Microbial performance of food safety management systems implemented in the lamb production chain

The actual microbial status of the lamb production chain at three slaughterhouses, one processing plant, and five butcher shops selling whole or cut lamb carcasses to consumers was assessed with a previously developed microbial assessment scheme. All studied establishments had a food safety management system (FSMS) that was implemented according to legislative requirements. Microbial safety level profiles were constructed for each establishment and provided clear indications of which pathogens, hygiene indicators, or utility parameters required attention to improve the performance of the microbiological control protocols of the implemented FSMS. The highest contamination was found in the slaughterhouses in samples taken from the meat products (aerobic mesophilic plate counts [AMPs] of 3.40 to 6.63 log CFU/cm(2) and Enterobacteriaceae counts of 1.00 to 4.62 log CFU/cm(2)), contact surfaces (AMPs of 2.44 to 8.92 log CFU/cm(2)), and operators' hands and/or gloves (AMPs of 2.84 to 8.09 log CFU/cm(2)), especially after hide removal and evisceration. The microbial assessment scheme is a useful tool for providing insight into the actual microbiological results achieved with an FSMS implemented in establishments at various stages along the lamb production chain.     

国内外食品卫生微生物标准体系探究

主要对国内外食品卫生微生物标准体系中的食品种类、检验项目、限量标准、应用要求、取样计划等内容进行比较分析,指出我国食品卫生微生物标准体系与食品法典委员会(CAC)、国际食品微生物规格委员会(ICMSF)及发达国家相比存在的差距和不足,提出了完善我国食品卫生微生物标准体系的建议。     

Food safety management systems performance in African food processing companies: a review of deficiencies and possible improvement strategies

This study seeks to provide insight into current deficiencies in food safety management systems (FSMS) in African food‐processing companies and to identify possible strategies for improvement so as to contribute to African countries' efforts to provide safe food to both local and international markets. This study found that most African food products had high microbiological and chemical contamination levels exceeding the set (legal) limits. Relative to industrialized countries, the study identified various deficiencies at government, sector/branch, retail and company levels which affect performance of FSMS in Africa. For instance, very few companies (except exporting and large companies) have implemented HACCP and ISO 22000:2005. Various measures were proposed to be taken at government (e.g. construction of risk‐based legislative frameworks, strengthening of food safety authorities, recommend use of ISO 22000:2005, and consumers' food safety training), branch/sector (e.g. sector‐specific guidelines and third‐party certification), retail (develop stringent certification standards and impose product specifications) and company levels (improving hygiene, strict raw material control, production process efficacy, and enhancing monitoring systems, assurance activities and supportive administrative structures). By working on those four levels, FSMS of African food‐processing companies could be better designed and tailored towards their production processes and specific needs to ensure food safety. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

ISO22000体系在大型活动餐饮服务食品安全保障中的应用

摘 要：目的：在大型活动餐饮服务食品安全保障中应用ISO22000 食品安全管理体系, 预防与控制大型活动餐饮服务食品安全保障过程中可能存在的潜在危害。方法：根据 ISO22000 食品安全管理体系标准, 在前提方案（PRP）建立的基础上,对餐饮服务食品安全保障各道工序进行识别和评估,完善了操作性前期方案（OPRP）,确定关键控制点（CCP）,制定了关键限值和控制限值,预防、消除或减少食品安全危害至规定的可接受水平。结果:通过操作性前提方案(OPRP)与HACCP 工作计划,确定6个操作性前期控制点和6个关键控制点（CCP）,构建了餐饮服务食品安全管理体系模式。结论:通过制定操作性前提方案, 将其与HACCP 中的关键控制点结合,将食品安全危害因素降到最低限度, 更好地保障了大型活动期间的餐饮服务食品安全。     

Microbiological quality of open ready-to-eat salad vegetables: effectiveness of food hygiene training of management

