电热作用对碳纤维/树脂复合材料界面应力的影响电热作用对碳纤维/树脂复合材料界面应力的影响

碳纤维/树脂复合材料广泛应用于民用航空器结构中,在服役期间会受到复杂环境（湿热、腐蚀、复杂应力和电热作用等）的作用,低强度电流对碳纤维/树脂复合材料的影响受到的关注较少。以碳纤维/树脂复合材料为研究对象,根据碳纤维的温敏效应和通电时的电阻变化规律,计算出碳纤维单丝/环氧树脂复合试样的界面温度范围,之后采用拉曼光谱测试和单丝断裂实验研究了低强度电流对单丝复合体系界面应力和界面剪切强度的影响。结果表明:随着电流强度的提高,单丝复合体系的界面温度随之升高,电流为8 mA时,界面温度高达约200℃。随着电流强度的增大,单丝复合体系的界面压缩应力表现为先增大后减小的趋势,电流高于7 mA后,界面处树脂出现烧蚀降解破坏;单丝断裂实验结果表明随着电流强度增大,单丝复合体系的界面剪切强度呈现先升后降的趋势,在6 mA时界面剪切强度达到最大值62.39 MPa,而8 mA时界面剪切强度仅为34.95 MPa。      

Preparation of SiC Fiber Reinforced Nickel Matrix Composite

A method of preparing continuous(Al+Al2O3)-coated SiC fiber reinforced nickel matrix composite was presented,in which the diffusion between SiC fiber and nickel matrix could be prevented.Magnetron sputtering is used to deposit Ni coating on the surface of the(Al+Al2O3)-coated SiC fiber in preparation of the precursor wires.It is shown that the deposited Ni coating combines well with the(Al+Al2O3) coating and has little negative effect on the tensile strength of(Al+Al2O3)-coated SiC fiber.Solid-state diffusion bonding process is employed to prepare the(Al+Al2O3)-coated SiC fiber reinforced nickel matrix with 37% fibers in volume.The solid-state diffusion bonding process is optimized and the optimum parameters are temperature of 870,pressure of 50 MPa and holding time of 2 h.Under this condition,the precursor wires can diffuse well,composite of full density can be formed and the(Al+Al2O3) coating is effective to restrict the reaction between SiC fiber and nickel matrix.     

不同界面SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸力学行为

利用国产三代SiC纤维通过化学气相渗透工艺(CVI)制备不同界面厚度和基体体积分数的SiC纤维束复合材料,并对其拉伸力学行为进行研究;同时,通过有限元方法研究界面厚度和基体体积分数对SiC纤维束复合材料热残余应力的影响。有限元分析结果表明:该纤维束复合材料的界面存在较为明显的径向和环向热残余应力,而且这两种应力均随着界面厚度增加而减小,随着基体体积分数的增加而增加。拉伸实验结果表明:随着界面厚度增加SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸强度有增大趋势,且纤维拔出长度也相应增加;但在界面厚度相同的情况下,过高的基体体积分数将导致复合材料拉伸强度和韧性下降。     

Determination of residual stresses in SiC monofilament reinforced metal-matrix composites using Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy has been used to follow the deformation of chemical vapour deposition type SCS-6 and Sigma 1140+ SiC monofilaments and to determine residual stresses in these SiC monofilaments reinforced metal-matrix composites. Raman bands at 1330 and 1600 cm⁻¹ due to carbon have been observed on the monofilament surface and it has been shown that both bands shift linearly to lower wavenumbers during tensile deformation. The residual stresses in SiC monofilament reinforced composites arising from thermal expansion mismatch have also been determined by measuring the shifts of carbon bands from the same monofilaments embedded in a Ti–6Al–4V matrix. The axial residual stresses in the carbon coating are found to be around −850 MPa for the SCS-6 composite and −540 MPa for the Sigma 1140+ composite.     

Analysis of Microstructure of Silicon Carbide Fiber by Raman Spectroscopy

The SiC fiber was prepared by chemical vapour depostion, which consists of tungsten core, SiC layer and carbon coating. The microstructure of the fiber was investigated using Raman spectroscopy, illustrating SiC variation in different region of the fiber. The result shows that the SiC layer can be subdivided into two parts in the morphologies of SiC grains; their sizes increase and their orientations become order with increasing distance from the fiber center. It is demonstrated that the mount of free carbon in the fiber is responsible for the variation of SiC grains in sizes and morphologies. The analysis of Raman spectra shows that the predominant β-SiC has extensive stacking faults within the crystallites and mixes other polytypes and amorphous SiC into the structure in the fiber.     

