Morphology of M23C6 precipitation in L12-ordered Ni3(Al, Cr)

A transmission electron microscope investigation has been performed on the morphology of M₂₃C₆ precipitation in L1₂-ordered Ni₃(Al, Cr) containing 0.1–0.5 mol% of carbon. By aging at temperatures around 1073 K after solution annealing at 1423 K, fine octahedral-shaped precipitates of M₂₃C₆ bounded by {111} facets appear first on the dislocations and then in the matrix. The shapes of the precipitates are not always equilateral but tetragonal or elongated octahedral ones appear during aging. Planar growth faults were observed in some of the octahedral precipitates. After prolonged aging or by aging at higher temperatures, these shapes of precipitates become unstable. The M₂₃C₆ precipitates then adopt a rod-like morphology elongated parallel to the 100 directions and characterized by steps bounded by {111} facets.     

固溶处理对53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢组织及碳化物的影响

利用FactSage软件中的FSstel数据库对53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢的相图进行计算,分析了氮元素对凝固及冷却过程中相变及析出相的影响,得到了53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢平衡凝固及冷却相变路径图,并用OM、SEM、XRD、EDS等对53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢在1200 ℃固溶3、10、20、40和60 min后的显微组织及碳化物演变规律进行了研究。结果表明,53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢由1600 ℃平衡冷却至300 ℃的过程中完整的平衡相变路径为:液相+气体→液相→液相+δ铁素体→液相+δ铁素体+奥氏体→液相+奥氏体→奥氏体→奥氏体+M₂₃C₆→奥氏体+M₂(C,N)+M₂₃C₆→奥氏体+M₂(C,N)+M₂₃C₆+α铁素体→奥氏体+M₂(C,N)+M₂₃C₆+α铁素体+σ相。M₂₃C₆的析出温度随着氮含量的增加而降低,M₂(C,N)的析出物温度随着氮含量的增加而升高,M₂₃C₆会因M₂(C,N)的析出受到抑制。53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢的铸态组织非常不均匀,奥氏体呈树枝晶状生长,枝晶间析出大量层片状碳化物。随着固溶时间的增加,分布在枝晶间的层片状碳化物逐渐变成块状及短棒状,碳化物的数量逐渐减少,粗壮的树枝晶也逐渐变得细小。53Cr21Mn9Ni4N耐热钢在1200 ℃固溶后的组织及碳化物均得到明显改善。     

无磁钻铤用Cr-Mn-Ni-N系高氮钢平衡凝固相变与析出行为

借助Thermo-Calc软件对无磁钻铤用Fe-(15~25)Cr-(15~25)Mn-(0~5)Ni-(0~1)Mo-(0~1)N-(0~0.8)C多元系高氮钢在凝固和冷却过程中的相变及析出行为进行研究。使用Thermo-Calc软件中的TCFE9数据库对该钢相图的垂直截面图进行计算,分析了Cr、Mn、Ni、Mo、N及C元素对无磁钻铤用高氮钢凝固及冷却过程中相变的影响,并得到了平衡凝固相变路径图。结果表明,增加Cr、Mn含量可显著提高合金中氮的溶解度,Mo元素可以微弱提高氮的溶解度,Ni、C元素显著降低氮的溶解度。Ni、C和N含量提高可扩大单相奥氏体相区,具有稳定奥氏体的作用,Cr、Mo与Mn元素缩小单相奥氏体相区,具有稳定铁素体的作用。N元素可以促进M₂(C,N)相析出,使M₂₃C₆相析出受到抑制。Cr、Mn元素可以促进Sigma相析出,C、N元素抑制Sigma相析出。M₂₃C₆相的析出主要受C含量的影响,随着C含量的升高,M₂₃C₆相的析出温度显著升高。     

Fe51Mn30Cr19低活化双相多主元合金中χ相与M23C6碳化物在475 ℃回火过程中的析出行为

通过XRD、SEM、EBSD和TEM等手段研究了低活化双相多主元合金Fe₅₁Mn₃₀Cr₁₉在475 ℃回火过程中χ相与M₂₃C₆的析出行为。结果表明,试验材料在回火过程中χ相与M₂₃C₆碳化物析出行为既有相似性又存在差异性。两种析出相的相似性是χ相与其基体铁素体相和M₂₃C₆与其基体奥氏体相都满足立方-立方位向关系,且析出相与基体晶格常数比值都十分接近3∶1。两种析出相在回火过程中差异性在于χ相首先以点状析出相形式于铁素体内部产生,析出过程不存在元素偏聚,而M₂₃C₆的析出总起始于铁素体/奥氏体界面,然后逐渐向铁素体区域扩展,析出过程存在明显的铬元素偏聚。根据两种析出相晶格结构并与其母相对比,分析了两种析出相的形成机理。通过对低活化双相多主元合金析出特征的分析,能够为析出相的控制与材料性能设计提供重要的参考依据。     

