裂隙边坡降雨入渗及稳定性分析

为探讨降雨条件下裂隙边坡的渗流及稳定性,选取典型斜坡体的概化模型为研究对象,基于岩土体饱和-非饱和渗流理论,模拟不同裂隙深度和降雨时效下边坡土体孔隙水压力分布及稳定性变化。研究结果表明,坡体裂隙的存在导致雨水迅速入渗,改变了坡体水流的入渗过程和路径;裂隙周围土体孔隙水压力急剧增加,土体有效应力减小,导致土体强度降低;不同深度的裂隙边坡在相同降雨强度下,裂隙越深,边坡稳定性系数下降越快,即越易失稳。     

考虑潜蚀影响的降雨入渗边坡稳定性分析

在降雨入渗作用下土坡内细颗粒会随渗流发生运移产生潜蚀作用。通过联立颗粒运移方程与非饱和土渗流方程,结合非饱和土水力特性方程和土体潜蚀本构关系,建立了渗流潜蚀耦合的边坡稳定性分析模型。采用有限元方法模拟了降雨入渗作用下潜蚀和入渗的相互作用,分析了初始饱和渗透系数、进气值参数对入渗和边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明：潜蚀主要发生在湿润锋范围内浅层土体,潜蚀加速了湿润锋下行速度,进一步降低边坡稳定性;饱和渗透系数、进气值是影响渗流潜蚀作用的主要因素;当降雨入渗强度大于饱和渗透系数时,饱和渗透系数越大,潜蚀对入渗和边坡稳定性的影响越显著;进气值越小,潜蚀作用对入渗和边坡稳定性的影响越显著。     

裂隙非饱和渗流试验研究及有地表入渗的裂隙岩体渗流数值分析

就单裂隙非饱和水力参数的试验测定和数值模拟确定、单裂隙非饱和渗流的机理、有地表入渗的裂隙岩体饱和非饱和渗流数值分析以及地表入渗对岩坡稳定性的影响等方面展开了较为深入的研究，并将上述研究成果应用于实际大型工程问题的分析中。主要内容如下：（1）借鉴前人的研究成果，基于动力法原理（即逐次建立水相和气相之间的稳定流动状态），首次研制出一套可同时测定单裂隙毛细压力－饱和度以及非饱和渗透系数－毛细压力关系的实验装置，并提出一种用该实验装置来测定单裂隙非饱和水力参数的物模试验法，使得通过试验来测定单裂隙非饱和水力参数成为可能。（2）运用分形几何和蒙特卡洛模拟等理论，提出一种更合理的确定单裂隙非饱和水力参数的数值试验法，并开发相应的模拟程序。由于该法在生成裂隙充水域时考虑了水和气的“圈闭”效应，故能模拟出裂隙排水与吸水过程间客观存在的滞后现象，这是以往数值试验法所不能做到的。（3）把裂隙岩体等效力连续介质来处理，建立有地表入渗的裂隙岩体饱和非饱和渗流的数学模型。以Galerkin有限元法为模拟手段，研制了相应的算法，并编制了考虑地表入渗的三维饱和非饱和渗流有限元计算程序SUSS3D。算例分析表明，上述模型和计算程序是合理可行的。（4）引入非饱和土的抗剪强度理论，运用刚体极限平衡法，研制出了地表入渗影响下的央坡稳定性验算程序ZSLP。该程序考虑了非饱和带基质吸力对央体抗剪强度的贡献以及暂态附加水荷载的不利作用，使计算结果更贴近实际。（5）将上述研究成果应用于小湾电站水垫塘区岸坡降雨入渗分析，溪洛渡电站水垫塘区岸坡雾化雨入渗分析以及雾化雨入渗对溪洛渡电站水垫塘区岸坡稳定性的影响等实际工程问题的研究。结果表明：地表入渗确会给边坡稳定带来不利的影响，并且本文的模型和计算程序均是合理可行的。     

