无机盐阴阳离子对稠油水包油型乳状液稳定性的影响

考察了两性/非离子复配表面活性剂浓度、无机/有机复配碱浓度、不同价态正负离子对稠油水包油型乳状液稳定性的影响规律。实验结果表明:随着复配表面活性剂浓度的增加,乳状液的分水率先急剧降低后缓慢下降;复配碱对乳状液的稳定性存在最优浓度;无机盐对乳状液的稳定性具有双重作用,低浓度盐提高乳状液的稳定性,高浓度盐降低乳状液的稳定性;一价阳离子对乳状液的稳定性影响顺序为KCl> NaCl> LiCl;二价阳离子对乳状液稳定性的影响程度为MgCl₂> CaCl₂;一价阴离子对分水率的影响顺序为NaCl> NaBr> NaI;高价阴离子对乳状液稳定性的影响程度为Na₂SO₄> NaCl> Na₃PO₄。     

Melt processing of poly(L‐lactic acid) in the presence of organomodified anionic or cationic clays

Poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLA) films are in use for various types of food packaging; however, a wider range of applications would be possible if the barrier properties of these films could be improved. To make such improvements, combinations of PLA with two nanofillers, laurate‐intercalated Mg‐Al layered double hydroxide (LDH‐C₁₂) and a cationic organomodified montmorillonite (MMT) clay (Cloisite® 30B), were investigated. The dispersion of these fillers in PLA by melt processing was explored using two methods, either by mixing the nanofillers with PLA granulate immediately before extrusion or by preparation and subsequent dilution of PLA‐nanofiller masterbatches. After melt processing of these materials, PLA molecular weight, thermal stability, film transparency, morphology, and permeability characteristics were determined. Direct addition of LDH‐C₁₂ drastically reduced the PLA molecular weight. Although this reduction in molecular weight was still very significant, it was less when a PLA/LDH‐C₁₂ masterbatch was processed. In contrast, there was no significant reduction in PLA molecular weight when processing with Cloisite® 30B. However, film transparency was compromised when either LDH or MMT nanofillers were used. Evidence from DSC analyses showed a significant increase in heat of fusion when LDH‐C₁₂ was dispersed in PLA compared with Cloisite® 30B, likely indicating a difference in nucleating properties. Complementary optical purity analyses suggested that racemization as a result of processing could influence the PLA crystallinity as determined by DSC in certain cases. A reduction in thermal stability when incorporating LDH‐C₁₂ could be a direct result of PLA molecular weight reduction. XRD and TEM analyses showed that both Cloisite® 30B‐ and LDH‐C₁₂‐based PLA composites yielded exfoliated and intercalated morphologies, but nanofiller agglomeration was also seen when LDH‐C₁₂ was used. PLA/Cloisite® 30B nanocomposite films exhibited significant enhancement in oxygen and water vapor barrier properties, but no such improvement was found in PLA/LDH‐C₁₂ nanocomposite films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Effects of herbs on hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of olive oil in canned tomatoes

The effects of adding mixtures of herbs such as garlic, laurel, and marjoram on selected chemical indices of olive oil from canned dried tomatoes were studied for various storage periods of up to 1 yr. Conventional analytical indices measured included acidity, PV, and p-anisidine value. Flavored samples showed kinetic constant values that were significantly (P=0.001) higher than unflavored ones, whereas oligopolymer and oxidized TG and DG contents were similar to or slightly higher than in the unflavored samples compared with those with herbs. The addition of the mixture of herbs slowed polymerization reactions but did not inhibit TG oxidation. Discrepancies between the results obtained by conventional analyses and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography indicated that the former approaches were insufficient to determine oxidative degradation of oil as a result of interferences from compounds in the food matrix.     

Radiolytic and hydrolytic degradation of the hydrophilic diglycolamides

The stability of different hydrophilic diglycolamides against acid degradation and radiolysis was studied. Tetraethyldiglycolamide (TEDGA) was found to undergo degradation in nitric acid at high reaction rates at elevated temperatures with a maximum of a ~8% decrease per hour at 65°C in 4 mol L^–1 HNO₃. The radiolysis was studied for tetramethyldiglycolamide (TMDGA), TEDGA, methyl-tetraethyldiglycolamide (Me-TEDGA), and dimethyl-tetraethyldiglycolamide (Me₂-TEDGA). The degradation rates decreased with increasing molecular weight, following the trend TMDGA > TEDGA > Me-TEDGA ≥ Me₂-TEDGA. Degradation products were identified by mass spectrometric techniques and were found to be comparable to those previously reported for the radiolysis of lipophilic diglycolamides in dodecane. Significant insight into the degradation mechanism in water was gained using pulse radiolysis experiments. The ^?OH radical was identified as the most important reactive species and predominant mechanism of radical reaction is one of electron transfer rather than H-atom abstraction.     