WC-Co based cemented carbides with large Cr3C2 additions

Five model alloys based on WC-16.6 vol% Co with different amounts of Cr₃C₂ (0–12 vol%) substituting WC were studied. Their microstructures were characterised with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Thermodynamic calculations on the C-Co-Cr-W system were carried out using the Thermo-Calc software. The microstructures were related to previously published results on properties (magnetic coercivity, hardness, transverse rupture strength and indentation fracture toughness) of these materials. The aim of this work was to investigate whether the positive effect of small Cr₃C₂ additions on grain refinement and various properties remains also for large Cr₃C₂ additions. For Cr₃C₂ additions larger than 2 vol%, the most obvious effect on the microstructure was the formation of a chromium- and cobalt-rich M₇C₃ carbide. The Cr/Co ratio of this phase depends on the amount of Cr₃C₂ substituting WC. Some large WC grains were present in the WC-Co material, but not in the materials with Cr₃C₂ additions. Apart from this, no major changes of the WC grain size with Cr₃C₂ content were observed. The partial replacement of tough binder by presumably brittle M₇C₃ carbide might explain the lower toughness of these materials.     

深冷处理对K6509钴基合金表面性能的影响

研究了K6509钴基合金样品在-196 ℃液氮中分别深冷24 h和48 h后的表面性能变化,并与未深冷样品进行对比。通过显微组织分析、XRD成分分析、硬度分析等技术手段研究了深冷处理对钴基合金表面性能的影响,并分析了深冷处理和滚磨光整加工后表面粗糙度和形貌的变化。结果表明:钴基合金在深冷处理24 h时,有部分碳化物发生粗化,同时伴随着细小碳化物析出,深冷48 h时细小碳化物减少,碳化物粗化现象消失,显微组织变得均匀;通过XRD图谱发现,深冷过程中相组成没有发生变化,但含M₂₇C₆碳化物的共晶相和含M₇C₃碳化物的共晶相出现峰移现象,M₂₇C₆碳化物相衍射峰强度发生明显变化;延长深冷时间能够显著提高硬度,深冷48 h硬度提高了17.6%;选择合理的深冷时间与滚磨光整加工相结合能显著提高表面质量,经深冷48 h+滚磨光整处理后,表面粗糙度下降最多,R_a由1.215 μm降到0.662 μm,其表面缺陷明显减少,表面一致性好。     

Investigation of the effect of the types and densities of grain boundary carbides on grain boundary cavitation resistance of AISI 321 stainless steel under creep–fatigue interaction

The effect of MX (where X=C, N) and M₂₃C₆ and their densities at the grain boundaries on creep–fatigue behavior of AISI 321 stainless steel are investigated. The creep–fatigue lives of fine MX and coarse MX aged alloys were longer than those of M₂₃C₆ aged alloy under the same test conditions. In order to better understand the difference in the creep–fatigue lives between the tested alloys, microstructural observations are conducted by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The differences in the creep–fatigue lives of the alloys are due to the stronger cavitation resistance of MX carbides compared with that of M₂₃C₆ carbides. From the microstructural observations, it is verified that formation and growth of grain boundary cavities in MX carbides are more retarded than in M₂₃C₆ carbides. Therefore, it is suggested that the types of carbides are a more prominent factor than the density of carbides for grain boundary cavitation in austenitic stainless steels.     

Y12Cr18Ni9Cu易切削钢的平衡凝固相变与MnS析出行为

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件对Y12Cr18Ni9Cu易切削钢在500～1800℃的析出相进行了热力学计算并得到了平衡凝固相变路径图。结果表明,Y12Cr18Ni9Cu易切削钢的平衡相主要有MnS、液相、δ-铁素体、奥氏体、M₂₃C₆、M₂(C,N)、σ相。平衡凝固和冷却相变路径：液相→液相+MnS→液相+δ-铁素体+MnS→液相+δ-铁素体+MnS+奥氏体→δ-铁素体+MnS+奥氏体→MnS+奥氏体→MnS+M₂₃C₆+奥氏体→MnS+M₂₃C₆+奥氏体+M₂(C, N)→MnS+M₂₃C₆+σ相+奥氏体+M₂(C, N)。随着S含量增加,MnS的析出量逐渐增加,析出温度也逐渐升高,Mn含量变化对MnS相的析出量几乎没有影响,但Mn含量增加会使MnS析出温度升高。Y12Cr18Ni9Cu易切削钢中的硫化物呈球形、椭球形、纺锤形或短棒状并以...     