降雨入渗条件下裂隙发育的黄土边坡稳定性分析研究

在持续降雨的条件下,雨水在黄土边坡上沿垂直裂隙方向入渗,并产生渗流力。结合黄土边坡裂隙法和非饱和土渗流理论,建立边坡破坏模型,推导出裂隙发育的黄土边坡在渗流力作用下的稳定性系数计算公式。结合具体的工程实例,分析讨论垂直裂隙深度和渗流力对黄土边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:黄土边坡稳定性随垂直裂隙深度增加而降低;考虑渗流力时的黄土边坡安全系数比不考虑渗流力时的安全系数明显降低,且随着入渗深度的增加,边坡安全系数降低得越多;随着裂隙深度的增加,渗流力对边坡稳定性的影响逐渐减小,且入渗深度越大时,减小得越明显。     

有地表人渗的裂隙岩体渗流数值分析及工程应用

有地表入渗的裂隙岩体渗流是一饱和非饱和渗流过程。针对裂隙密度较大的岩体,把裂隙岩体等效为连续介质来处理,建立了有地表入渗的裂隙岩体饱和非饱和渗流数学模型。采用有限元方法作为数值模拟手段,编制了考虑地表入渗的饱和非饱和渗流有限元计算程序。用一室内模型试验对程序的可靠性进行了检验,检验结果表明模型和计算程序是合理的。最后介绍了程序在一实际工程问题中的应用。     

交河故城土遗址边坡降雨非饱和入渗分析

降雨非饱和入渗是诱发边坡失稳滑动的主要原因之一。本文基于饱和-非饱和降雨入渗理论,建立饱和-非饱和降雨入渗模型,并进一步建立了其数值计算模型,发展了相应的数值模拟技术。在前人工作的基础上,编制完善了饱和-非饱和降雨入渗有限元计算程序。选取新疆交河故城土遗址一典型边坡,详细分析了一个较为完整降雨入渗过程中边坡内部渗流场的分布特征;结果表明:所建立的饱和-非饱和降雨入渗模型较好的描述了降雨过程中边坡内部的渗流场分布,为进一步分析边坡在降雨非饱和入渗条件下的稳定性提供了支持。     

降雨入渗对边坡稳定性影响的强度折减法

为进行降雨入渗对边坡稳定性分析,需要考虑非饱和渗流场与应力场之间的相互耦合作用,ABAQUS具有良好的渗流场和应力场之间耦合的分析功能,故采用ABAQUS有限元软件结合强度折减技术对某一典型土堤边坡进行降雨入渗下的边坡稳定性分析,从而得到了边坡的滑裂面以及安全系数。并与基于传统极限平衡法理论的瑞典条分法和Janbu法结构进行对比,验证了有限元方法结果的可靠性。实例分析结果表明,基于ABAQUS的有限元强度折减法计算结果合理可靠,是进行降雨入渗对边坡稳定性这一复杂问题分析的有效方法。同时,研究了降雨时长及入渗强度对边坡的稳定性影响,定量分析了二者对该工程的影响,可为工程实践提供参考依据。     

强降雨下元磨公路典型工程边坡稳定性研究

根据饱和非饱和降雨入渗有限元模拟技术和非饱和土强度理论,研究考虑非饱和区强度变化及饱和区渗透力影响的降雨过程边坡稳定性强度折减分析法.将此方法应用于元磨公路K261段典型滑坡体工程边坡,进行降雨过程边坡变形情况及稳定性变化分析.分析结果表明:在强降雨条件下,地表水入渗将直接导致非饱和区范围缩小、压力水头升高及局部暂态饱和区出现;考虑非饱和区强度变化及饱和区渗透力影响,降雨入渗时边坡稳定性将明显下降;现实施的抗滑桩、预应力锚索等加固结构对提高工程边坡稳定性有重要作用,但目前边坡稳定程度仍处于较低的安全裕度状态;连续降雨同时存在地震的极端条件,边坡可能再次失稳滑移.加强坡面防渗坡体排水对提高边坡稳定性具有重要作用.为确保工程边坡长期稳定,建议在6级工程边坡平台位置局部增设预应力锚索抗滑桩.     

