpoint (BP) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) were investigated. Mains water (+50 and +100 mm month^?1, containing 44 mg NO₃^? litre^?1 and 28 mg SO₄^2? litre^?1) was applied with trickle irrigation during winter (17 January–17 March), spring (21 March–20 May) or summer (24 May–23 July). In 1999/2000 these treatments were factorially combined with three N levels (0, 200, 400 kg N ha^?1), applied to cv Hereward. In 2000/01 the 400 kg N ha^?1 treatment was replaced with cv Malacca given 200 kg N ha^?1. Irrigation increased grain yield, mostly by increasing grain numbers when applied in winter and spring, and by increasing mean grain weight when applied in summer. Nitrogen increased grain numbers and SW, and reduced BP in both years. Nitrogen increased HFN in 1999/2000 and reduced HFN in 2000/01. Effects of irrigation on HFN, SW and BP were smaller and inconsistent over year and nitrogen level. Irrigation interacted with N on mean grain weight: negatively for winter and spring irrigation, and positively for summer irrigation. Ten variables derived from digital image analysis of harvested grain were included with mean grain weight in a principal components analysis. The first principal component (‘size’) was negatively related to HFN (in two years) and BP (one year), and positively related to SW (two years). Treatment effects on dimensions of harvested grain could not explain all of the effects on HFN, BP and SW but the results were consistent with the hypothesis that water and nutrient availability, even when they were affected early in the season, could influence final grain quality if they influenced grain numbers and size. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of cultivar and soil fertility on grain protein yield,grain protein content,flour yield and breadmaking quality of wheat

Grain protein content affects the flour yield and breadmaking characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). In this study, grain protein yield, grain protein content, flour yield and loaf volume were quantified for four wheat cultivars (Inia, Carina, Kariega and SST 86) grown under six different soil fertility regimes in a long-term fertilisation and irrigation experiment at the University of Pretoria. The experimental design was a randomised complete block replicated four times, with fertility as the main plots and cultivars as the subplot treatments. Grain protein yield, flour yield, loaf volume and mixograph dough peak mixing time varied among cultivars and soil fertility situations. Grain protein content differed among cultivars, but mixograph water absorption and dough characteristics did not differ. The highest grain protein yield was 873 kg ha⁻¹ for Carina and the lowest 527 kg ha⁻¹ for SST 86. Grain protein content averaged 131 g kg⁻¹ for Carina and 122 g kg⁻¹ for Kariega. Breadmaking performance showed that in a well-balanced soil fertility situation, Kariega produced 1025 cm³ of loaf volume while Inia averaged 950 cm³. Grain protein yield increased with increasing soil fertility, but grain protein content, flour yield, loaf volume, water absorption and mixograph peak mixing time varied with soil fertility. The interaction between cultivar and soil fertility was significant for grain protein yield, grain protein content, flour yield, loaf volume and water absorption but not dough peak mixing time. The results indicate cultivar differences in breadmaking quality characteristics and that soil fertility status affects grain protein yield, grain protein content, flour yield, loaf volume potential and water absorption but not mixograph peak mixing time and dough characteristics. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

热管低温储粮技术对小麦品质的影响

为研究热管低温储粮技术在储粮方面的实际应用效果,设计建造了基于热管原理的低温储粮仓,研究了储藏过程中粮食温度、水分减量、电导率值、过氧化氢酶活动度、脂肪酸值的变化情况;结果发现:在一年(2012年9月到2013年9月)的试验周期内,试验仓粮食降温速度和低温时间明显高于对照仓,在小麦品质方面:试验仓水分、过氧化氢酶活动度分别下降了0.12%、14 mg H2O2/g,比对照仓低0.11%、39.13%;脂肪酸值和电导率值分别增加7.65 mg KOH/100 g、5.1μS/cm,比对照仓低42.48%、45.16%,证明该低温储粮技术蓄冷效果明显,同时具有降低粮食水分减量、抑制脂肪酸值升高、保持籽粒活性,防止粮食劣变陈化的效果,为该储粮技术的大规模应用和推广提供理论参考。     

小麦发酵产酒精及酒糟蛋白饲料工艺的研究

以小麦为原料进行酒精发酵研究,采用单因素试验探究了小麦粉浆固形物含量、液化时间、糖化酶添加量、酸性蛋白酶添加量对发酵效果的影响。结果表明,小麦粉浆固形物含量为28%,87～89 ℃液化1 h,糖化酶添加量1.1 kg/t原料,且酸性蛋白酶添加量0.03 kg/t粉时其发酵效果较好,最终发酵酒精度达（13.54±0.10）%vol,副产品小麦酒糟蛋白饲料粗蛋白含量达（38.58±2.00）%。     

Effects of green tea powder on the quality attributes of hard red winter wheat flour and Chinese steamed bread

The effects of green tea powder (GTP) on the properties of hard red winter (HRW) flour and Chinese steamed bread were investigated. GTP was blended with HRW flour at levels of 0.00, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00 and 4.00 g GTP/100 g wheat flour. With the addition of GTP, the maximum torque of flour became stronger. The resilience and degree of green colour of steamed bread increased, while hardness and chewiness decreased, with the addition of GTP. The addition of 1.00% GTP did not significantly affect the specific volume, but remarkably influenced the hardness and resilience of steamed bread. In steamed bread formulated with GTP, the antioxidant activity was 0.84 mm TE per g at 1.00% of GTP and increased with GTP levels. The steamed bread had a pleasant flavour, and the degree of overall liking of steamed bread increased with GTP levels to the maximum used in this work.     

