SiO_2悬浮液的剪切变稀行为

利用同轴圆筒式流变仪分析SiO2微粉悬浮液的剪切流变行为。借助于透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察SiO2微粉的显微结构,研究了SiO2微粉的颗粒团聚现象和团聚颗粒在悬浮液中的解聚过程。结果表明:SiO2颗粒团聚过程满足"Southerland ghost"聚集模型,其颗粒结构疏松,影响了悬浮液的剪切流变行为。SiO2悬浮液剪切变稀过程是SiO2微粉团聚颗粒解聚的过程,其流变特性满足Casson模型。该过程分成3个阶段:第1阶段悬浮液三维网络结构被破坏,粒子以颗粒簇的形式存在,悬浮液的黏度迅速降低;第2阶段颗粒簇解聚为颗粒集团,黏度进一步降低;第3阶段颗粒集团不能解聚成原始颗粒,剪切力使颗粒集团内固定的水分子产生流动,黏度缓慢降低。     

浓度对超细钛白悬浮液结构及沉降性的影响

为探索浓度对超细钛白悬浮液结构及沉降性的影响,首先通过悬浮液流变实验研究固体浓度对钛白-水悬浮液流动性的影响,得到浓度与悬浮液表观粘度、剪切应力与剪切速率等的关系.然后通过悬浮液稳定性实验研究不同浓度下的悬浮液流体动力学特征.实验结果表明当浓度达到35%左右时,悬浮液开始出现网状结构,有较低的剪切屈服应力.浓度对悬浮液的结构影响很大,可分为单颗粒弥散型、单颗粒团型及网状结构等,不同结构其沉降机理也不同,分别对应的是单颗粒沉降、团聚体的干涉沉降和压缩沉降.     

部分相容聚合物共混体系相分离的流变学表征方法

针对具有不同动态非对称性的部分相容聚合物共混体系,阐述了用于表征和探测其相分离特征的流变学方法,包括小振幅振荡剪切考察时温叠加原理的有效性和温度扫描,以及稳态剪切温度扫描;并且分析了共混体系的复杂结构对温度依赖性形成差异的深层原因,总结比较了各方法应用时的优缺点及其针对不同强弱动态非对称体系的适用性。     

SiO_2微粉悬浮液的流变性能

利用流变仪按旋转法研究了高固含量SiO2微粉悬浮液的流变性,考察了固含量(其质量分数分别为50%、60%)、分散剂(六偏磷酸钠、高效减水剂FS20)和悬浮液温度(分别为20、40、60、80℃)对SiO2微粉悬浮液流变性的影响。结果表明:SiO2颗粒表面的Si—OH键对其流变性影响很大,固含量、分散剂和温度都能影响Si—OH键,改变颗粒间的作用力,从而改变悬浮液的流变性;高固含量的SiO2微粉悬浮液属于塑性流体,在低剪切区内,悬浮液流变特性满足Casson模型,黏度降低主要发生在这个区域;六偏磷酸钠和FS20的加入都能有效改善SiO2微粉悬浮液的流变性,而FS20的分散效果更好;20~40℃时,提高温度促进了悬浮液流变性,40~80℃时颗粒间发生脱水缩合反应使悬浮液流变性不稳定,在80℃时,脱水缩合反应剧烈且趋于完成,流变性能又趋于稳定。     

油田采出水悬浮液稳定性因素分析

注水开发是提高油田最终采收率和开发效益的主要方式,注水水质是实现油田高效开发的关键。针对胜利油田坨四采出水,考察了外界条件(矿化度、pH值、固体颗粒浓度)及水处理剂(缓蚀剂、阻垢剂、杀菌剂、絮凝剂)对悬浮液稳定性的影响。结果表明,矿化度和固体颗粒浓度增加,悬浮液稳定性增强;中性条件下有利于悬浮液的稳定性;缓蚀剂、阻垢剂、杀菌剂能够降低油水界面张力,阻垢剂HEDP能够使界面剪切黏度快速增加,悬浮液稳定性增强;絮凝剂聚铝能够破坏悬浮液的稳定性。     

聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料振荡剪切和简单剪切流变响应

制备了三种聚丙烯(PP)/蒙脱土(n-MMT)纳米复合材料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)进行表征,利用应变控制型流变仪进行振荡剪切测试,如小振幅剪切振荡(SAOS),中间振幅剪切振荡(MAOS)和大振幅剪切振荡(LAOS),应用毛细管流变仪进行简单剪切测试。并用傅里叶变换(FT)法,Chebyshev公式和Lissajous图对MAOS和LAOS测试结果进行处理。结果表明,所有n-MMT在PP基体中呈剥离分散状态,N-甲基-十八烷基乙醇铵改性的蒙脱土分散性优于十八烷基胺改性的蒙脱土,钠基蒙脱土分散性最差。储能模量和损耗模量随n-MMT在PP基体中的分散性改善而增加,所有材料表现出类似的剪切变稀行为。n-MMT分散性越好,FT变换法得到的第3次相对谐波幅度I_(3/1),Chebyshev公式处理得到的参数e_3和Lissajous图的应力-应变曲线面积越大,表明I_(3/1),e_3和应力-应变曲线面积可能与聚合物基纳米复合材料的分散性有关。     

