A survey of ochratoxin A occurence in Greek wines

A total of 150 wines, including 123?dry wines (64 red, 49 white and 10 rosé) and 27 dessert wines (14 red and 13 white), were obtained from various viticulture and oenological practices across Greece during the period 1999–2006 and analyzed for ochratoxin a (OTA) using immunoaffinity clean-up and HPLC with fluorescence detection. There was a high frequency of OTA in commercially available wines (69% positive samples). However, the level of contamination was relatively low, with only one sample marginally reaching the EU permitted maximum level (2.0?µg?l^?1). A total of 91% of the samples had OTA concentrations <1.0?µg?l^?1. The higher concentrations were found in wines from the southern regions, especially in dessert-type wines. There were no significant differences based on wine color or production years. Furthermore, there was no difference between conventional or organic cropping systems in terms of OTA presence.     

A survey of the fungal contamination and presence of ochratoxin A and zearalenone on Spanish feed and raw materials

The incidence of fungal contamination in 91 samples of feed and raw materials used for animal feeding in Spain has been studied. Sample analysis was accomplished in a new culture medium to which a beta‐cyclodextrin had been added, and a comparison with other more usual culture media was performed. Ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) contamination of all the samples was evaluated by RP‐HPLC with fluorescence detection. The fungal genera found, such as Penicillium and Fusarium, included mycotoxigenic strains as OTA and ZEA (33.3 and 26.4% incidence respectively). One sample of corn and another of cotton seed were contaminated with levels of OTA above the 5 and/or 10 µg kg^?1 recommended by the legislation of several European countries, whereas none of the samples contaminated with ZEA surpassed the legislation limits suggested by the official agencies. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mycotoxin contamination of animal feedingstuff: detoxification by gamma-irradiation and reduction of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A concentrations

Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites identified in many agricultural products screened for toxigenic moulds. They have been reported to be carcinogenic, teratogenic, tremorogenic, haemorrhagic and dermatitic to a wide range of organisms. With the increasing stringent regulations for mycotoxins imposed by importing countries such as those of the European Union, many cereals that are not safe for human consumption are used in formulations intended for animal feed. Gamma-rays are reported in the scientific literature to destroy ochratoxin A and aflatoxin in food crops and feed. The present study provides preliminary data for establishing the effect of dose of gamma-irradiation, ranging from 0 to 15 kGy, on aflatoxins and ochratoxin A reduction in commercial animal feed. The mycotoxin levels were determined by means of immunoaffinity clean-up (IAC) and HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The maximum reductions found at 15 kGy were 23.9%, 18.2%, 11.0%, 21.1% and 13.6% for ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin B₂, aflatoxin G₁ and aflatoxin G₂, respectively. Results showed that the gamma-rays even at 15 kGy were not effective in the complete destruction of ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in the tested feed.     

酶联免疫吸附法快速检测饲料中赭曲霉毒素A

目的建立一种酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)快速检测饲料中赭曲霉毒素A快速的方法。方法样品采用60%的甲醇溶液提取,提取液经过离心、快速滤纸过滤后,用稀释缓冲溶液按10倍的比例对提取液进行稀释即为试样液,采用酶联免疫吸附方法进行检测。结果在加标浓度为25、50和100μg/kg的加标水平下,赭曲霉毒素A在饲料中的加标回收率为88.4%~134.6%,变异系数为3.5%~6.9%。抽取10份样品进行检测,赫曲霉毒素A含量在14.1~38.2μg/kg。符合国家的标准GB 13078-2017对饲料中赫曲霉毒素A含量的规定。结论本方法灵敏度高、快速简便,适用于饲料中赭曲霉毒素A的快速批量检测。     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A: occurrence and contamination levels in cocoa beans from Brazil

In the present study, the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) was evaluated in 123 samples of cocoa beans produced in five Brazilian states. The presence of these mycotoxins was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) after immunoaffinity column clean-up. The mean level of total AFs in cocoa beans samples was 5.7 μg.kg^?1. Four (3.3%) samples exceeded the maximum limit of 10 μg.kg^?1 established by the Brazilian legislation for total AFs. The mean level of OTA contamination was 1.2 μg.kg^?1, and none of the samples exceeded the maximum limit established by the Brazilian legislation. The co-occurrence of AFs and OTA was observed in 4.9% of the samples. The results of the present study demonstrated that, in relation to the levels of AFs and OTA established by the Brazilian legislation, most samples of cocoa beans analyzed are safe for consumption. This is the first report on the occurrence and levels of AFs and OTA in cocoa beans from the five main Brazilian states producing cocoa. The data in this study provide important information for farmers, traders, industry, consumers and law enforcement agencies.     