During September and October 2001, a microbiological study of open, ready-to-eat, prepared salad vegetables from catering or retail premises was undertaken to determine their microbiological quality. The study focused on those salad vegetables that were unwrapped and handled either by staff or customers in the premises where the sample was taken. Examination of salad vegetables from food service areas and customer self-service bars revealed that most (97%; 2,862 of 2,950) were of satisfactory or acceptable microbiological quality, 3% (87) were of unsatisfactory microbiological quality because of Escherichia coli levels in the range of 10(2) to 10(5) colony-forming units per gram. One (<1%) sample was of unacceptable microbiological quality because of the presence of Listeria monocytogenes at 840 colony-forming units per gram. The pathogens E. coli O157, Campylobacter spp., and salmonellas were not detected in any of the samples examined. The display area for most food service and preparation areas (95%) and self-service salad bars (98%) that were visited was judged to be visibly clean by the sampling officer. Most self-service bars (87%) were regularly supervised or inspected by staff during opening hours, and designated serving utensils were used in most salad bars (92%) but in only a minority of food service areas (35%). A hazard analysis system was in place in most (80%) premises, and in 61%, it was documented. Most (90%) managers had received food hygiene training. A direct relationship was shown between increased confidence in the food business management and the presence of food safety procedures and the training of management in food hygiene.     

Consumer food handling in the home: a review of food safety studies

Epidemiological data from Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand indicate that a substantial proportion of foodborne disease is attributable to improper food preparation practices in consumers' homes. International concern about consumer food safety has prompted considerable research to evaluate domestic food-handling practices. The majority of consumer food safety studies in the last decade have been conducted in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland (48%) and in the United States (42%). Surveys (questionnaires and interviews), the most frequent means of data collection, were used in 75% of the reviewed studies. Focus groups and observational studies have also been used. One consumer food safety study examined the relationship between pathogenic microbial contamination from raw chicken and observed food-handling behaviors, and the results of this study indicated extensive Campylobacter cross-contamination during food preparation sessions. Limited information about consumers' attitudes and intentions with regard to safe food-handling behaviors has been obtained, although a substantial amount of information about consumer knowledge and self-reported practices is available. Observation studies suggest that substantial numbers of consumers frequently implement unsafe food-handling practices. Knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and self-reported practices did not correspond to observed behaviors, suggesting that observational studies provide a more realistic indication of the food hygiene actions actually used in domestic food preparation. An improvement in consumer food-handling behavior is likely to reduce the risk and incidence of foodborne disease. The need for the development and implementation of food safety education strategies to improve specific food safety behaviors is reviewed in this paper.     

Determination of microbial contamination sources for use in quality management of cheese industry: “Dil” cheese as an example

The microbiological quality, safety and shelf-life of cheeses depend on manufacture and handling in an environment that meets basic standards for hygiene and the management of hygiene in the process. In this research contamination sources of “Dil” cheese during production in a local dairy plant in Bursa, Turkey were determined. Eighteen different control points (raw milk, pasteurized milk, heated curd, molded cheese before kneading, kneaded cheese, brine solution for kneading, thermophilic culture, rennet, calcium chloride solution, brine solution for cheese, cheese vat, workers hands, production room air, production room floor, production room wall, packaging material and packaged cheese) have been examined for the enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. and yeast-moulds. It was determined that viability of lactic acid bacteria in thermophilic culture was not in high numbers and some contaminations to “Dil” cheese were detected from the starter culture. Brine solutions and rennet were contaminated with Staphylococci. Yeast and moulds in production room air were the major sources of contamination. Pasteurization and kneading in hot brine solution can eliminate some of the microorganisms but that was not sufficient in the production of Dil cheese. Finish cheese should meet specific hygienic standards, with respect to regulations post-contaminations to the cheese must be inhibited and a HACCP plan should be established during production.     