考虑非饱和渗流过程的岩体变形规律分析

蓄水初期谷幅变形异常是我国特高拱坝面临的新问题,考虑岩体从非饱渗流和到饱和渗流转变过程中的变形机制亟待研究。基于岩体从非饱和渗流到饱和渗流的过渡过程,推导岩体在非饱和渗流–应力耦合作用下的控制方程,建立非饱和岩体水力耦合模型,并应用于圆柱试件和边坡入渗过程的变形分析。结果表明:岩体从非饱渗流和到饱和渗流转变过程中,饱和度的改变是引起岩体变形的重要因素之一。研究成果对揭示特高拱坝蓄水初期坝体及山体异常变形机制具有重要的指导意义。     

入渗条件下膨胀土边坡换填处治效果数值模拟研究

在膨胀土分布区域,膨胀土问题是工程中主要的工程问题之一。为研究降雨入渗条件对膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响,考虑非饱和渗流场和应力场的耦合作用,采用ABAQUS大型有限元软件结合强度折减法对不同换填工况下的膨胀土边坡稳定性进行计算,获得边坡安全系数。计算结果表明,降雨入渗对边坡的稳定性具有明显的影响,不同换填工况均能有效提高边坡稳定性。同时,基于ABAQUS大型有限元软件的强度折减法对降雨入渗条件下的边坡稳定性分析结果较合理,可以为工程实践提供参考依据。     

裂隙岩质边坡渗流与非连续变形耦合过程分析

 裂隙岩体中的渗流–应力耦合作用是岩质边坡失稳的重要因素之一。离散裂隙网络(DFN)模型用于研究裂隙岩体渗流,具有概念简单、效率高、适用性强的优点,是研究裂隙岩体渗流问题最为有效的手段之一。非连续变形分析(DDA)方法是专门针对裂隙岩体的非连续特性提出的一种变形场求解方法,能够更加真实地刻画工程岩体。将DFN模拟和DDA方法结合起来,提出基于DDA-DFN的渗流–应力耦合模型,给出考虑裂隙渗流情况下岩体块体系统的瞬时平衡方程,用于研究裂隙岩体变形对渗流的影响和渗流–应力耦合作用下裂隙岩体的变形破坏特征。利用该耦合模型,对一大型水利水电工程边坡稳定性进行分析。结果表明,水库蓄水后,地下水大幅度抬升,渗流–应力耦合作用加剧,导致边坡裂隙岩体中的关键部位发生大变形甚至破坏,进而触发边坡的进一步失稳。实例分析验证了这种方法用于边坡稳定性分析的有效性。     

Coupled hydro-mechanical model for fractured rock masses using the discontinuous deformation analysis

A coupling analysis model is proposed to study the hydro-mechanical response of the fluid flow in fractured rock mass with the method of discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). The DDA coupled hydro-mechanical model is interpreted in details by expressing the fracture fluid flow equations, the coupling process and the global coupled equations. For the mechanical response, the hydraulic pressure is determined first, followed by the coupled motion equations expressed under the DDA framework, to study the interaction between the fluid flow along the fractures and the movement of the rock blocks. In the fluid flow analysis, the cubic law is applied to study the steady flow along the fractures using the finite difference method (FDM). A real case of cavern excavation is analyzed by the proposed DDA coupled 2D hydro-mechanical model, to study the influence of fluid flow on the rock cavern stability during the excavation phase. The results show that the DDA coupled hydro-mechanical model is suitable for the stability and seepage analysis of practical engineering problems.     

裂隙岩体渗流–损伤–断裂耦合模型及其应用

 从岩体结构力学和细观损伤力学的角度出发,根据裂隙发育与工程尺度的关系,建立合理且适用的裂隙岩体渗流–损伤–断裂耦合数学模型,该模型能真实反映渗流场与应力场耦合作用下裂隙岩体的损伤演化特性,并能模拟由于渗透压的存在和变化引起的拟连续岩体内翼形裂纹的开裂、扩展和贯通等损伤演化特性和高序次贯通裂隙的张开、闭合。建立考虑渗透压力的三维含水裂隙岩体弹塑性断裂损伤本构方程和损伤应力状态作用下流体渗流方程,给出该数学模型的求解策略与方法,开发裂隙岩体渗流–损伤–断裂耦合分析的的三维有限元计算程序DSDFC.for。该计算程序能模拟岩体分步开挖、应力和渗流边界的动态变化,对裂隙岸坡蓄水加载过程进行渗流–损伤–断裂耦合分析,发现水库蓄水后岸坡山体的竖向抬升,随水位上升岸坡破损区增大,断层塑性区向岸坡深部扩展,与裂隙渗流比较,拟连续岩体渗流滞后。     

