陕西特色臊子肉特征香气物质解析

采用固相微萃取(solid-phase microextraction,SPME)结合气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术分析陕西地区市售11种臊子肉挥发性成分,通过对重要香气成分进行定性及定量分析,并结合香气活度值(odor activity ...     

Aroma Characterization of Cabernet Sauvignon Wine from the Plateau of Yunnan (China) with Different Altitudes Using SPME-GC/MS

The aroma characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from five different altitudes (Xidang-2110, Dari-2249, Jiunongding-2330, Adong-2610, and Jiangpo-2788, respectively) in the plateau of Yunnan (China) were detected by headspace solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The results showed that the numbers of volatile compounds increased with altitude rising, while the concentration of the total volatiles decreased with the exception of Xidang-2110. Alcohol and esters accounted for more than 97% of the total volatile compounds. Ten out of thirty-six components (22%) identified and quantified in five wines were found at concentrations higher than their corresponding threshold values (OAVs > 1). Ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butyrate, and 1-octen-3-ol were the three most powerful odorants in wine from Xidang-2110; but odor activity values and relative odor contribution of 1-octen-3-ol were higher than ethyl hexanoate and ethyl butyrate in the wines from Dari-2249 and Adong-2610; meanwhile β-damascenone, ethyl hexanoate, and 1-octen-3-ol were the three most powerful odorants in wines from Jiunongding-2330 and Jiangpo-2788.     

Production of Volatiles from Fatty Acids and Oils by Irradiation

ABSTRACT: To understand the mechanisms of off‐odor production in irradiated meat, the volatile compounds produced from individual fatty acids by irradiation were identified. Nonirradiated oil emulsions prepared with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) produced many volatile compounds, but the amounts of volatiles generally decreased after irradiation. Although volatile profiles of fatty acid emulsions were changed by irradiation, the odor characteristics and intensity between irradiated and nonirradiated fatty acid emulsions were not different. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) values indicated that irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation during subsequent storage, but the volatiles produced by lipid oxidation were not the major contributors of off odor in irradiated samples.     

Discrimination of Swiss Cheese from 5 Different Factories by High Impact Volatile Organic Compound Profiles Determined by Odor Activity Value Using Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry and Odor Threshold

Swiss cheese contains more than 200 volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry has been utilized for the analysis of volatile compounds in food products; however, it is not sensitive enough to measure VOCs directly in the headspace of a food at low concentrations. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) provides a basis for determining the concentrations of VOCs in the head space of the sample in real time at low concentration levels of parts per billion/trillion by volume. Of the Swiss cheese VOCs, relatively few have a major impact on flavor quality. VOCs with odor activity values (OAVs) (concentration/odor threshold) greater than one are considered high‐impact flavor compounds. The objective of this study was to utilize SIFT‐MS concentrations in conjunction with odor threshold values to determine OAVs thereby identifying high‐impact VOCs to use for differentiating Swiss cheese from five factories and identify the factory variability. Seventeen high‐impact VOCs were identified for Swiss cheese based on an OAV greater than one in at least 1 of the 5 Swiss cheese factories. Of these, 2,3‐butanedione was the only compound with significantly different OAVs in all factories; however, cheese from any pair of factories had multiple statistically different compounds based on OAV. Principal component analysis using soft independent modeling of class analogy statistical differentiation plots, with all of the OAVs, showed differentiation between the 5 factories. Overall, Swiss cheese from different factories was determined to have different OAV profiles utilizing SIFT‐MS to determine OAVs of high impact compounds.     

西藏开菲尔发酵乳中挥发性风味物质分析

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术对两种不同地理来源西藏开菲尔粒的发酵乳中挥发性化合物进行检测,并结合化合物的阈值计算香气活力值(odor activity value,OAV)。结果表明,两种发酵乳中共鉴定出挥发性化合物30种,酸类和醇类在两种发酵乳中均占优势。两种西藏开菲尔粒的产挥发性风味物质能力存在差异,发酵乳B中挥发性化合物的种类和总含量均高于A。酯类是两种发酵乳中最重要的香气贡献化合物,辛酸乙酯在两种发酵乳中香气贡献最高。不同类别化合物对两种发酵乳的总香气贡献存在差异,醇类对发酵乳A的总香气贡献高于B,酯类、酸类和酮类对发酵乳B的总香气贡献高于A。     