焊接热循环对Ni-Fe基合金高温力学性能的影响

采用焊接热模拟试验,分析了焊接热循环对一种700℃超超临界火电机组高温部件候选材料——Ni-Fe基高温合金组织和高温性能的影响.结果表明,焊接热循环过程使合金中γ'相以及MC碳化物大量固溶.700℃持久试验中HAZ试样在400 MPa的持久断裂时间低于母材,300和350 MPa的持久断裂时间与母材相当.随着持久试验进行,HAZ组织中的晶界逐渐析出M₂₃C₆,晶内重新析出大量γ'相,使HAZ的持久性能逐渐恢复.高温焊接热循环使MC发生部分溶解,为M₂₃C₆在后续持久试验时效中的析出提供了C元素.     

热处理对稀土5Cr钢组织及析出相的影响

以稀土5Cr钢为对象,研究了热处理工艺(870、900、930 ℃保温50 min水淬,670、690、710 ℃保温90 min回火)对其组织及第二相析出行为的影响。结果表明,试验钢经870 ℃淬火后,组织未完全奥氏体化;随着淬火温度的升高,试验钢完全奥氏体化,原始奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸从900 ℃的13.49 μm增大到930 ℃的15.01 μm,且组织均匀性明显下降。合适的淬火温度为900 ℃。在670~710 ℃回火后,组织分布为回火屈氏体、回火屈氏体+回火索氏体、回火索氏体。回火后第二相为分布在基体上的Cr₇C₃碳化物及在界面聚集的Cr₂₃C₆碳化物。随着回火温度的升高,Cr₂₃C₆碳化物比例逐渐增加。为避免回火过程中M₂₃C₆型碳化物的聚集和粗化,合适的回火温度为690 ℃。     

G115马氏体耐热钢平衡析出相的热力学计算和分析

为了制备超10 t级G115马氏体耐热钢的大型铸件,需科学评估合金元素对析出行为的影响。采用Thermo-Calc软件的TCFe9数据库对G115马氏体耐热钢的平衡析出相进行热力学模拟计算,研究了主元素对G115钢平衡态析出相类型、析出量和析出温度的影响。计算结果表明:G115马氏体耐热钢在650 ℃下的析出相主要有MX相(FCC-A1#2:NbC)、M₂₃C₆、Laves相和富Cu相。其中NbC的析出温度为1148 ℃,M₂₃C₆的析出温度为871 ℃,Laves相的析出温度为811 ℃,富Cu相的析出温度为734 ℃。其中C和Cr对M₂₃C₆的析出有影响,C和Nb对NbC的析出有影响,W对Laves相的析出有影响,B对各相的析出均无明显影响。     

Microstructural characterization and abrasive wear performance of HVOF sprayed Cr3C2–NiCr coating

Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings were deposited by high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) process with different spray parameters to examine dominant microstructural factors in abrasive wear of the coatings. The microstructure of the HVOF sprayed Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The apparent average size and volume fraction of carbide particles in the coatings were estimated through a quantitative imaging analysis. The formation of carbide phases in the coating was discussed based on the TEM observation results. The abrasive wear behavior of the coating was evaluated by the dry rubber wheel abrasive wear test and the wear mechanisms were elucidated. Influences of apparent size and volume fraction of carbide particles on the abrasive wear weight loss were examined through correlating the proposed relation with the experimental results. Results showed that Cr₃C₂ particle size was significantly reduced after the spraying and Cr₇C₃ carbide was present around Cr₃C₂ particles, and Cr₂₃C₆ carbide was dispersed in NiCr alloy matrix with a nano-crystalline structure. The three carbides were formed in the coating through different mechanisms. The removal of carbide particles in the coating was mainly responsible for the abrasive wear of the coating. The content and particle size of the Cr₃C₂ carbides were the two key factors controlling the abrasive wear of the HVOF sprayed Cr₃C₂–NiCr coatings.     