Detection of ochratoxin A and cis- and trans-resveratrol in red wines and their musts from Calabria (Italy)

The natural occurrence of ochratoxin A (OTA) and cis- and trans-resveratrols in red wines has been widely reported. The aim of this work was to evaluate the ochratoxin A (OTA) and both cis- and trans-resveratrol content of red wine (from must to wine) in a pilot-scale vinification process in Calabria (Italy). Eleven samples were collected at different stages of vinification and analysis was carried out by HPLC. Wine from manufacturer 3 contained the highest amount of trans-resveratrol (3.41?mg?l^?1). This wine was characterized by an Aglianico–Magliocco grape variety. Interestingly, data regarding OTA showed that the value of this contaminant was low in all analyzed samples and, in each case, below the legal limit (2.0?mg?l^?1 (ppb)). Overall, the results demonstrated the high quality of wines produced in Calabria.     

葡萄及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A的污染与控制研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A,OTA)是葡萄及其制品中最常见的真菌毒素,主要由炭黑曲霉产生,具肾毒性和致癌性.葡萄及其制品中OTA污染普遍存在,且有超标现象,需持续关注,保持警惕.OTA污染程度受产毒菌、环境条件以及加工方式等影响,其中高温、高湿、虫害等可能造成毒素累积.本文就葡萄及其制品中OTA污染状况和防...     

葡萄及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A的污染现状及检测技术研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)是由青霉属与曲霉属真菌产生的次级代谢产物之一,容易污染葡萄及其制品,是葡萄产业面临的重要问题之一。OTA具有急性、慢性、亚慢性毒性,对消费者健康存在潜在威胁。鉴于OTA的污染和毒性,世界各地对其制定了严苛的限量标准。因此,快速、高效、灵敏的OTA检测技术的开发与应用备受关注。本文综述了葡萄及其制品中OTA的污染现状,以及葡萄和葡萄制品生产过程中影响OTA污染的因素,总结近年来OTA传统检测技术的发展,重点介绍标记型与非标记型电化学适配体传感器的研究进展,讨论不同检测技术的优势和局限性,展望OTA检测技术的发展,以期为葡萄及其制品中OTA的研究提供理论基础。     

Comparison of manual and automatic sampling for monitoring ochratoxin A in barley grain

Automatic and manual sampling for ochratoxin A (OTA) in barley grain was compared under industrial conditions considering sampling uncertainty as well as practical and technical aspects. Ten tonnes of barley inoculated with Penicillium verrucosum were incubated until the OTA concentration reached approximately 15?µg?kg^?1 and sampled with manual and automatic sampling. A nested experimental design and ANOVA was used to estimate variance components from sampling, sample reduction, sample preparation and analysis. Manual sampling resulted in a high sampling uncertainty and OTA concentrations in aggregate samples ranged from 2 to 80?µg?kg^?1. When aggregate samples were formed by automatic sampling the uncertainty arising from nugget effects and spatial distribution was practically eliminated. Results from this study show that an automatic sampler mounted after a mixer or conveyer can provide representative samples of OTA from a moving stream of barley. Automatic sampling might present a practical and economical alternative to manual sampling for feed mill operators when monitoring low levels of mycotoxins in grain or other commodities. Despite careful precautions, sample preparation and analysis resulted in a relative uncertainty of ±40% (p?=?0.95), which was attributed to the sub-sampling following the two grinding steps. Size fractionation of the coarsely ground barley showed that 40% of the total amount of OTA was present in a small fraction of fine particles with a strong tendency to aggregate or stick to equipment and containers. Thus, in order to take advantage of the automatic sampling, it is crucial to apply an appropriate sub-sampling to prevent segregation of particles which may affect the OTA measurements.     