不同类型食醋的香气特征及挥发性成分分析

使用超快速气相色谱电子鼻检测市售的香醋、米醋、陈醋3 类共25 个品牌发酵食醋,通过保留指数和外标法对3 类食醋的挥发性化合物进行定性和定量分析,结合气味活性值构建食醋风味轮,比较不同种类食醋挥发性香气差异与化合物含量间关系,并以线性判别分析和随机森林法研究食醋的挥发性化合物差异,进而实现对食醋的区分。从3 类食醋中共检测出44 种挥发性化合物,主要包括醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类、酸类、烷烃类和杂环类。酸类在食醋中含量最高,其次为醇类和醛类,而烷烃类含量最低。食醋样品的气味活性值和气味雷达图说明乙酸、3-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛、5-甲基糠醛、愈创木酚等对香气贡献较大。香醋的酸味、水果香和坚果可可香高于米醋和陈醋。但陈醋的花香高于其他两类。线性判别分析表明,不同品牌和不同种类的食醋均存在明显差异;随机森林通过机器学习对食醋样品的训练和测试,准确度最终达到100%,对不同种类的食醋区分显著,并筛选出3-甲基丁醇、愈创木酚、苯甲醛、丙酮可作为食醋种类鉴别的重要化合物。     

Free and Bound Volatile Chemicals in Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.)

Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) is a popular and desirable fruit that is widely cultivated in China. Despite its popularity, the free volatile chemicals and glycosidically bound volatiles (GBVs) of mulberry have been minimally studied. To this end, we have investigated these compounds in 4 mulberry cultivars via solid phase extraction (SPE) and headspace solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS). A total of 55 free volatile chemicals and 57 GBVs were identified and quantified. In 3 of the cultivars (“YFS,” “T10,” and “D10”), the GBVs were found in higher amounts than their free counterparts, corresponding to a ratio of 1.2 to 1.8. The characteristic aromas were determined by their odor activity values (OAVs) and by generating an aroma series (AS). A total of 20 volatile compounds had OAVs ≥ 1.0. In particular, ethyl butanoate, hexanal, (Z)‐3‐hexenal (E)‐2‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, and eugenol had relatively high OAVs and were considered to be the key aromas contributing to the mulberry flavor. Consequently, mulberry was characterized by a variety of herbaceous scents having a background of sweet, spicy, fruity, and floral notes. The free volatiles exhibited strong herbaceous notes, whereas the GBVs were responsible for the sweet and spicy qualities of the fruit. Based on our results, 2 cultivars (“YFS” and “D10”) are proposed to be good candidates suitable for the further development of mulberry‐based food products due to their complex and desirable aromas.     

Seasonal Variation of Volatile Composition and Odor Activity Value of'Marion'(Rubus spp. hyb) and'Thornless Evergreen'(R. laciniatus L.) Blackberries

ABSTRACT: Volatile compositions of'Marion'and'Thornless Evergreen'blackberries from 3 growing seasons were analyzed using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Although seasonal variations were present for both cultivars, it was generally observed that the most abundant volatiles in'Marion'blackberry were acetic, 2/3-methylbutanoic, hexanoic and decanoic acids, ethanol, and linalool, whereas the most abundant volatiles in'Thornless Evergreen'were 2-heptanol, hexanol, octanol, α-pinene, nopol, and p-cymenol. Compared with'Marion,'Thornless Evergreen'contained significantly more total volatiles, especially in alcohols, terpenoids, and phenols, whereas'Marion'contained more organic acids. Odor activity values (OAVs) were determined to identify each cultivar's most potent odorants. The compounds with the high odor activity values (OAV > 10) in'Marion'were ethyl hexanoate, β-ionone, linalool, 2-heptanone, 2-undecanone, α-ionone, and hexanal. The compounds with the high odor activity values (OAV > 10) in'Thornless Evergreen'were ethyl hexanoate, 2-heptanone, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, 2-heptanol, 3-methylbutanal, α-pinene, limonene, p- cymene, linalool, t -2-hexenal, myrtenol, hexanal, 2-methylbutanal, and sabinene.     