剂量反应分析在食品微生物风险评估中的应用

微生物风险评估(Microbiological risk assessment, MRA)是食品安全管理的重要工具之一,一直是国际食品安全研究的热点。微生物剂量-反应分析是进行食品微生物风险评估中的重要工具,描述了特定人群中特定病原体(或其毒素)暴露引起特定反应的概率。本文综述了食品微生物风险评估中剂量-反应分析的研究现状,阐述了剂量反应分析研究中存在的问题,并对其进一步需开展的工作进行了展望,以期为我国食品微生物风险评估和食品安全监管提供参考。     

嘉兴市秀洲区村级学校学生集体用餐安全现状与对策

为保证农村学校集体用餐安全,对嘉兴市秀洲区村级学校的集体用餐的状况进行了调查.这些学校食堂存在的问题是无证经营,硬件设施不符合卫生要求,集体餐的制作流程不符合卫生要求,在制作、分餐和就餐过程中接触不洁物,使用卫生质量不明的食品原料,加工方法不适当.要改善学校的不安全现状,政府应加大投入,加强农村学校的硬件建设,严格学校食堂的各项管理.     

Survey of domestic food handling practices in New Zealand

The purpose of this survey was to obtain information on the domestic meat and poultry handling practices of New Zealanders in order to support the development of quantitative risk models, as well as providing data to underpin food safety campaigns to consumers. A sample of 1000 New Zealand residents, over 18 years of age, were randomly selected from the electoral roll and asked to participate in a national postal food safety study during 2005. Three hundred and twenty six respondents completed and returned questionnaires containing usable answers, and most of these respondents 'always' prepared the main meal within the household. The majority of meat (84.6%) and poultry (62.9%) purchased by New Zealanders was fresh (rather than frozen), and most consumers (94.4%) claimed that the time taken from food selection to reaching their home was 1 h or less. The majority (approximately 64%) of fresh meat and poultry was frozen in the home and the most favoured method of thawing was at room temperature for up to 12 h. The most common time period for storing cooked or raw meat and poultry in domestic refrigerators was up to 2 days. Most survey respondents preferred their meat and poultry to be cooked either medium or well done. The most popular cooking method for chicken was roasting or baking, while most respondents preferred to pan-fry steak/beef cuts, minced beef or sausages/hamburgers. The potential for undercooking was greatest with pan-fried steak with 19.8% of respondents preferring to consume this meat raw or rare. In answer to questions relating to food handling hygiene practices, 52.2% of respondents selected a hand washing sequence that would help prevent cross contamination. However, it was estimated that 41% and 28% of respondents would use knives and kitchen surfaces respectively in a manner that could allow cross contamination. The data in this survey are self-reported and, particularly for the hygiene questions, respondents may report an answer that they perceive as being correct rather than reflecting their actual behaviour. Nevertheless, the data on food processing, transport, storage and cooking preferences represent useful inputs into the assessment of food safety along the meat and poultry food chains.     

中国食品微生物风险评估进展与展望

食品微生物风险评估一直是国际上食品安全研究的热点。食源性致病菌引起的食品安全风险是全球性问题,发展中国家面临的情况更为严峻,我国政府高度重视食品安全工作,不断加强风险分析体系能力建设。从2010年以来,国家食品安全调查数据提示致病微生物导致的食物中毒事件的报告数一直高于化学性危害和有毒动植物造成的危害。因此加强我国微生物定量风险评估以减少与发达国家的差距,从国家层面上势在必行。     

Managing the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning from cream-filled baked goods to meet a food safety objective

The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) has recently proposed a scheme for the management of microbial hazards for foods that involves the concept of food safety objectives (FSOs). FSOs are intended to specify the maximum levels of hazardous agents required to meet a given public health goal. This scheme offers flexibility for the food industry in terms of allowing the use of alternative but equivalent means for achieving a given FSO. This paper illustrates the application of the ICMSF model via the analysis of the microbiological hazard of Staphylococcus aureus in cream-filled baked goods. Cream-filled baked goods have a notorious history as vehicles for foodborne illness, particularly staphylococcal food poisoning. Although the numbers of cases reported in the United States and Europe have declined in recent years, staphylococcal food poisoning may be much more common than is recognized, particularly in other countries. The ICMSF principles for setting FSOs and the use of performance criteria, process criteria, and validation in relation to hazard analysis critical control point and good hygiene practice plans for managing S. aureus in cream-filled baked goods are described.     