葡萄赭曲霉毒素污染及其产毒素菌株的筛选方法研究进展

赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin,OTA)是由曲霉属和青霉属等真菌产生的一类真菌毒素,其毒性很强,分布广泛,对人类和动植物的健康有着巨大的影响。葡萄及其制品是食品中OTA的主要来源之一,从病害的葡萄表面筛选分离产生赭曲霉毒素的菌株是最常用的研究产毒素菌株的方法。由于产毒素菌株主要分布在葡萄果实的表面,葡萄组织受损后会极大提高赭曲霉素的污染程度,研究产毒菌株分布及产毒素能力对控制赭曲霉素污染及寻找一种有效地生物防治方法提供参考。本文综述了葡萄赭曲霉毒素的污染情况及其产毒素菌株的筛选方法,为控制葡萄及其产品中的OTA污染提供依据。      

赭曲霉毒素A胶体金快速检测试剂条的研制

为建立一种快速检测饲料中赭曲霉毒素A的检测方法,应用胶体金免疫层析技术,研制了一种饲料中赭曲霉毒素A的免疫胶体金快速检测试剂条.将羊抗鼠IgG、特异性结合抗原和金标抗体三者经过反复调试优化,以适宜浓度和包被量分别包被到硝酸纤维素膜和胶体金结合垫上,包被后的硝酸纤维素膜、样品垫、胶体金结合垫、吸水垫及其他辅料组装成试剂条.试剂条的最低检测限为25μg/kg,与其他霉菌毒素的交叉反应率小于1％.该试剂条可用于饲料中赭曲霉毒素A的快速检测.     

Aflatoxin and ochratoxin A content of spices in Hungary

In October and November 2004, 91 spice samples (70 ground red pepper, six black pepper, five white pepper, five spice mix and five chilli samples), the majority of which originated from commercial outlets, were analysed for aflatoxins B₁, B₂, G₁ and G₂ (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Eighteen of the 70 ground red pepper samples contained AFB1, seven of them in a concentration exceeding the 'maximum level' of 5 µg kg^-1 (range 6.1-15.7 µg kg^-1). Of the other spices assayed, the AFB1 contamination of one chilli sample exceeded 5 µg kg^-1 (8.1 µg kg^-1). Thirty-two of the 70 ground red pepper samples contained OTA, eight of them in a concentration exceeding the 10 µg kg^-1 'maximum level' (range 10.6-66.2 µg kg^-1). One chilli sample was contaminated with OTA at 2.1 µg kg^-1. The AFB1 and OTA contamination of ground red pepper exceeding the 'maximum level' (5 and 10 µg kg^-1, respectively) was obviously the consequence of mixing imported ground red pepper batches heavily contaminated with AFB1 and OTA with red pepper produced in Hungary. This case calls attention to the importance of consistently screening imported batches of ground red pepper for aflatoxin and ochratoxin A content and strictly prohibiting the use of batches containing mycotoxin concentrations exceeding the maximum permitted level.     

Intake of ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol through beer consumption in Belgium

Estimations of ochratoxin A (OTA) and 4-deoxynivalenol (DON) exposure of the Belgian population through beer consumption were made using the results of the recent Belgian food survey and the compiled data set of OTA and DON levels in conventionally and organically produced beers in 2003-05. For the consumers of organic beers, the daily intake of OTA was 0.86 (in 2003), 1.76 (in 2004) and 0.72 (in 2005) ng kg^-1 body weight (bw), considering the mean beer consumption (0.638 litres) and the average level of OTA in 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively. Using the 97.5th percentile of beer consumption (1.972 litres), the corresponding OTA daily intakes were 2.65, 5.44 and 2.24 ng kg^-1 bw, which are close or above the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 5 ng kg^-1 bw. For the consumers of conventional beers, the OTA intakes were low: 0.23, 0.23 and 0.11 ng kg^-1 bw day^-1 for the average beer consumption, in 2003, 2004 and 2005 against 0.72, 0.73 and 0.34 ng kg^-1 bw day^-1 when the 97.5th percentile level was considered. As for the DON intake, the estimates were quite low for both conventional and organic beer consumers when the provisional maximum TDI (PMTDI) of 1 µg kg^-1 bw was considered. Average consumption of organic beer led to daily intakes of 0.05 and 0.04 µg DON kg^-1 bw in 2003 and 2004, respectively, whilst for conventional beer, daily intakes were 0.07 and 0.05 µg DON kg^-1 bw. At the 97.5th percentile level of beer consumption, daily intakes of 0.15 and 0.13 µg kg^-1 bw were obtained for organic beers against 0.23 and 0.17 µg kg^-1 bw for conventional ones. The results showed that beer could be an important contributor to OTA exposure in Belgium, even though a declining trend seems to be apparent during the last year of monitoring. Therefore, efforts should be devoted to maintain the OTA levels as low as reasonably achievable, especially for organic beer.     