Identification and Quantification of Impact Aroma Compounds in 4 Nonfloral Vitis vinifera Varieties Grapes

ABSTRACT:  The aroma compounds in grapes of Cabernet gernischt, Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc, and Merlot have been studied by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O). The GC–O study revealed the presence of 58 aroma compounds in which 53 odorants were identified. The most significant odor active volatiles in 4 grape berries were β-damascenone, hexanal, ( Z )-3-hexen-1-ol, ( E,Z )-2,6-nonadienal, β-ionone, and unknown (RI = 1612). The quantification of volatile aroma compounds in grapes was developed using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The influences of SPME fiber, extracting temperature, and time on the extraction of volatile compounds in grape were investigated. The aroma compounds in 4 grapes were quantified. According to the odor activity values (OAVs), ( E,Z )-2,6-nonadienal (OAV from 334 to 777), β-damascenone (OAV 245–790), β-ionone (OAV 97–193), and acetic acid (OAV 7–165) had comparatively high OVA values.     

Volatile flavour profile of goat meat extracted by three widely used techniques

Three procedures for the isolation of volatiles from grilled goat meat were compared: dynamic headspace entrainment on Tenax TA, simultaneous steam distillation-extraction, and solid-phase microextraction. Headspace entrainment on Tenax TA extracted the highest number of Maillard-derived volatile compounds. Two hundred and three volatile components were identified; 159 are reported for the first time in goat meat. Most of the volatiles detected (155) were lipid oxidation products, such as hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters. Forty-eight Maillard-derived compounds were identified, comprising pyrazines, pyrroles, thiophenes, furanthiol derivatives, alkyl and alicyclic sulphides, pyridines, and thiazoles. Some reported character impact compounds of cooked meat, e.g., 12-methyltridecanal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, methional, and dimethyl trisulphide were identified in the volatile profile of goat meat, together with a series of C₂ to C₅ alkylformylcyclopentenes, which have been reported in cooked chicken, pork, beef and lamb, as being important for the characteristic flavour impression of different animal species.     

Changes in salted yoghurt during storage

The study was conducted to determine the gross chemical composition and concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) and volatile compounds of salted yoghurt made from indigenous goat's milk. The effects of some chemical properties on sensory attributes of salted yoghurt were also studied. Changes in FFAs (P < 0.01) and volatile compounds were statistically significant (P < 0.05) during storage. The most abundant FFAs were 9‐octadecenoic (C_18:1), hexadecanoic (C₁₆), tetradecanoic (C₁₄) and decanoic (C₁₀) acids, respectively. Ethanol and ethyl acetate were principal volatile compounds through the end of storage period. The storage period affected the intensity of flavour attributes and overall flavour score of salted yoghurt (P < 0.05). According to factor analysis result, chemical compounds including volatiles, FFAs up to C₁₄, tyrosine and titratable acidity, and flavour attributes explained 86.50% and 55.33% of total variance, respectively.     

基于GC-O、OAV及Feller加和模型对酱香型习酒特征香气成分的分析

通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪、气相色谱硫磷检测器研究3种酱香型习酒(习酒蓝、习酒印象贵州、习酒银质)中的挥发性香气成分,分别鉴定出99、96、98种香气成分,其中各包含12种含硫化合物.基于气相色谱嗅闻仪和香气活性值(odor activity value,OAV)方法,表明己酸乙酯(OAV:1720～1992)、丁酸乙酯...     

Characterization and discrimination of premium‐quality,waxy, and black‐pigmented rice based on odor‐active compounds

BACKGROUND: Odor‐active compounds have been studied in cooked aromatic rice, but not in specialty rice types that have distinctly different flavors. We analyzed the odor‐active compounds emanating from three different types of specialty rice (premium‐quality, waxy and black‐pigmented) and identified the differences in odor‐active compounds among them. RESULTS: Twenty‐one, 21 and 23 odorants were detected using GC‐O for cooked samples of premium‐quality, waxy and black‐pigmented rice cultivars, respectively. Hexanal was the main odorant in premium‐quality and waxy cultivars; however, waxy cultivars had 16 times higher hexanal odor activity values (OAVs) than premium‐quality cultivars, indicating premium‐quality rice had a less pronounced overall aroma. 2‐Acetyl‐1‐pyrroline was the main contributor to overall aroma in black‐pigmented rice, followed by guaiacol. The three types of specialty rice were clearly discriminated based on the OAVs of their odor‐active compounds using multivariate analyses. Six odor‐active compounds [2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline, guaiacol, hexanal, (E)‐2‐nonenal, octanal and heptanal] contributed the most in discriminating the three types of specialty rice. Six very similar superior cultivars of premium rice could likewise be readily separated using aroma chemistry. CONCLUSION: The ability to discriminate the aroma among rice types using the OAVs of the principal odor‐active compounds facilitates our understanding of the aroma chemistry of specialty rice. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Distribution of the volatile compounds in the different parts of a white-fleshed peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch)