Experimental study of the hydro-mechanical behavior of rock joints using a parallel-plate model containing contact areas and artificial fractures

In recent years, geological disposal of radioactive wastes is considered to be the most promising option, which requires the understanding of the coupled mechanical, hydraulic and thermal properties of the host rock masses and rock fractures. The hydro-mechanical behavior and properties of rock fractures are usually determined by laboratory experiments on fracture specimens that serve as the basic building block of the constitutive models of fractured rock masses.Laboratory testing of rock fractures involve a number of technical issues that may have significant impacts on the reliability and applicability of the testing results, chief among them are the quantitative estimation of the evolutions of hydraulic transmissivity fields of fractures during shear under different normal constraint conditions, and the sealing techniques when fluid flow during shear is involved. In this study, a new shear-flow testing apparatus with specially designed fluid sealing techniques for rock fractures were developed, under constant normal load (CNL) or constant normal stiffness (CNS) constraint. The topographical data of all fracture specimens were measured before testing to constitute the geometrical models for simulating the change of mechanical aperture distributions during shearing. A number of shear-flow coupling tests were carried out on three kinds of rock fracture specimens to evaluate the influence of morphological properties of rock fractures on their hydro-mechanical behaviour. Some empirical relations were proposed to evaluate the effects of contact area and surface roughness on the behavior of fluid flow through rock fractures.     

裂隙岩体非恒定渗流场与弹性应力场动态全耦合分析

为更真实地反映在环境条件变化以及施工过程等因素作用下渗流场和变形场的行为规律，在裂隙岩体介质小变形的假定下，基于不可压缩水流在复杂应力状态作用下的裂隙岩体介质中运动的一般方程，建立两场动态全耦合的有限元数值模拟方法。在耦合分析中采用统一域混合模型模拟渗流场，对弹性变形场的模拟则采用多裂隙岩体介质和离散裂隙介质分别模拟的方法。对建立的耦合模型采用四自由度全耦合法结合有限元数值方法直接求解，对无压流中自由面的处理则采用固定网格法中的改进初流量法。最后针对水库裂隙岸坡算例，进行能模拟水库蓄水加载过程的静态、动态耦合有限元分析，揭示水库蓄水过程中裂隙岸坡位移场和渗流场的基本变化规律。分析结果表明，考虑蓄水过程中渗流的动态效应时，将会使水库岸坡产生较大的差异沉陷，从而对岸坡的稳定性产生不利影响，对于缓慢蓄水过程可以近似作为静态问题处理。     

Modeling the effect of water, excavation sequence and rock reinforcement with discontinuous deformation analysis

A powerful numerical method that can be used for modeling rock-structure interaction is the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method developed by Shi in 1988. In this method, rock masses are treated as systems of finite and deformable blocks. Large rock mass deformations and block movements are allowed. Although various extensions of the DDA method have been proposed in the literature, the method is not capable of modeling water-block interaction, sequential loading or unloading and rock reinforcement; three features that are needed when modeling surface or underground excavation in fractured rock. This paper presents three new extensions to the DDA method. The extensions consist of hydro-mechanical coupling between rock blocks and steady water flow in fractures, sequential loading or unloading, and rock reinforcement by rockbolts, shotcrete or concrete lining. Examples of application of the DDA method with the new extensions are presented. Simulations of the underground excavation of the ‘Unju Tunnel’ in Korea were carried out to evaluate the influence of fracture flow, excavation sequence and reinforcement on the tunnel stability. The results of the present study indicate that fracture flow and improper selection of excavation sequence could have a destabilizing effect on the tunnel stability. On the other hand, reinforcement by rockbolts and shotcrete can stabilize the tunnel. It is found that, in general, the DDA program with the three new extensions can now be used as a practical tool in the design of underground structures. In particular, phases of construction (excavation, reinforcement) can now be simulated more realistically. However, the method is limited to solving two-dimensional problems.     