纤维涂层法制备SiCf/Cu复合材料及其性能分析

为研究纤维涂层法制备SiCf/Cu复合材料的性能特点,通过磁控溅射法先后将Ti6Al4V界面改性层和基体Cu涂层涂覆到SiC纤维表面,并通过真空热压法将被涂覆的纤维制备成SiCf/Cu复合材料.对Ti6Al4V涂层、Cu涂层以及复合材料进行了微观分析,并测试了复合材料的拉伸强度.研究表明,复合材料的Cu基体由致密而细小的晶粒组成;Ti6Al4V提高了纤维/基体界面结合强度,复合材料轴向抗拉强度高达500 MPa,界面脱粘主要发生在纤维表面的碳涂层与纤维之间.     

碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料湿热残余应力的微Raman光谱测试表征

采用微Raman光谱仪对碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料CF/EP(纤维体积分数为30%)的湿热残余应力进行了研究。实验结果表明：湿热残余应力能够使碳纤维Raman光谱发生频移,根据频移可对纤维所受湿热残余应力进行表征;选择合适的试验点是复合材料湿热残余应力Raman测试成功的关键;在湿热环境下长期吸湿,纤维所受轴向残余应力由吸湿前的热残余压应力转变成吸湿后的湿热残余拉应力;由吸湿后碳纤维所受湿热残余拉应力减去吸湿前热残余压应力获得的吸湿拉应力非常大,平均为2272 MPa,接近所用碳纤维的拉伸强度(2800 MPa);适当的加工热残余压应力有利于降低吸湿导致的应力。     

Measurement of residual stress in quenched 1045 steel by the nanoindentation method

In this paper, the residual stress in quenched AISI 1045 steel was measured by a recently developed nanoindentation technique. Depth control mode was adopted to measure the residual stress. It was found that residual compressive stress was generated in the quenched steel. The material around nanoindents exhibits significant pile-up deformation. A new method was proposed to determine the real contact area for pile-up material on the basis of invariant pile-up morphology of the loaded or unloaded states. The results obtained by the new method were in good agreement with the residual stresses measured by the classical X-ray diffraction (XRD) method.     

A study of mechanisms of stress transfer in continuous- and discontinuous-fibre model composites by laser Raman spectroscopy

The micromechanics of stress transfer in single-fibre/epoxy-resin model composites has been investigated. Two specimen geometries are examined incorporating both continuous and discontinuous fibres in epoxy resin blocks. In both cases, the point-by-point strain in the fibre is measured from the fibre Raman spectrum and its strain dependence. The continuous-fibre model composites (CFMC) are subjected to incremental tensile loading and the fibre fragmentation process is continuously monitored. The short-fibre model composites (SFMC) are loaded incrementally to levels of stress of sufficient magnitude to cause interfacial failure and the fibre strain profiles are obtained at each level of applied stress.

In addition to fibre strain measurements, the interfacial shear stress distribution is derived at each increment of applied stress by means of a balance-of-forces argument. The effects of fibre surface treatment and fibre modulus on the strain transfer profile and the distribution of the interfacial shear stress along the fibre are examined. The importance of parameters such as fibre/matrix debonding and interphase yielding in the vicinity of fibre breaks or fibre ends is discussed.     

Modeling the residual strength of carbon fiber reinforced composites subjected to cyclic loading

Fatigue and residual strength data available in literature were modeled with a modified two-parameter wear-out model based on strength degradation. The model explicitly accounts for the maximum applied stress and the stress ratio and requires a limited number of experimental data to predict with accuracy the fatigue life of a series of polymer-based composites. In this paper a substantial modification of the model is proposed in order to enhance its capability in predicting the residual strength kinetics with emphasis to the “sudden drop” of strength before catastrophic failure. It is argued that the strength degradation kinetics under given loading conditions can be obtained from the statistical distribution of cycles to failure under the same loading conditions. From the new approach no new parameters are introduced, limiting to a minimum the experimental data needed to predict the residual strength. The strength degradation law reliability is verified on three different materials data sets appeared in literature. The results indicate that both the fatigue life and the residual strength are related to the statistical distribution of the static strength.     