Flotation of rutile with anionic and cationic collectors

Results are presented which indicate the effect of pH and flotation-collector type upon the flotation rates of natural rutile particles. Above pH ～2.5, flotation rate decreases with increasing pH for anionic collectors and increases with increasing pH for a cationic collector. These results are in agreement with expectations from the known electrokinetic properties of the mineral. Also, for a fixed pH, the rate of flotation is influenced by the length of the carbon chain associated with the collecting ion, and, for any one collector, by its concentration in solution. Below pH ～2.5, the flotation rate with anionic collectors decreases with fall in pH, whereas with the cationic type a small increase in rate is shown as pH1 is approached.     

Complexity of the hydrolytic degradation of aliphatic polyesters

Aliphatic polyesters are more or less hydrolytically degradable, depending on their chemical, configurational and morphological structures. Hydrolysis can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on many structural and environmental factors. The present understanding of this hydrolytic degradation is recalled. The importance of diffusion-reaction phenomena is discussed on the basis of the behaviors of polyesters derived from α-hydroxy acids, namely lactic and glycolic acids and attempts are made to extend the understanding to other members of the aliphatic polyester family. The main results of some recent investigations of the effects on poly(lactic acid) polymers of basic additives and of initiators such as stannous octoate and zinc metal, which are now industrially used, are presented.     

The effects of anionic and cationic surfactants on the hydrolysis of sodium barbital

Alkaline hydrolysis reactions of sodium barbital in micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate (the anionic surfactant SDS), micelles of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (the cationic surfactant CTAB), and mixed micelles of surfactant/n-C₅H₁₁OH/H₂O were studied by ultraviolet-visible spectrometry. The reaction rate and the activation energy of the hydrolysis of sodium barbital were calculated. The results showed that the rate of sodium barbital hydrolysis decreased with an increase in CTAB content, whereas it increased in the presence of SDS and n-C₅H₁₁OH. The different effects of CTAB and SDS on the hydrolysis of sodium barbital may be related to their interaction with sodium barbital.     

Electrochemical degradation of anionic surfactants

This study was performed to investigate the electrochemical oxidation of anionic surfactants. In particular, a synthetic solution of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate and a real car wash wastewater were treated by galvanostatic electrolysis using a Ti–Ru–Sn ternary oxide and a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. Measurements of the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the concentration of the anionic surfactants were used to follow the oxidation. Using the Ti–Ru–Sn ternary oxide anode, the complete removal of COD and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate was obtained only in the presence of chloride ions that act as inorganic mediators. The oxidation rate was almost independent of current density and electrolyte flow rate. In the case of BDD the mineralisation of the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate was achieved in all experimental conditions due to reaction with hydroxyl radicals electrogenerated on the diamond surface during electrolysis. The COD removal rate increased with increase in electrolyte flow rate, indicating that the oxidation was mass-transfer controlled. Comparison of the results of the two electrodes showed that chlorine mediated oxidation at the Ti–Ru–Sn ternary oxide anode allowed a faster COD removal of both the synthetic solution and real car wash wastewater.     

Permeation of vanadium cations through anionic and cationic membranes

The permeability of four commercially available ion-exchange membranes, the cationic Nafion 125 (duPont) and Selemion CMV (Asahi Glass) membranes and the anionic Selemion AMV and DMV membranes, to vanadyl, VO²⁺, and vanadic, VO ₂ ⁺ , ions was studied. The results show that two important variables determine the usefulness of a membrane as a membrane separator in a redox cell. These are selectivity and membrane-electrolyte resistance. Only the DMV membrane was considered to meet the requirements of low permeability to vanadium cations and at the same time permitting H⁺ ions to go through the membrane, thereby providing a very low membrane-electrolyte resistance in the redox fuel cell.     