The prevalence of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives in the spring wheat grain from different agricultural production systems in Lithuania

Deoxynivalenol (DON) together with two acetylated derivatives, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) occurs in cereal grains and their products. Co-occurrence of DON and acetylated derivatives in cereal grain is detected worldwide. Until now, DON and its derivatives have been considered equally toxic by health authorities. In this study, we analysed 103 samples of spring wheat grain, originating from the fields of different production systems in Lithuania, for the co-occurrence of type-B trichothecenes (DON, 3-ADON, 15-ADON). The samples were classified according to the production system—organic, sustainable and intensive. Mycotoxin levels in the spring wheat grain samples were determined by the HPLC method with UV detection. The type-B trichothecenes were found to be present at higher concentrations in the grain from the intensive production system. Eighty-one percent of the spring wheat grain samples from the intensive production system were co-contaminated with a combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON, 1% with DON+3-ADON. Additionally, DON+15-ADON and DON were found in 5% and 10% of the tested samples, respectively. Two percent of the samples were free from mycotoxins. In the grain samples from the sustainable production system, DON and a combination of DON+3-ADON showed a higher incidence – 47% and 23%, respectively. The samples with a combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON accounted for 18%. Completely different results were obtained from the analyses of organic grain samples. A large number of the organic spring wheat grain samples were contaminated with DON+3-ADON (55%) or DON (36%). The combination of DON+3-ADON+15-ADON was not present, while DON+15-ADON was present in 9% of the samples tested. The production systems did not lead to significant differences in mycotoxin levels, although a trend toward higher incidence and higher contamination was observed for the samples from the intensive and sustainable production systems.     

The effects of increasing yields on the macro- and microelement concentrations and offtakes in the grain of winter wheat

The variations in major and minor element concentrations in winter wheat grain from a UK survey and from three experiments on farms with high yields (>10tha^?1) are given. In the survey, the concentrations of P, K, S, Ca and Mg varied twofold, the elements Fe, Zn and Cu varied threefold, whilst Mn varied by a factor of five. Small varietal differences in grain composition were detected. In the field experiments only the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and S changed significantly as yields increased, and most of the changes were positive, except for Mn, which did not increase with yield. Foliar fungicidal sprays containing Mn increased grain Mn in 1981 and 1982, but S-containing sprays did not alter grain S in 1983. The offtakes of all the elements studied are given both nationally and for high and low yields on the three farms. These offtakes are compared with the inputs of P, K and Mg in fertilisers and the likely inputs of S from the atmosphere.     

Maximizing alcohol yields from wheat and maize and their co‐products for distilling or bioethanol production

The key to optimizing alcohol production from cereals is a full understanding of the physiology and processing characteristics of different cereals. This study examined the maximum alcohol yields that can be obtained from wheat and maize using different processing technologies. Lower processing temperatures (85°C) resulted in high alcohol yields from wheat (a temperate crop), whereas higher processing temperatures (142°C) gave maximum alcohol yields from maize (a tropical crop). Similar trends were also observed when the spent grains from these cereals were processed using commercial enzymes. Mill settings were additional factors in influencing alcohol production. Wheat has the potential to produce higher alcohol yields when compared with maize, when residual biomass (i.e. spent grains) saccharification using selected commercial enzymes is taken into account. While this approach is not applicable for the Scotch whisky industry owing to strict legislation forbidding the use of exogenous enzymes, this is pertinent for bioethanol production to increase the alcohol yield obtained from both starch and lignocellulosic components of whole cereal grains. Wheat and maize processing temperatures and the use of processing aids are of potential economic benefit to bioethanol producers and to beverage alcohol producers seeking to understand the factors influencing the processing properties of different cereals. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

青海省粮食质量监管子系统在粮油质量检验和储备粮管理中的应用

阐述了实验室信息化管理系统——青海省粮食质量监管子系统的结构设计、系统安全性和主要的业务功能,对系统的应用操作的注意事项进行了介绍。     

粮油检测技术在面粉生产过程中的应用

介绍了影响面粉质量的主要因素,包括小麦质量、制粉工艺、添加剂的选择及用量等,阐述了成品面粉面团强度、面粉色泽、α-淀粉酶活性、面团流变学特性、烘焙与蒸煮性质等主要特性,从面粉质量的影响因素和主要特性两方面入手分析了粮油检测技术在面粉生产过程中的应用。     

发芽对小麦品质的影响

本试验以普通小麦为原料,研究了未发芽的小麦和发芽6、12、18、24、30、36、42、48 h不同时段小麦的品质(籽粒品质、营养品质、磨粉品质)的变化情况。结果表明,小麦发芽前后诸多成分都有明显变化:总淀粉、灰分及粗脂肪、千粒重、容重呈下降趋势,与未发芽小麦相比显著性下降;还原糖和部分矿物质、维生素类则有不同程度的升高,其中还原糖含量比未发芽小麦升高1.34%;粗蛋白的含量先增后减,到发芽24 h含量最高,发芽后总氨基酸明显上升。另外,抗营养因子植酸显著下降,功能因子γ-氨基酸含量显著升高。随着发芽时间的变化面团流变学特性发生明显变化:面团形成时间、稳定时间与粉质指数呈下降趋势,延伸度升高,拉伸阻力和拉伸比降低。发芽对小麦品质的影响明显。     

成熟度与烟叶质量的量化关系研究

根据初步建立的量化烟叶外观质量指标体系,定量分析烟叶成熟度与烟叶外观质量、化学成分、物理性状、评吸品质的关系,明确了烟叶成熟度与烟叶质量的定量相关关系;验证了关于烟叶成熟度方面的许多定性描述,定量验证了烟叶成熟度越好,烟叶质量越高的结论。