拉应力对玻璃纤维增强聚合物基复合材料介电强度的影响

在拉应力条件下, 测试了聚合物基体和单向玻璃纤维增强聚合物基复合材料的介电强度, 探索了聚合物基体和玻璃纤维/聚合物复合材料的介电强度与拉应力的关系, 提出并证明了聚合物基体的介电强度与拉应力呈负指数关系, 复合材料中纤维与基体的界面是影响材料介电强度的主要因素。     

Control of interfacial adhesion in continuous carbon and kevlar fiber reinforced polymer composites

Carbon fiber surfaces were treated by cold plasmas of oxygen, nitrogen, argon, ammonia, and propylene. A two-component bismaleimide, an epoxy, and a model thermoplastic resin polypropylene were used as the matrices for composites. The effectiveness of various plasmas in improving the interfacial adhesion between carbon fibers and matrix resins was demonstrated. Predominant adhesion promotion mechanisms as influenced by various plasma treatments were determined. Oxygen and argon plasmas were found to promote mechanical keying by increasing the level of fiber surface roughness and porosity. The wettability of carbon fiber surface by the matrix resin was also enhanced by oxygen plasmas and argon plasmas (to a lesser extent), as evidenced by the increased total surface energies and their polar components. These surface energy increases are mainly due to the various oxygen-containing functional groups observed on the oxygen plasma-treated surface. For the cases of ammonia and combined ammonia/argon plasma treatments, possible chemical bonding between bismaleimide and the plasma-deposited amine groups is one important promoter of interfacial bonding. In these cases increased wettability was also observed. Ammonia and ammonia/argon plasmas appear to be the more appropriate treatments for carbon-fiber/thermoset resin composites considering that they generally do not induce any appreciable reduction in fiber strength. In contrast, excessively prolonged exposure of carbon fibers to oxygen, nitrogen or argon plasma could lead to a significant reduction in fiber strength. The plasma-polymerized polypropylene deposited on the fiber surface was capable of improving the compatibility and adhesion between the fiber and the polypropylene matrix.     

Effects of mean stress and stress concentration on fatigue behavior of short fiber reinforced polymer composites

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of mean stress on fatigue behavior of two short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites and the effect of stress concentration on fatigue behavior of an unreinforced and a short glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic. Load‐controlled fatigue tests were conducted on unnotched (smooth) specimens at R ratios of ?1, 0.1, and 0.3 in different mold flow directions or fiber orientations and at a range of temperatures between ?40 and 125 °C. Effect of mean stress on fatigue life was found to be significant at all temperatures. Several mean stress parameters including modified Goodman, Walker, and Smith–Watson–Topper were evaluated for their ability to correlate mean stress data. A general fatigue life prediction model was also used to account for the effect of mean stress, temperature, and fiber orientation. Notched fatigue tests of an unreinforced polymer and a short glass fiber thermoplastic composite were also conducted using plate type specimens with a central circular hole and with or without the presence of mean stress. Effect of stress concentration was found to be considerable, with or without mean stress and in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The commonly used Neuber's rule for metallic materials, nonlinear finite element analysis, as well as critical distance approaches were utilized for notch deformation and fatigue life analyses.     

Evaluation of interfacial shear strength and residual stress of sol-gel derived fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates

Interfacial shear strength is one of the critical properties in bioceramic coatings on metal implants because it directly affects the success of implantation and long-term stability. In this study, shear strain lag method was employed to evaluate the interfacial shear strength of sol-gel derived fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHA) coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates. The residual stresses were measured using the “wafer curvature method”. The resultant interfacial shear strength increased from pure HA’s ∼393-459 MPa as fluorine was increased to 1.96 at% and further increased to ∼572 MPa as fluorine increased to 3.29 at%. The residual stresses in the coating also decreased from pure HA’s ∼273-190 MPa and further to ∼137 MPa as fluorine composition in the coating increased. The reduction in the residual stress mainly comes from the reduction in the difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between the coating and the titanium alloy substrate.     

纤维增强复合材料界面脱层和基体裂纹的模拟分析

基于Ghosh提出的Voronoi单元有限元方法,构造能同时反映纤维增强复合材料界面脱层和基体裂纹扩展的单元(X-VCFEM单元);应用界面力学理论和断裂力学理论,建立界面脱层、界面裂纹扩展方向和基体裂纹扩展的判断准则;结合网格重划分技术,模拟分析了只含有一个夹杂时界面脱层和基体裂纹扩展的过程,并通过与传统有限元计算结果的比较,验证X-VCFEM单元的可靠性和有效性;同时,模拟分析含任意随机分布夹杂的纤维增强复合材料界面脱层和基体裂纹的产生和扩展过程。结果表明：应用该方法模拟复杂多相复合材料裂纹问题具有计算速度快和精度高的优越性。     

Influence of residual stress on diffusion-induced bending in bilayered microcantilever sensors

The influence of residual stress on diffusion-induced bending in bilayered microcantilever sensors has been analyzed under the framework of thermodynamic theory and Fick's second law. A self-consistent diffusion equation involving the coupling effects of residual stress and diffusion-induced stress is developed. Effects of thickness ratio, modulus ratio, diffusivity ratio and residual stress gradient of film and substrate on the curvature of bilayered cantilever are then discussed with the help of finite difference method. Results reveal that the curvature of bilayered cantilever increases with decreasing the diffusivity ratio and modulus ratio of substrate to film at a given time. Case study of the polysilicon/palladium hydrogen sensor has been finally carried out using the above developed bending theory.     