Interfacial properties of cationic and anionic Gemini surfactant mixtures

The possibility and the prospect of cationic/anionic (“catanionic”) surfactant mixtures based on sulfonate Gemini surfactant (SGS) and bisquaternary ammonium salt (BQAS) in the field of enhanced oil recovery was investigated. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SGS/BQAS surfactant mixtures was 5.0 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L, 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than neat BQAS or SGS. A solution of either neat SGS or BQAS, could not reach an ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT); but 1:1 mol/mol mixtures of SGS/BQAS reduced the IFT to 1.0 × 10⁻³ mN/m at 100 mg/L. For the studied surfactant concentrations, all mixtures exhibited the lowest IFT when the molar fraction of SGS among the surfactant equaled 0.5, indicating optimal conditions for interfacial activity. The IFT between the 1:1 mol/mol SGS/BQAS mixtures and crude oil decreased and then increased with the NaCl and CaCl₂ concentrations. When the total surfactant concentration was above 50 mg/L, the IFT of SGS/BQAS mixtures was below 0.01 mN/m at the studied NaCl concentrations. Adding inorganic salt reduced the charges of hydrophilic head groups, thereby making the interfacial arrangement more compact. At the NaCl concentration was above 40,000 mg/L, surfactant molecules moved from the liquid–liquid interface to the oil phase, thus resulting in low interfacial activity. In addition, inorganic salts decreased the attractive interactions of the SGS/BQAS micelles that form in water, decreasing the apparent hydrodynamic radius (D_{H, app}) of surfactant aggregates. When the total concentration of surfactants was above 50 mg/L, the IFT between the SGS/BQAS mixtures and crude oil decreased first and then increased with time. At different surfactant concentrations, the IFT of the SGS/BQAS mixtures attained the lowest values at different times. A high surfactant concentration helped surfactant molecules diffuse from the water phase to the interfacial layer, rapidly reducing the IFT. In conclusion, the cationic-anionic Gemini surfactant mixtures exhibit superior interfacial activity, which may promote the application of Gemini surfactant.     

Chemical effects of cationic surfactant and anionic surfactant used in organically modified montmorillonites on degradation and fire retardancy of polyamide 12 nanocomposites

Three kinds of organically modified Na⁺-montmorillonites (OMMTs), including two kinds of octadecylammonium modified montmorillonite with different contents of octadecylammonium and a kind of sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDSo) modified montmorillonite, were used to prepare polyamide 12 (PA12)/OMMT nanocomposites. Effects of the modifiers on degradation and fire retardancy of PA12/OMMT nanocomposites were investigated. Acid sites formed in cationic surfactant modified MMT via Hoffman decomposition could accelerate degradation of PA12 at high temperature. However, catalytic effect of the acid sites on carbonization of the degradation products promoted char barrier formation, which reduced heat release rate (HRR). Higher content of cationic surfactant in OMMT is beneficial to fire retardancy of PA12 nanocomposites and the dispersion states of OMMT have assistant effects. In contrast, Na⁺-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and anionic surfactant modified MMT (a-MMT) could not form acid sites on the MMT layers; in this case, fire retardancy of PA12/Na-MMT appears to have no improvement and PA12/a-MMT appears to have limited improvement.     

盐对阴阳离子表面活性剂水溶液相行为的影响

以阴阳离子表面活性剂混合体系为研究对象,通过测定体系在不同种类盐溶液中的三元相行为,探索了盐对体系相行为中的双水相区位置及相区宽度的影响规律.研究发现,阴离子双水相区的位置与宽度主要受盐阳离子的影响,盐阳离子半径越大,极化率越高,阴离子双水相区向阴离子表面活性剂方向移动的趋势越大,相区越宽;而盐的阴离子是影响阳离子双水相区位置与宽度的主要因素.     

阴、阳离子表面活性剂对泡沫混凝土稳定机理的研究进展

简要介绍了阴离子和阳离子表面活性剂的种类及其对泡沫混凝土稳定性的影响。重点介绍了阴离子和阳离子表面活性剂对泡沫混凝土的稳定机理,其中涉及3种机理:泡沫排水、液膜破裂和气泡粗化,这3种机理直接关系到气泡膜的性质以及液膜与高原边界之间的相互作用,并且在建筑行业中起着重要的作用。     

阴、阳离子表面活性剂对泡沫混凝土稳定机理的研究进展

简要介绍了阴离子和阳离子表面活性剂的种类及其对泡沫混凝土稳定性的影响。重点介绍了阴离子和阳离子表面活性剂对泡沫混凝土的稳定机理,其中涉及3种机理:泡沫排水、液膜破裂和气泡粗化,这3种机理直接关系到气泡膜的性质以及液膜与高原边界之间的相互作用,并且在建筑行业中起着重要的作用。     

Adsorption and column flotation studies on talc using anionic and cationic collectors

Adsorption properties and column flotation were studied to investigate the interaction of the anionic and cationic collectors and flotation recoveries for talc mineral. Adsorption capacity is dependent on pH, adsorption time, temperature, collector concentration, and particle size. Langmuir adsorption model was suitable for describing isotherms. Analyses were carried out using UV spectrometry. In this study, we analyzed some parameters affecting column flotation performance. It was determined that adsorption capacity, especially, had an important role in column flotation enrichment.     

