激光/等离子电弧复合热源能量参数对钛合金焊缝成形的影响

在对钛合金激光/等离子电弧复合焊与单一激光焊的焊缝成形进行比较的基础上,研究了激光在复合等离子电弧后主要焊接工艺参数对焊缝成形的影响.结果表明,随激光功率增大和焊接速度降低,复合焊与单一激光焊焊缝的横截面形貌均由钉形向近X形转变.与单一激光焊相比,复合焊焊缝的余高和咬边较大.激光/等离子电弧"协同效应"随激光功率和焊接速度变化而不同,从而影响复合焊焊缝的熔宽和熔宽比.随焊接电流从零增大到60 A,焊缝熔宽略有增大,而焊缝熔宽比基本保持不变.     

激光气体渗氮工艺对TC4钛合金表面性能的影响

钛合金属于粘性材料,易发生粘着磨损,为提高钛合金件作为摩擦副使用时的寿命,需提高钛合金表面硬度及耐磨性。利用连续激光器在TC4合金表面进行激光气体渗氮,生成金黄色的氮化层。用SEM、EDS、XRD分析试样渗氮层的微观组织、元素分布以及物质组成。结果表明,经激光气体渗氮后在TC4表面生成了以Ti N为增强相的改性层,并且在未渗氮区有黑色粉末状Ti N生成。表层由氮化层、热影响区及母材组成。渗氮层与基材发生冶金结合,结合强度高,不易剥落。随着激光功率的提升,渗氮层厚度及硬度都有所增加。当功率为1 200 W时,钛合金表面渗氮层最高硬度超过1 800 HV0.3,渗氮层厚度也最大。在氮气流量为10 L/min时整个渗氮层中氮元素的含量相对较高。经过激光气体表面渗氮后渗氮层的摩擦系数较基体材料摩擦系数有明显降低,耐磨性更好。     

再扫描对选区激光熔化成形TC4钛合金组织与性能的影响

通过选区激光熔化(SLM)设备制备了TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)合金制件,研究了再扫描激光功率对合金组织及性能的影响。利用光学显微镜对组织进行了分析,通过排水法、白光干涉仪及硬度计等对合金的密实度、缺陷尺寸及硬度进行了测量。结果发现,85 W 激光功率的再扫描会使合金β相晶粒粗化,晶粒宽度最大可达150 μm;随着再扫描功率进一步提高,晶粒宽度降低到120 μm。再扫描会显著提升合金制件的密实度,经过145 W的再扫描,合金制件的密实度提高到99.6%。再扫描使合金缺陷开口宽度下降,平均宽度从25 μm降低到7 μm左右,但对缺陷深度影响不大。再扫描对合金孔隙率的降低使合金的硬度有所提高。     

退火工艺对激光立体成形TC21钛合金组织和性能的影响

利用BLT-C1000型激光立体成形设备制备了TC21钛合金块体,并对其分别进行了单级和双级退火处理,研究了单级和双级退火工艺对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,激光立体成形TC21钛合金的沉积态组织主要为网篮状组织。单级退火温度影响初生α相板条尺寸,低于550 ℃退火时,初生α相板条长度和宽度变化较小,高于650 ℃退火时初生α相板条长度明显增加,宽度略微降低。屈服强度和抗拉强度随退火温度升高而降低,断后伸长率和断面收缩率随退火温度升高而增大。双级退火时随第一级退火温度升高,初生α相含量降低,随着第二级退火温度的升高,次生α相尺寸增加。综合考虑,双级退火时宜选择870~900 ℃的第一级退火温度和560 ℃的第二级退火温度。     