Study on stress evolution in SiC particles during crack propagation in cast hybrid metal matrix composites using Raman spectroscopy

The evolution of stress in the SiC particles during crack propagation under monotonic loading in a cast hybrid MMC was investigated by micro Raman spectroscopy. The experiment was carried out in situ in the Raman spectroscopy. Experimental results showed that cracks due to monotonic loading propagated by the debonding of the particle/matrix interface and particle fracture. Secondary cracks those formed in front of the main crack tip coalesced with the main crack in subsequent loading and final failure occurred. A high decrease in stress (several hundreds in MPa) was observed with the interfacial debonding at the interface and with the particle fracture on the particle. Moreover, the critical tensile stresses for particle–matrix interface debonding and particle fracture developed in hybrid MMC were also estimated during the crack propagation.     

三维打印碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料热残余解析解

三维打印碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料因层间材料失配和打印过程中梯度降温而产生热残余现象,影响工件成形质量。本文取代简单的同步降温假设,提出了符合实际制备工艺的梯度降温概念,据此建立了三维打印正交铺层复合材料板和梁的热残余变形和应力的解析解。为反映三维打印过程中随时序动态变化的制备和降温过程,考虑每层制备轮次的降温梯度并进行热残余分析,最后合成得到热残余变形和应力。讨论了4种梯度降温模式,覆盖了所有可能的三维打印工艺。以CFRP复合材料三维打印为例,验证了本文解析解的精度和可靠性,显示了同步降温假设会产生显著的误差,表明热残余水平与降温梯度成正比,讨论了铺层方式对热残余的影响。为优化三维打印CFRP复合材料的结构设计和制备工艺、降低热残余水平提供了可靠的分析方法。      

Correlation between the defect structure and the residual stress distribution in ZnO visualized by TEM and Raman microscopy

A deep understanding of the appearance and distribution of residual stresses in ZnO is of high importance as mechanical stresses directly influence its electrical and optical properties. In this paper we investigate the correlation between residual stresses and the plastic deformation below a micro indent placed on a prism plane of a ZnO single crystal. The residual stress field was mapped by means of confocal Raman microscopy. A cross section was studied by transmission electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence to visualize defect structures. In the Raman measurement bands of residual stresses were observed. The analysis of the defect structure showed that the residual stress distribution corresponds to crystallographic directions which are known to be the preferred directions for plastic deformation. The preparation of lamellae by FIB strongly alters both the residual stress state as well as the defect density caused by plastic deformation.     

Internal stress behavior of the short ceramic fiber reinforced aluminum alloy under tensile deformation

The in situ measurement of phase stress under tensile deformation on an A6061 alloy reinforced with SiC whiskers (Al/SiCw MMC: Metal Matrix Composite) was performed using the X-ray diffraction technique. In order to raise a preciseness of measurements, we applied a profile fitting technique to separate the nearby located diffraction peak. Tensile deformation on elastic to plastic range was applied by four points bending device and discussed internal stress behavior in the short ceramic fiber reinforced MMC. Phase stress in Al matrix was increased linearly up to 2800×10⁻⁶ in strain and then saturated immediately. On the other hand phase stress in SiC whiskers shows an unstable stress behavior. It was decreased at first because of the Poisson's effect from Al matrix but reversed over 500×10⁻⁶ applied strain. The measured phase stress behavior in elastic region agreed with the calculations using micromechanics based on Eshelby/Mori–Tanaka model except for this unstable internal stress region. The macro stress behavior in plastic region was extremely small than that of the tensile test results. It supposed that the mechanism of strength is not so much the fiber reinforcing as the dispersion strengthening like the Orowan mechanism. Regarding the fatigue property, ΔK_th of the Al/SiC MMC, this was lower than that of the A6061 alloy. On the Al/SiCw MMC specimen, many micro void formations were observed around the fatigue crack tip even under the ΔK_th of A6061. It was considered that these were caused by the high gradient of residual stress on composite process and the unstable stress behavior in low ΔK region.