Amorphization in the Al---C system by mechanical alloying

Mechanical alloying of a powder mixture of elemental Al and graphite has been performed in a high-energy ball mill. The structural evolution has been characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The carbide Al₄C₃ is first formed as an intermediate product. Further milling leads to destabilization of Al₄C₃. It is proposed that destabilization of Al₄C₃ is induced by the accumulated defects and the high pressure due to collision of the balls. Balling milling of the elemental Al---C powder mixture finally results in a f.c.c. solid solution with a carbon content up to 23 at%. Whereas an amorphous phase is formed in the composition range of 28–50 at% C.     

Effect of Intergranular Precipitation on the Internal Oxidation Behavior of Cr–Mn–N Austenitic Stainless Steels

The effect of intergranular precipitation on the internal oxidation behavior of Cr–Mn–N austenitic steels at 1000 °C in dry air atmosphere was investigated using scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that intergranular M23C6 carbide morphologies play an important role on the internal oxidation behavior of Cr–Mn–N steels. During the period of the oxidation, both discontinuous chain-shaped and continuous film-shaped intergranular M23C6 carbides precipitated along the grain boundaries. Internal oxides of silica preferentially intruded into the matrix along grain boundaries with discontinuous M23C6 carbide particles, while silica was obviously restricted at the interfaces between the external scale and matrix on the occasion of continuous film-shaped M23C6 carbides. It is seemed that reasonable microstructure could improve the oxidation resistance of Cr–Mn–N steels.     

Atomistic study on the site preference and thermodynamic properties for Cr23−xFexC6

The site preference of Fe in Cr_23−xFe_xC₆ is investigated based on the interatomic potentials obtained by the lattice inversion method. The calculated results show that Fe atoms preferentially substitute for Cr at 4a sites first and then 8c sites. The structural parameters of Cr_23−xFe_xC₆ with content x are calculated and the results are consistent with experimental results. The calculated cohesive energies indicate that the increase in x value is accompanied by the decrease in the stability of Cr_23−xFe_xC₆. The thermodynamic properties of Cr₂₃C₆, such as the phonon density of states and vibrational entropy, as well as the bulk modulus of Cr_23−xFe_xC₆ are evaluated. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental results. This work provides a simple and promising method for studying the properties of carbides with complex structures.     

激光熔覆Fe/NiCr-Cr3C2复合涂层的组织和磨损性能

利用激光熔覆技术在GCr15 钢表面制备Fe/NiCr-Cr₃C₂复合涂层,研究不同NiCr-Cr₃C₂含量对铁基涂层微观组织和磨损性能的影响。结果表明:随NiCr-Cr₃C₂含量的增多,复合涂层显微组织逐渐细化,在铁基合金里掺入NiCr-Cr₃C₂金属陶瓷粉末导致复合涂层里残留奥氏体含量增多,α-Fe相含量减少,截面硬度显著降低。当加入10%NiCr-Cr₃C₂时,复合涂层中出现较多的Cr₃C₂和Cr₂₃C₆硬质相,同时磨痕表面生成了具有减摩作用的氧化产物,从而降低了磨耗和摩擦阻力,使涂层表现出最佳的耐磨性能。     

Structural chemistry and phase relations in intermetallic systems Ti–{Pd,Pt}–Al

Phase relations in the ternary systems Ti–{Pd,Pt}–Al have been experimentally established for the partial isothermal sections at 950°C in the Pd/Pt-poor region (<25 at.% Pd/Pt). The investigation is based on X-ray powder diffraction, metallography, SEM and EMPA techniques on about 45 alloys, which were prepared by various methods employing arc melting, levitation melting under argon or by powder reaction sintering in closed crucibles. Three ternary compounds were observed at 950°C in the Ti–Pd–Al system: τ₃-(Ti,Pd)(Ti,Pd,Al)₂ with Laves-MgZn₂-type, τ₂-(Ti,Al)₆(Ti,Pd,Al)₂₃₊₁ with a filled Th₆Mn₂₃₊₁-type and τ₁-(Ti,Pd,Al)(Ti,Pd,Al)₃ with AuCu₃-type. Due to the wide extension of the Laves phase field, there is no compatibility among γTiAl and τ₂-(Ti,Al)₆(Ti,Pd,Al)₂₃₊₁. The Ti–Pt–Al system at 950°C contains three ternary compounds: τ₃-(Ti,Al)(Ti,Pt,Al)₂ with Laves-MgZn₂-type, τ₂-(Ti,Al)₆(Ti,Pt,Al)₂₃₊₁ with the filled Th₆Mn₂₃₊₁-type and τ₁-(Ti,Pt,Al) with Cu-type. Compatibility exists for Al-rich γTiAl and τ₂-(Ti,Al)₆(Ti,Pt,Al)₂₃₊₁. The typical feature for both alloy systems studied is the three-phase equilibrium: ₂Ti₃Al+γTiAl+τ₃-(Ti,Pd/Al)(Ti,Pd/Pt,Al)₂. The solid solubility of palladium and platinum in the binary titanium aluminides, as observed from EMPA and X-ray data, is rather small and at 950°C accounts to about 2.5 at.% Pd and 2.0 at.% Pt. Two new oxide compounds Ti₃PdAl₂O_x and Ti₃PtAl₂O_x with a filled Ti₂Ni-type are observed in both quaternary systems.     