形貌和粒径均匀的PTFE微粉的合成及性能

在乳液聚合的基础上，以聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)乳液为原料，利用破坏酸碱平衡法和直接烘干法分别制备出PTFE微粉，并表征了其摩擦性能。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱证明了两种方法均能成功合成出PTFE,处理方法不会改变其结构；通过热重(TG)和差示扫描量热(DSC)分析发现两种方法合成的PTFE微粉热稳定性基本相同，但破坏酸碱平衡法制得的微粉分子量会有小范围下降；通过扫描电子显微镜和粒径分布分析，用酸处理后样品的粒径粒度分布较窄，更加均匀，并且PTFE微粉堆积成球状形貌，平均粒径约为150 nm,明显优于直接烘干后得到的PTFE微粉。摩擦性能测试表明，破坏酸碱平衡法合成的PTFE微粉摩擦系数较小，能够提高润滑油的稳定性。     

絮凝氧化铁悬浮液流变性质研究

应用LVDV-Ⅲ+型可编程流变仪测定了微米级氧化铁悬浮液絮凝处理后的流变特性,考察因素包括悬浮液固相质量浓度、pH值、絮凝剂添加量、搅拌速度。结果表明,悬浮液浓度不同,其流变性能也表现出不同,在相同剪切速率下,高质量分数悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力都大于低质量分数悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力;pH对絮凝悬浮液流变性有重要的影响。絮凝悬浮液粘度随pH的增加先增大后减小,絮凝剂聚合氯化铝添加量为80 mg的条件下,pH=6.14时表观粘度最大;絮凝剂浓度的不同,对于悬浮液流变性能的影响也不同,在相同剪切速率下,添加高浓度絮凝剂悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力都大于添加低浓度絮凝剂悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力,增加絮凝剂浓度对提高悬浮液粘着性能具有积极意义;对悬浮液搅拌强度不同其流变性能也表现出不同,在相同剪切速率下,悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力随着测试前对它搅拌强度的增加表现出先增大后减小。     

凝聚剂对氧化铁悬浮液流变性的影响

应用LVDV-Ⅲ+型可编程流变仪测定了凝聚剂对氧化铁悬浮液的流变特性的影响。实验结果表明,高价凝聚剂对于悬浮液颗粒的凝聚能力要比低价凝聚剂更加明显;随着凝聚剂浓度的增加,悬浮液颗粒的凝聚程度也相应增加;凝聚剂种类的不同,对于悬浮液流变性能的影响也不同,高价凝聚剂对于悬浮液流变性能的影响比低价凝聚剂大。在相同剪切速率下,添加高价凝聚剂悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力都大于添加低价凝聚剂悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力;凝聚剂浓度的不同,对于悬浮液流变性能的影响也不同。在相同剪切速率下,添加高浓度凝聚剂悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力都大于添加低浓度凝聚剂悬浮液的表观粘度和剪切应力,增加凝聚剂浓度对提高悬浮液粘着性能具有积极意义。     

分散剂对Al2O3微粉-水和SiO2微粉-水体系性能的影响

分别采用D50=4.865μm、Al2O3含量为98.88%的Al2O3微粉和D50=0.474μm、SiO2含量为90.54%的SiO2微粉为原料,以三聚磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠和树脂型表面活性剂为分散剂,分别加水后制备了不同分散体系的悬浮液。研究了不同分散剂及其加入量(分别为0.015%、0.03%、0.05%、0.1%、0.15%、0.3%、0.5%、1.0%)对Al2O3微粉-水和SiO2微粉-水体系的ζ电位、电导率和pH值的影响。结果表明:对于Al2O3微粉悬浮液,无机分散剂优于有机分散剂,三聚磷酸钠优于六偏磷酸钠,三聚磷酸钠的最佳加入量为0.1%;对于SiO2微粉悬浮液,无机分散剂和有机分散剂的分散效果基本相近,三聚磷酸钠最佳加入量为0.1%,六偏磷酸钠最佳加入量为0.15%,而有机分散剂的加入量却为0.5%;电导率的大小与分散剂的加入量成正比,与悬浮液的稳定性无直接关系。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。