列车组合导航系统研究与仿真

提出了一种列车组合导航系统.首先,采用低精度的惯性传感器构成简易惯性测量装置(IMU),设计了该简易IMU的安装结构,并给出了其导航定位解算方法.然后,将简易IMU与GPS构成组合导航系统,分析了IMU和GPS各自的误差源,并建立了组合系统误差模型,从而利用卡尔曼滤波技术设计了IMU/GPS列车组合导航算法.仿真结果表明,该IMU/GPS列车组合导航系统具有精度高、可靠性好、成本低等显著优点,非常适用于列车导航定位.     

基于弹载IMU/GPS组合导航系统的动基座对准研究与仿真

对基于弹载IMU／GPS组合导航系统的动基座对准问题进行了研究与仿真;首先,分析了弹载IMU与GPS的系统误差,建市获得了其系统误差模型;然后,利用卡尔曼滤波技术,设计了弹载IMU／GPS组合导航系统的动基座对准算法;仿真结果表明,在初始误差较大的情况下,经过360秒的动基座对准,IMU的姿态角误差可降至10个角秒,同时位置和速度误差也得到了有效修正,从而证明该动基座对准算法是行之有效的。     

IMU/GPS/DCM组合导航系统全组合算法研究

通过分析姿态组合算法中平台误差角与姿态误差角物理意义的不同,推导并得到了二者之间的转换关系;利用联邦滤波技术,设计了弹载IMU/GPS/DCM组合导航系统,其中IMU为战术级捷联式惯导系统,GPS为普通民用级;仿真结果表明在元器件精度很低的情况下,使用文中的算法及系统设计依然可以实现高精度导航;组合导航系统的姿态误差角可控制在10角分左右,位置精度在3 m以内,具有较高的实际应用价值。     

非完整约束下滤波算法在组合导航中的应用

MEMS IMU/GPS组合导航系统的应用环境愈来愈复杂,对其精度的要求也愈来愈高,只使用普通卡尔曼滤波不能满足精度和稳定性要求。针对此问题,将Sage-husa自适应卡尔曼滤波算法和非完整约束应用到前向导航滤波算法和后向导航滤波算法中,并将前向滤波和后向滤波结果加权组合,提出了一种非完整约束下加权组合滤波算法,用于事后IMU/GPS联合解算中,用来提高组合导航的精度。并利用实验室设备进行车载实验,通过实测车载数据解算结果来验证该方法的可行性。实验结果表明非完整约束下加权组合滤波后的经纬度误差小于1.4 m,航向角误差小于1.0°,满足MEMS IMU/GPS车载组合导航系统的精度要求。     

GNSS/IMU中含丢弃策略的自适应滤波算法

针对新息序列自适应估计(IAE)在GNSS/IMU组合导航数据融合运用中的不足,提出了带丢弃策略的IAE算法(IAE-D).此算法实时监控估计量的误差累计速度和观测量的质量,只在估计量的误差累计速度较大并且观测量的质量能满足要求的情况下更新估计量.采用对实际数据引入仿真生成的不同强度的噪声的方法,对IAE-D和传统的EKF、IAE等算法进行了性能分析比较.实验及仿真结果证明,IAE-D算法在干扰较大时,能减轻观测量噪声对组合导航系统性能的影响,减少传统IAE算法存在的偏差和收敛性问题.其稳定性和精度都要优于传统的EKF和IAE.当采用精度不高的GNSS接收机或GNSS信号受到干扰时,IAE-D具有工程运用前景.     

基于CKF的GPS定位误差估计及故障检测

针对卡尔曼滤波(KF,Kalman filter)算法无法解决非线性系统估计的问题和扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF,extended Kalman filter)算法在GPS卫星导航定位误差估计中存在的线性化误差大、需求解繁琐的Jacobian矩阵等问题,将较新型的卡尔曼滤波算法——容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF,cubature Kalman filter)应用于GPS定位计算,在算法精度上与KF和EKF算法进行了比较,并利用定位误差进行GPS故障卫星的检测.利用实测导航电文数据进行实验,结果表明:CKF用于导航定位估计不仅精度高,而且实现简单,无可调参数,性能明显优于KF和EKF,并可进一步用于故障检测.     

基于多传感器融合的双轮差速机器人定位研究

针对单一传感器有一定的误差与使用场景限制的问题,往往需要通过融合滤波技术对多传感器的测量信息进行优势互补。为改善由惯性姿态测量单元(Inertial measurement unit, IMU)与轮式里程计（Wheel Odometry）组成的航迹推算（Dead Reckoning, DR）长期使用时产生不可忽略的积分误差,以及全球定位系统（Global Positioning System, GPS）在遇到信号被遮挡或者干扰的情况下将无法正常工作等情况所引起的问题,本研究结合GPS、IMU、轮式里程计三种传感器对双轮差速机器人进行定位,以起到互补的作用,使其能够适应更加多样化的环境;同时,我们定时使用GPS模块对DR推算位置信息进行修正,并比较IMU互补滤波解算法与DMP解算法,选取效果更好的方案获取机器人欧拉角,最后使用扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filtering, EKF)算法对传感器数据进行融合处理,得到机器人的最优定位。结果表明,在采用了多传感器融合的方案之后,机器人的定位精确度较之只有单一传感器的方案有了显著的提升。     

多传感器信息融合的自动驾驶车辆定位与速度估计

针对大学生无人驾驶方程式(FSAC)于地图内高精定位以及速度观测的问题,设计基于多传感器信息融合的状态估计算法,并应用于自研实车平台。算法基于迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波(iEKF) 进行设计,融合多类传感器,包括惯性测量单元 (IMU)、转角及轮速编码器、全球卫星定位(GPS)、相机与激光雷达(Lidar)。首先,利用IMU预测车辆先验状态,然后,建立并联融合架构,对各类传感器数据进行不同的信息处理,用于更新先验状态,由于并联融合的架构,不同传感器可独立地维护车辆的状态观测。实验结果表明,所提出的算法对地图内定位、速度观测有较好的精度,且具有足够的冗余性和实时性。     

低成本组合导航系统滤波算法的研究

本文将扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)应用于GPS/DR组合导航系统中,以解决系统观测方程的非线性问题。同时,针对组合导航系统松组合和紧组合不同组合方式对导航精度的影响进行了详细的比较,并对仿真结果进行了分析,从整体上给出一种最优的组合方式。仿真结果证明,基于EKF方法的GPS/DR组合导航采用紧组合方式具有更高的定位精度,系统获得更良好的性能。     

基于DSP的IMU/GPS数据融合算法实现

提出了基于DSP的IMU/GPS数据融合算法的实现方案;鉴于GPS数据稳定性高、误差不随时间积累和IMU数据更新率快、在短时间内精度高的特点,采用强跟踪卡尔曼滤波算法对二者的数据进行融合处理,并且在DSP上将其实现,获取精度更高、稳定性更好的导航参数;给出了详细的设计步骤,进行了大量的静态和动态试验,并且对实验数据进行了分析与对比;结果表明,该实现方案可以获取可实用的导航参数。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。