Phase Transformation and Carbide Precipitation of Functional Gradient Semi-solid 9Cr18 Steel

The unique phase transformation and carbide evolution in 9Cr18 steel were investigated during semi-solid forming and subsequent heat treatment. The functional gradient thixoforging 9Cr18 component was divided into inner area and edge area. Microstructure evolution was different at each area. After semi-solid cooling, the solid particles in the inner area were retained as meta-austenite. During annealing, M_(23)C_6 carbide began to precipitate when temperature reached 700 °C.Martensite transformation occurred when temperature reached 800 °C. The occurrence of M_(23)C_6 carbide and martensite structure would be harmful to the mechanical properties of inner area. In the edge area, the liquid underwent eutectic transformation to form bar-shape M_7C_3 carbide and secondary austenite after semi-solid cooling. The width of bar-shape carbide would decrease during annealing. By controlling the carbide evolution, we could tailor the functional gradient material with required property.     

Precipitation Behavior of σ Phase in Ultra-Supercritical Boiler Applied HR3C Heat-Resistant Steel

The precipitation kinetics of σ phase in commercial HR3C heat-resistant steel during aging at 650–800 °C was studied in the paper. Through morphology, composition and structural analyzing on the second phase in the HR3C steel, it was confi rmed that the precipitations after aging were mainly NbCrN, M_23C_6 and FeCr type σ phase. The time-dependent mass change of the three precipitated phases showed that the linearly increased σ phase after aging at 750 °C–2000 h was transformed from NbCrN phase or M_23C_6 phase. According to the calculation on the volume fraction of electrolytically dyed σ phase, the time–temperature transformation(TTT) curve for σ phase at 1 vol% in two kinds of commercial HR3C steel(different in grain size) was obtained and analyzed. The nose of the TTT curve was located at around 750 °C for the two kinds of HR3C steel, and the larger grain size HR3C steel displayed a inhibit effect on the precipitation of σ phase. The impact energy of the HR3C steel after aging at 700 °C decreased obviously with the fracture mechanism changing from ductile fracture to intergranular brittle fracture, which was considered to be related to the density of σ-brittle phase after aging.     

激光熔覆VC-Cr7C3复合熔覆层的组织与力学性能

采用激光熔覆技术在Q235钢表面原位合成了VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,并研究激光扫描速度对熔覆层微观组织与力学性能的影响。利用扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪和X射线衍射仪等对熔覆层组织及性能进行分析。结果表明,激光熔覆技术可使V、Cr、C混合颗粒间发生原位反应形成VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层,其主要由黑灰色VC相、灰色Cr₇C₃相及{FeM}粘结相组成,其中Fe与Cr可共同形成Cr₇C₃相(M₇C₃)。激光熔覆凝固形状控制因子K与C元素的分布状况使得熔覆层顶部出现大量碳化物等轴晶组织,中部碳化物等轴晶的含量有所减小,而底部由于C含量较低,其碳化物含量较少,且碳化物晶粒形貌受到激光扫描速度的影响,在1 mm/s时碳化物呈树枝晶组织,在1.5 mm/s时呈等轴晶组织。同时在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层晶粒尺寸明显小于1 mm/s时的。以上熔覆层组织结构与成分变化使其硬度随层深的增加而降低,同时随着扫描速度的增加,熔覆层的硬度也逐渐增加,熔覆层的硬度高于Q235钢3倍以上。在1.5 mm/s时熔覆层摩擦因数为0.4,低于Q235钢基材的0.6,且熔覆层磨损量显著低于Q235钢基材。由此可知,激光熔覆VC-Cr₇C₃复合熔覆层可用于碳钢的表面高硬、耐磨改性。