双通道局部处理的自适应图像增强方法

为了在无需人工干预的情况下自适应地处理多种不同特征的降质图像,有效恢复图中的细节信息,提出一种双通道局部处理的图像增强方法.首先在HSV色彩空间内分别在亮、暗双通道对亮度分量进行局部分析,计算出与之相适应的增强函数,对图像进行增强;然后对双通道的增强结果进行混合高斯加权合并,得到增强后的亮度分量;最后分析增强前后亮度分布的差异,计算色彩补偿函数,矫正增强过程中引入的色彩失真.此外,还提出一种快速滑窗技术,以有效地降低运算的时间复杂度.实验结果表明,该方法能够灵活地处理如曝光不足、曝光过度、逆光以及雾霾影响等不同种类的图像,甚至是综合了以上多种特性的复杂图像,在处理效果和自适应能力上优势明显.     

打火机火焰图像分析中的快速自动曝光算法

为满足打火机火焰图像采集时对曝光的不同要求,提出一种快速自动曝光算法。根据火焰亮度计算曝光时间,并利用该曝光时间与图像灰度之间的关系,使用二分法确定曝光时间的范围。实验结果表明,该算法在不同情况下能正确、快速地对打火机火焰的曝光时间进行调节,使曝光正确率达到97.2%。     

基于亮度分区模糊融合的高动态范围成像算法

针对单幅图像生成高动态范围（HDR）图像进行直方图扩展时,造成的色彩失真、局部细节信息丢失的问题,提出了一种基于亮度分区融合的高动态范围图像成像算法。首先,提取正常曝光彩色图像的亮度分量,根据亮度阈值将亮度分成两个区间;然后,对两个区间的图像用改进的指数函数扩展其亮度范围,使得低亮度区域的亮度增加、范围扩大,高亮度区域的亮度减小、范围扩大,从而增大图像的整体对比度,保留色彩和细节信息;最后,将扩展后的图像和原始正常曝光的图像基于模糊逻辑的方法融合为高动态图像。分别从主观和客观两方面对所提算法进行了分析。实验结果表明,所提算法能够有效地扩展图像的亮度范围,并保持场景的颜色信息和细节信息,生成的图像视觉效果更佳。     

高动态场景的图像融合优化和实时应用

目的：由于照相机不能采集到很宽的亮度范围,过度曝光和曝光不足现象普遍存在,尤其对于高动态(HDR)场景。图像融合技术能够解决这一问题,但是由于算法大多过于复杂,难以实现高效的处理速度,只适合对静态图像做处理。本文针对图像融合算法进行了多种优化,并提出使用图像融合技术来解决视频中的曝光问题。方法：我们对图像融合算法进行测试,对块融合的方法做了有效的优化来提升算法效率,并且将优化后的算法嵌入到实时监控系统中,通过曝光控制模块与融合技术相结合,实现了实时融合的视频采集系统。结果：对高动态场景的测试表明,视频中的每一帧均能采集到整个场景中的所有信息,并且不会存在曝光问题。结论：本文针对图像融合方法提出了多种优化和加速策略,并独创性地将其应用于实时视频采集中。实验结果表明,即使是高动态场景中,也可以将几乎所有信息都保留下来,不受曝光问题的干扰。     

图像分解与色彩先验下的多曝光图像融合

目的 多曝光图像融合（multi-exposure fusion，MEF）是利用一组不同曝光度的低动态范围（low dynamic range，LDR）图像进行合成，得到类似高动态范围（high dynamic range，HDR）图像视觉效果图像的过程。传统多曝光图像融合在一定程度上存在图像细节信息受损、边界不清晰以及部分色彩失真等问题。为了充分综合待融合图像的有效信息，提出了一种基于图像分解和色彩先验的双尺度多曝光图像融合方法。方法 使用快速导向滤波进行图像分解，分离出细节层对其进行增强处理，保留更多的细节信息，同时减少融合图像的光晕伪影；根据色彩先验，利用亮度和饱和度之差判断图像曝光程度，并联合亮度与饱和度之差以及图像对比度计算多曝光图像融合权重，同时保障融合图像的亮度和对比度；利用导向滤波对权重图进行优化，抑制噪声，增加像素之间的相关性，提升融合图像的视觉效果。结果 在24组多曝光图像序列上进行实验，从主观评价角度来看，该融合方法能够提升图像整体对比度及色彩饱和度，并兼顾过曝光区域和欠曝光区域的细节提升。从客观评价标准分析，采用两种不同的多曝光图像序列融合结果的质量评估算法，评价结果显示融合性能均有所提高，对应的指标均值分别为0.982和0.970。与其他对比算法的数据结果比较，在两种不同的结构相似性指标上均有所提升，平均提升分别为1.2%和1.1%。结论 通过主观和客观评价，证实了所提方法在图像对比度、色彩饱和度以及细节信息保留的处理效果十分显著，具有良好的融合性能。     