出口速冻方便食品生产过程中的微生物污染分析及控制措施的有效性评估

目的 建立出口速冻方便食品中高效、易操作的微生物检验检疫监管模式。方法 采用统计过程控制(SPC)对出口速冻方便食品的生产过程进行微生物污染分析, 绘制控制图。结果 经过持续地卫生监测和监管, 食品加热后区域的微生物超标率均降低至零。结论 针对微生物分布特性采用相应的监控手段, 结合HACCP, 可实现对生产过程中微生物污染的有效控制。     

食品加工用水微生物检测的重要性

食品加工业是用水型工业之一,水质的优劣对食品安全至关重要,对加工用水进行安全卫生控制是生产过程控制的重要环节。微生物污染是食品加工用水最主要的安全隐患之一,我国食品加工用水微生物污染风险高、概率大,每年因食品加工用水微生物污染导致的产品质量问题不在少数,给企业造成了巨大的经济损失。食品加工企业对加工用水的质量控制必不可少,尤其是加工用水的微生物检测能力会影响最终产品的安全性。企业应打破只重视原料、过程产品和最终产品微生物检测的老思路,注意监控加工用水的微生物污染情况。参加水质微生物能力验证能够加强企业实验室对生产加工用水的自我检测能力,确保检测结果的准确性和认可性,对提高产品质量和品质有促进作用。     

食品安全监督抽检报告管理与运用的创新探究

食品在采购原料、加工生产到运输销售过程中都需要经过自检、委托检验及抽检监测等多次检验,其中食品安全监督抽检报告是食品安全监督执法的依据文件,因此食品检验检测机构对食品检验报告的有效管理具有重要意义。本文根据食品安全监督抽检工作遇到的不合格报告或实际问题,分析检测机构对食品安全检验报告质量控制的有效措施,进一步探讨信息化背景下食品安全检验报告数据创新管理模式,为检验机构未来管理及有效利用食品安全检验报告提出参考建议。     

ISO 22000在非发酵性豆制品生产中的应用

食品的安全卫生是企业生存的基础。ISO 22000体系作为一种科学有效的管理方法运用于非发酵性豆制品生产企业能发挥积极作用。根据ISO22000食品安全管理体系标准,采用危害分析与关键控制点(hazard analysis critical control point,HACCP)的质量管理原理,从人、机、料、法、环5个方面对非发酵性豆制品生产中潜在的危害进行分析,提出相应的预防措施和监测方法,并制定相应的控制措施。确定原辅料验收、煮浆、配料添加3个关键控制点(油豆腐生产中油炸设为关键控制点),确定了关键限值和纠偏措施。同时通过制定操作性前提方案(operational prerequisite program,OPRP)与HACCP工作计划,构建了非发酵性豆制品的食品安全管理体系模式,符合ISO 22000体系,并运用HACCP原理,根据验证相关管理要素提出相应的管理要求,通过制定操作性前提方案,与HACCP中的关键控制点动态、互补的结合,将食品安全危害因素降到最低限度,更好地保障非发酵性豆制品的安全,降低企业管理成本,提高经济效益。     

CONSUMER ATTITUDE AND AWARENESS TOWARDS FOOD-RELATED HYGIENIC HAZARDS

The objective of this study was to investigate awareness and attitude regarding food-related hygienic practices in the home. For this purpose and within a sanitary education program in pricary schools in a town of Central Italy, a questionnaire was used to collect information from parents of pupils. The questionnaire included questions in four major areas: personal hygiene and cleaning up procedures; meal preparation; food storage; and knowledge of key terms and concepts pertaining to food safety. Analysis of 183 questionnaires showed either risk of cross contamination, improper thawing of food, or inadequate storing and reheating of cooked foods during home food preparation and storage practice. Particularly, 73% of respondents thawed large pieces of frozen food at room temperature; 89% did not reheat cooked food after it had been stored; 75% stored raw meat and poultry in the upper shelves of refrigerators. Precise information on the lack of food safety practices will facilitate the development of proper consumer education programs.     