The quantitative distribution of volatile compounds in the skin, top mesocarp, middle mesocarp, bottom mesocarp, inner mesocarp, and outer mesocarp of a white-fleshed peach (cv. Maura) was investigated. Volatile compounds were extracted by liquid–liquid microextraction (LLME) and analyzed by GC–FID and GC–MS. The results showed that the levels of volatiles in skin were significantly higher than those observed in the other parts of the fruit, whereas top and bottom mesocarp were mainly discriminated by opposite concentrations in unsaturated lactones and C₆-compounds. Distribution of lactones was also found to be different in skin and pulp according to their carbon chain length. Finally, the highest concentrations of benzaldehyde were found to be mainly located close to the stone suggesting that in peach this compound could be derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of amygdalin.     

顶空固相微萃取- 气质联用分析四川麸醋的香气成分

研究四川麸醋的香气成分。采用顶空固相微萃取- 气质联用对市售三个厂家的6 个不同品种的四川麸醋的挥发性成分进行测定,并结合香气阈值与相对气味活度值对共有成分对总体香气的贡献进行评价。结果共检出75种挥发性成分,主要为酸类、酯类、醇类、酮类、醛类、呋喃类、吡嗪类等,其中12 种为共有成分;确定 其主体香气成分为乙酸乙酯、2,3- 丁二酮、壬醛、乙酸、癸醛、苯甲醛;此外,糠醛和2- 甲氧基-4- 甲基苯酚对总体香气也有重要贡献。这些成分一起构成了四川麸醋的主体香气。     

Ester-related volatile compounds reveal the diversity and commonalities of different types of late-ripening peaches

To recognize the key ester-related volatile compounds, 5 types of peaches including 54 late-ripening peach materials were examined by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and E-nose. Here, a large number of esters were identified to be released by ripe peach fruits and were mainly characterized by fruity, green, and fatty notes. The variety and content of esters had greatly changed within or between cultivars, indicating that the fruit volatiles were highly differentiated depending on the specific genotypes and cultivation conditions. The ester types showed that fatty acid-derived C6 alcohols and methyl-/ethyl- short-chain alcohol were the main ester precursors, which were more likely to be utilized and well selected by alcohol acyltransferases, whereas the preference of acyl donors was not observed. The common peach type, which exhibited a unique volatile profile, displayed broader diversity and more abundant characteristics in ester-related volatiles than the other four types. A total of 19 key esters were identified as the main components and the content of most esters showed no significant difference among different peach types. Some key esters had even been enriched in nectarines. Moreover, the multiple discriminant analysis revealed a possible relationship between peach types and the domestication of the peach evolution. This study investigated ester-related volatiles released by different types of peach fruits and can be further used to evaluate the peach qualities, providing an important reference for peach breeding and processing.     

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和OAV分析不同干燥方式菊花脑的挥发性物质差异

通过顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱（headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS）联用法对热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、微波-热风联合干燥菊花脑挥发性物质进行定性以及定量,明确干燥方式对菊花脑挥发性物质的影响,并探索菊花脑的关键呈香物质。结果表明：菊花脑中共分离出140种物质,新鲜菊花脑中检出112种物质,热风干燥样品中检出86种物质,微波-热风联合干燥样品中检出83种物质,真空冷冻干燥样品中检出85种物质,分别为萜烯类、酯类、醛类、醇类、芳香族化合物以及其他类共六大类物质。萜烯类含量最高,分别在新鲜菊花脑中检出229 474.33μg/kg,热风干燥样品中检出64 629.68μg/kg,微波-热风联合干燥样品中检出56 469.88μg/kg,真空冷冻干燥样品中检出70 832.87μg/kg。与另两种干燥方式对比,真空冷冻干燥较好地保留了挥发性物质的丰度。真空冷冻干燥菊花脑与新鲜菊花脑风味相似,主要呈樟脑、松节油以及花草的清香。GC-MS结合气味活度值分...     

基于气相-离子迁移色谱分析大鲵不同可食部位挥发性成分指纹差异

为明确大鲵肉腥味成分以及对其进行有效脱腥,利用气相-离子迁移色谱(gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,GC-IMS)分析大鲵不同可食部位(头、背、腹、尾、爪和肝)挥发性气味物质差异.结果 表明,GC-IMS技术可以对大鲵不同部位气味物质实现较好分离.大鲵不同部位共鉴...