基于动态范围扩展的海底视频图像增强算法

水下视频成像是海洋探测的关键技术,但是海底的特殊环境造成海底图像存在细节模糊、光照不均等问题。为此提出一种基于动态范围扩展的海底视频图像增强算法,该算法可以同时处理因光照不均而引起的图像曝光过度和曝光不足现象。首先,构造映射函数判断图像曝光过度和曝光不足的区域;然后,计算图像的动态范围,利用图像的“闲置空间”对图像曝光过度和曝光不足区域同时进行动态扩展;最后将图像转换到YCbCr空间对扩展后的图像进行亮度通道的直方图均衡化。实验结果表明,和已有算法比较,新算法既可以避免传统的直方图均衡化产生的图像过增强,提高了图像的清晰度,又可以修复图像因光照不均丢失的像素信息,显著改善图像细节。     

多尺度权重评估的MSRCR混合曝光成像算法

针对混合曝光成像算法过程中会出现低曝光处细节丢失且颜色失真饱和度不佳导致视觉观感下降的问题,提出一种多尺度权重评估的MSRCR（Multi-Scale Retinex with Color Restoration,MSRCR）混合曝光融合算法。基于Retinex模型将待融合图像分解为亮度分量与反射光分量,对亮度分量结合ACES函数构造光照补偿归一化函数进行处理,对反射光分量加入颜色恢复函数提升色彩细节;分别从曝光量、饱和度、对比度、色域四个尺度设计图像融合权重值,通过多尺度评估优化融合比例;利用Laplacian金字塔融合算法进行多尺度权重融合获得最终图像。实验结果表明,与传统的图像融合算法相比,该算法处理效果较好,有效降低了暗处失真率,提升了视觉信息保真度。     

PCB 锡膏图像采集参数的研究

利用图像处理技术对锡膏进行检测是锡膏检测中的一种新方法,图像质量是确保图像检测精度的关键之一。图像采集对于保障图像质量来说有着至关重要的作用,是最终获取图像有用信息所进行的一系列处理步骤中关键的第一步。重点研究了影响锡膏图像采集的焦距、曝光、增益三个主要参数,并通过实验确定了焦距、曝光和增益等三个主要参数的合理取值范围以及快门速度与增益之间的函数关系。为锡膏图像采集参数的调整提供了依据,也为后续研究锡膏图像采集的参数自动调整奠定了基础。     

基于Retinex理论的多曝光图像融合算法

多曝光图像融合技术是将一组场景相同但曝光程度不同的图像序列直接融合成为一幅含有更多场景细节信息的高质量图像。针对现有算法局部对比度差和色彩失真的问题，结合Retinex理论模型提出了一种新的多曝光图像融合算法。首先，基于Retinex理论模型，利用光照估计算法将曝光序列图像分为入射光分量序列和反射光分量序列，然后分别采用不同的融合方法对这两组序列进行处理。对于入射光分量，要保证场景的全局亮度的变化特性并且削弱过曝光和欠曝光区域的影响；而对于反射光分量，要采用适度曝光的评价参数来更好地保留场景的色彩及细节信息。分别从主观和客观两方面对所提算法进行了分析。实验结果表明，同传统基于图像域合成的算法相比，该算法在结构相似度（SSIM）上平均提升了1.7%，另外在图像色彩和局部细节上的处理效果更好。     

一种基于细节层分离的单曝光HDR图像生成算法

针对利用单幅低动态范围（Low dynamic range,LDR）图像生成高动态范围（High dynamic range,HDR）图像细节信息不足的问题,本文提出了一种基于细节层分离的单曝光HDR图像生成算法.该算法基于人类视觉系统模型,首先分别提取出LDR图像的亮度分量和色度分量,对伽马校正后的亮度分量进行双边滤波,提取出亮度分量的基本层,再对基本层和亮度分量进行遍历运算,得到亮度分量的细节层;然后,构造反色调映射函数,分别对细节层和伽马校正后的亮度图像进行扩展,得到各自的反色调映图像;之后,将反色调映射后亮度分量与压缩后的细节层进行融合,得到新的亮度分量.最后,融合色度分量与新的亮度分量,并对融合后图像进行去噪,得到最终的HDR图像.实验表明该算法能挖掘出部分隐藏的图像细节信息,处理效果较好,运行效率高,具有较好的鲁棒性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.