食品卫生微生物学指标设定上的国内外差异

制定微生物指标不仅是为了检验食品终产品的卫生质量，而且在国际上广泛用于食品生产、运输和销售等全过程的监测和HACCP的验证。在我国食品卫生标准体系中，有关微生物检验的采样、检测方法以及指标表述方面与国际通行做法上有较大差距。通过介绍国际食品法典委员会制定微生物学指标的原则和要点，提出完善我国食品卫生标准体系的建议。     

葡萄酒质量安全风险与管理

食品卫生关系到广大人民群众的身体健康,一直是全社会关注的热点.随着中国葡萄酒产业的快速发展,消费者对国产葡萄酒的关注度逐渐提高.葡萄酒卫生不仅影响产品质量,也关系到葡萄酒形象和品牌崛起.葡萄酒卫生涉及原料生产、加工,产品贮运、销售整个过程,涵盖为保证葡萄酒安全性、有益性和完好性而采取的全部措施.葡萄酒的质量安全风险主要由两部分构成:一是葡萄原料安全,二是葡萄酒酿造加工过程安全.在葡萄酒生产过程中,为了实现对其质量的主动精确控制,需要利用HACCP原理,通过危害分析和关键控制点技术,采取相应的预防和控制措施.此外,葡萄酒生产企业在具体实践时,还应加强卫生方面的组织管理,如设立食品安全小组,重视生产环境的清洗和消毒,保证员工的健康并对其进行适当的培训指导.结合我国现行标准和生产实践,从葡萄酒质量安全风险、葡萄酒质量安全管理原则(危害鉴别原则、企业实施原则、清洗和消毒原则)两方面,详细阐述了葡萄酒的卫生和安全管理,以期为葡萄酒及果酒企业的规范化生产提供参考.     

Food Safety Practices in a Teaching Hospital in Sri Lanka

The concept of food safety becomes critical when the food is prepared and served to hospitalized patients. This study was carried out to assess the knowledge and practices related to food safety and personal hygiene among food handlers in one of the teaching hospitals in Sri Lanka. An interviewer-administrated questionnaire, observations and discussions were used to gather information. All 31 members in food service management system included and out of them 52% were male and 48% were female. Their mean age was 42.6 years (range 21-59) and 52% of them had secondary education (6-11). The results showed that inadequate knowledge of food hygiene practices; 54.8% of workers did not know the correct refrigerator temperature; 51.6% of them thought that chilling or freezing eliminates harmful germs from food; 19.4% responded that fresh milk does not need refrigeration for its storage; 38.7% did not know that prepared food stored without covering can result in contamination. However, 80.6% knew that raw food should be separated from cooked food. The knowledge of workers regarding personnel hygiene was good: all workers responded that washing hands after using toilet is important. The observations revealed availability of two separate tiled floor rooms for the storage of raw materials; a separate place for cutting and washing; a tiled clean kitchen floor; and all workers had trimmed clean nails and short hair. However, there were some drawbacks on their food safety practices: keeping vegetables on the floor during raw material inspection; keeping cooked food containing utensils open prior to distribution; and unavailability of uniforms, gloves and masks for food handlers. Since, the workers’ knowledge of food safety aspects and the available safety practices were inadequate, it is important to improve their knowledge by education and training programs on food safety and hygiene to provide safe food for patients.