基于核酸适配体检测玉米中的赭曲霉毒素A

目的 建立一种基于核酸适配体检测玉米中赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)的方法。方法 以微孔板为载体, 采用偶联生物素和Cy3荧光标记的核酸适配体与OTA的特异性结合, 而与偶联黑洞淬灭探针(black hole quencher 2, BHQ2)的互补序列无法配对, 导致荧光值变化从而实现对OTA的定量检测。结果 优化的条件为链亲和素质量浓度为100 μg/mL, 核酸适配体浓度为200 nmol/L, 互补序列浓度为400 nmol/L, OTA在0.05~10.00 ng/mL范围具有较好的线性关系。与赭曲霉毒素B、黄曲霉毒素B1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的交叉反应率均低于1%, 玉米样品中添加OTA的平均回收率为89.0%~93.8%。结论 该方法快速、准确、灵敏, 交叉反应率低, 可用于样品中OTA的分析检测。     

Survey of ochratoxin A in rice from Iran using affinity column cleanup and HPLC with fluorescence detection

This paper records the occurrence and levels of ochratoxin A (OTA) in rice using a HPLC technique preceded by an immunoaffinity clean-up step. The method was based on the extraction of finely ground rice sample with an acetonitrile/water (60?:?40, v/v) solution. Recovery was 98.9% while the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2?ng?g^?1. A total of 182 rice samples were analyzed with a frequency of contamination of 6%. Levels of OTA in positive samples ranged 0.2–4.8?ng?g^–1, with an average contamination of all analyzed samples of 1.6?ng?g^–1.     

稻米中黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素A的研究进展

真菌毒素是由某些丝状真菌产生的有毒代谢产物,在自然界中普遍存在,严重威胁人畜健康。综述了黄曲霉毒素和赭曲霉毒素A的理化性质及危害,在稻米中的污染现状、限量标准及分析方法等方面进行阐述,希望能给真菌毒素的研究提供一些参考。      

The impact of roasting on the ochratoxin A content of coffee

Roasting coffee led to a drop in the ochratoxin A (OTA) concentration, as measured by the reference method, especially for dark type roasts. The way the beverage was prepared also affected the OTA content, which could paradoxically be higher than that of the initial roasted coffee. Assays on the thermal stability of pure OTA showed that it ought to be found in larger quantities in roasted coffee. This suggested that OTA was masked by reactions with the substrate during roasting. The absence of OTA in green coffee is therefore the best guarantee of safety.     

新疆葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A含量分析

赭曲霉毒素A（OTA）是葡萄及其深加工产品中主要的真菌毒素,同时也被国际癌症研究机构（IARC）定为2B类致癌物。 采用 酶联免疫法（ELISA）商业试剂盒对新疆四大产区葡萄酒中OTA含量进行调研分析,研究不同产区葡萄酒中OTA含量的差异;同时, 对不同葡萄品种酿造葡萄酒过程中发酵葡萄汁和葡萄酒的OTA含量进行测定,分析酿造过程中OTA的变化规律。 结果显示,34份葡 萄酒样品中OTA含量均未超过2 μg/L;其中,焉耆盆地和吐哈盆地葡萄酒中OTA含量较低,平均含量分别为0.19 μg/L、0.20 μg/L;在 白葡萄酒酿造过程中OTA含量呈显著的下降趋势,而红葡萄酒酿造中OTA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势。