Adsorption of anionic dyes on a reversibly swelling cationic superabsorbent polymer

A cationic monomer [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride was polymerized using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as the crosslinker to obtain a cationic superabsorbent polymer (SAP). This SAP was characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared spectroscopy, and the equilibrium swelling capacity was determined by swelling in water. The SAP was subjected to cyclic swelling/deswelling in water and NaCl solution. The conductivity of the swelling medium was monitored during the swelling/deswelling and was related to the swelling/deswelling characteristics of the SAP. The adsorption of five anionic dyes of different classes on the SAP was carried out and was found to follow the first‐order kinetics. The Langmuir adsorption isotherms were found to fit the equilibrium adsorption data. The dye adsorption capacity of the SAP synthesized in this study was higher than that obtained for other hydrogels reported in the literature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

水降解对聚乳酸长丝质量和强度的影响

在不同温度、p H值的去离子水环境条件下,分析聚乳酸(PLA)长丝的质量降解率随时间的变化,并模拟人体体液环境,研究了PLA长丝在磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS溶液)中的质量和强度的变化规律。结果表明:随着去离子水温度的升高,PLA长丝的质量降解率先增大后小幅减小;在去离子水中,酸性抑制PLA长丝的降解,碱性促进其降解,当p H值大于11时,PLA长丝的降解非常明显;在模拟人体体液环境的PBS溶液中,PLA长丝初期质量降解率很小,降解速率增幅缓慢,降解时间大于20 d后,PLA长丝的质量降解率和降解速率都大幅增加,降解60 d时,PLA长丝的断裂强度下降了36.9%,断裂伸长率提高了37.8%,初始模量先增大后减小。     

Investigations on thermal and hydrolytic degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The thermal properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are sensitively affected by polycondensation catalysts and temperature. The kinetics of thermal degradation were investigated by determining the rates of formation of carboxyl groups on isothermal heating. Carboxyl groups in PET were not only a result of thermal exposure but they were also an influence on hydrolytic stability. The hydrolytic cleavage of polyester chains, i.e., the formation of carboxyl groups, was found to be an autocatalytic reaction.     

Effect of cationic surfactant addition on the drag reduction behaviour of anionic polymer solutions

Although extensive research work has been carried out on the drag reduction (DR) behaviour of polymers and surfactants alone, little progress has been made on the synergistic effects of combined polymers and surfactants. In this work, the interactions between drag‐reducing anionic polymer (copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate, referred to as PAM) and drag‐reducing cationic surfactant (octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, OTAC) are studied. Solutions are prepared using both deionised (DI) water and tap water. The measurement of the physical properties such as electrical conductivity and viscosity are used to determine the surfactant–polymer interactions. The addition of surfactant to the polymer solution has a significant effect on the properties of the system. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the mixed surfactant–polymer system is found to be different from that of the surfactant alone. With the addition of surfactant to a polymer solution, a substantial decrease in the viscosity occurs. The observed changes in the viscosity of mixed polymer–surfactant system are explained in terms of the changes in the extension of polymeric chains, resulting from polymer–surfactant interactions. The anionic PAM chains tend to collapse upon the addition of cationic OTAC. The pipeline flow behaviour of PAM/OTAC mixtures is found to be consistent with the bench scale results. The DR ability of PAM is reduced upon the addition of OTAC. At low concentrations of PAM, the effect of OTAC on the DR behaviour is more pronounced. The DR behaviour of polymer solutions is strongly influenced by the nature of water (DI or tap). © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

Formulating middle-phase microemulsions using mixed anionic and cationic surfactant systems

Although mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants can show great synergism, their potential to precipitate and form liquid crystals has limited their use. Previous studies have shown that alcohol addition can prevent liquid crystal formation, thereby allowing formation of middle-phase microemulsions with mixed anionic-cationic systems. This research investigates the role of surfactant selection in designing alcohol-free anionic-cationic microemulsions. Microemulsion phase behavior was studied for three anionic-cationic surfactant systems and three oils of widely varying hydrophobicity [trichloroethylene (TCE), hexane, and n-hexadecane]. Consistent with our hypothesis, using a branched surfactant and surfactants with varying tail length allowed us to form alcohol-free middle-phase microemulsion using mixed anionic-cationic systems (i.e., liquid crystals did not form). The anionic to cationic molar ratio required to form middle-phase microemulsions approached 1∶1 for univalent surfactants as oil hydrophobicity increased (i.e., TCE to hexane to n-hexadecane); even for these equimolar systems, liquid crystal formation was avoided. To test the use of these anionic-cationic surfactant mixtures in surfactant-enhanced subsurface remediation, we performed soil column studies: Greater than 95% of the oil was extracted in 2.5 pore volumes using an anionic-rich surfactant system. By contrast, cationic-rich systems performed very poorly (<1% oil removal), reflecting significant losses of the cationic-rich surfactant system in the porous media. The results thus suggest that, when properly designed, anionic-rich mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants can be efficient for environmental remediation. By corollary, other industrial applications and consumer products should also find these mixtures advantageous.