Groundwater flow through fractured rocks and seepage control in geotechnical engineering: Theories and practices

Groundwater flow through fractured rocks has been recognized as an important issue in many geotechnical engineering practices. Several key aspects of fundamental mechanisms, numerical modeling and engineering applications of flow in fractured rocks are discussed. First, the microscopic mechanisms of fluid flow in fractured rocks, especially under the complex conditions of non-Darcian flow, multiphase flow, rock dissolution, and particle transport, have been revealed through a combined effort of visualized experiments and theoretical analysis. Then, laboratory and field methods of characterizing hydraulic properties (e.g. intrinsic permeability, inertial permeability, and unsaturated flow parameters) of fractured rocks in different flow regimes have been proposed. Subsequently, high-performance numerical simulation approaches for large-scale modeling of groundwater flow in fractured rocks and aquifers have been developed. Numerical procedures for optimization design of seepage control systems in various settings have also been proposed. Mechanisms of coupled hydro-mechanical processes and control of flow-induced deformation have been discussed. Finally, three case studies are presented to illustrate the applications of the improved theoretical understanding, characterization methods, modeling approaches, and seepage and deformation control strategies to geotechnical engineering projects.     

基于有限元方法的裂隙岩体等效强度参数研究

 利用等效连续介质力学方法分析裂隙岩体中工程稳定性时,选择合理的裂隙岩体等效强度参数是取得可靠分析结论的前提。依据建立的裂隙岩体网格,结合岩石统计损伤模型和结构面损伤模型,通过有限元数值方法研究裂隙岩体加载中的渐进破坏过程,以及裂隙岩体等效抗压强度的尺寸效应和各向异性。分析结果表明,从岩块到岩体,岩体等效抗压强度很快降低至稳定幅度,岩体抗压强度的各向异性也不显著。最后,对10 m尺寸的岩体进行不同围压下抗压强度的数值分析,得到裂隙岩体的强度参数,并和Hoek-Brown经验准则进行对比。文中的分析方法对于工程裂隙岩体的宏观参数取值具有参考价值。     

岩石节理剪切渗流耦合试验及分析

节理岩体内渗流的发生主要是通过断裂节理网络产生,节理面的几何特性和受力特征决定和影响着节理裂隙的渗透性质,从而极大地影响着水下隧道及地下硐室中的渗流。应用自行研制开发的试验设备(岩石节理单一剪切-渗流试验机(SMT-E-4010)),在恒定法向荷载和恒定法向刚度的边界条件下,对不同接触状态下的岩石断裂节理试件分别进行一系列节理的剪切渗流耦合试验,研究剪切过程中力学性质、水力学性质的变化情况;同时,结合立方准则对试验数据进行分析讨论。试验结果表明:节理力学性质,水力开度和透过率在剪切过程中呈现出两阶段的变化性质。     

岩质边坡动力稳定性分析的几个要点

 重点讨论动荷载作用下岩质边坡稳定性的3个基本问题：(1) 动荷载作用下裂隙岩体的力学特性;(2) 边坡动力响应及安全评价;(3) 边坡加固措施(主要指锚索)在动力荷载作用下的安全性问题。在总结多年来的工作经验与研究积累的基础上,探讨边坡动力稳定性评价方法,特别是对于在地震、爆破动荷载作用下,岩质高边坡稳定性的安全评价;总结提出岩体在动荷载作用下的强度特性与研究重点;系统分析岩质边坡的动力响应;提出从动安全系数走向、潜在滑动面的动态开裂和滑移及边坡关键点的质点振动速度3个方面来评价边坡动力稳定性的思路与方法;最后就如何评价边坡预应力锚索加固措施在动荷载作用下的安全性提出科学的设计原则与评价指标。