硼含量对激光熔覆沉积TC4钛合金显微组织与力学性能影响

基于航空航天领域对高比强度、耐高温以及耐磨损钛合金材料的迫切需求,本文采用激光熔覆沉积(Laser Cladding Deposition, LCD)技术制备出含硼(B)的TC4钛合金复合材料,并研究了B元素含量对其显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着B元素含量增加,可以显著降低LCD成形TC4钛合金的晶粒尺寸,其晶粒尺寸从1294μm降低至28.6μm,在硼元素作用下也逐渐弱化了LCD技术导致的柱状晶现象;当B含量较低时,TC4钛合金LCD成形过程中生成的TiB主要在原始β晶界处富集,随着B元素含量增加,针状TiB逐渐在晶粒内部析出。在LCD成形TC4钛合金复合材料性能方面,随着B含量增加,合金的硬度与强度也逐渐增大,显微硬度从313.23 HV增大至359.24 HV,抗拉强度由848 MPa增加至1119.5 MPa,提升了32.02%。本文研究为增材制造复杂结构高性能钛基合金构件在航空航天领域的应用提供理论支撑。     

激光熔覆工艺对镍基碳化钛熔覆层组织的影响

通过对激光熔覆镍基碳化钛熔覆层组织的微观形貌和成分分析,研究了激光功率和扫描速度对熔覆层的碳化钛和硬质相碳化物的溶解和析出后的形态的影响。结果表明,使用较低功率或较高的扫描速度时,熔覆层中出现了未熔化的碳化钛,功率较大和扫描速度较低时,碳化钛全部以树枝晶的形态从液态镍中析出来。达到一定的功率时,硬质相碳化物是从液态镍中析出的二次相,且当扫描速度较快时,熔覆层还会出现成分不均。     

Effect of laser characteristics on the weld shape and properties of penetration laser weld of BT20 titanium alloy

The laser beam welding of BT20 titanium alloy was conducted to investigate the weld shape, microstructures and properties. The full penetration weld characteristics produced by CO2 laser and by YAG laser were compared. The results show that the full penetration weld of YAG laser welding closes to “X” shape, and weld of CO2 laser welding is “nail-head” shape.Those result from special heating mode of laser deep penetration welding. The tension strength of CO2 laser and YAG laser joints equal to that of the base metal, but the former has better ductility. All welds consist mainly of the acicular a phase and a few β phase in microstructure. The dendritic crystal of CO2 laser weld is a littlefiner than YAG laser weld. According theresearch CO2 laser is better than YAG laser for welding of BT20 titanium alloy.     

低高温双重热处理对激光选区熔化TC4钛合金断裂韧性影响

研究了低高温双重热处理对激光选区熔化(Selective Laser Melting,SLM)成形TC4钛合金组织特征及断裂韧性的影响规律。结果表明：低温退火成形态合金横截面显微组织表现为大量针状马氏体α′相和β相,纵截面表现为沿成形方向生长的柱状晶,晶内针状马氏体α′相板条与成形方向的夹角成45o左右。热处理后,针状α′相转变为板条α相,形成α+β的板条组织。随着热处理温度的升高,α片层逐渐粗化,裂纹扩展路径曲折程度增加,断裂韧性由成形态的43.1 MPa?m1/2,逐渐提高至109 MPa?m1/2。     

HIP温度对SLM制备TC4钛合金组织和力学性能的影响

以激光选区熔化技术(SLM)成型TC4钛合金为研究对象,通过光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和电子万能试验机等测试分析方法,研究了热等静压处理温度对TC4钛合金材料微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,SLM态TC4钛合金横截面微观组织由等轴状初生β晶粒组成,纵截面微观组织由呈外延生长的柱状初生β晶粒组成。晶粒内部以不同取向的针状α'马氏体相为主,纳米点状β相在初生马氏体间形核生长。在α+β两相区温度进行热等静压处理,TC4钛合金的组织由α相和β相组成。随着热等静压处理温度的升高,板条状α相粗化成短棒状,β相含量增加且发生一定粗化。随着热等静压处理温度的升高,材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度呈现降低的趋势,断面收缩率也呈下降趋势。热等静压处理工艺为910 ℃-110 MPa-2 h的TC4钛合金可获得最优的强韧性匹配。     

Effects of process parameters on the microstructure during the hot compression of a TC6 titanium alloy

The effects of process parameters on the microstructural evolution, including grain size and volume fraction of the α phase during hot forming of a TC6 alloy were investigated using compression tests. Experiments were conducted on the material with (α β) phases at deformation temperatures of 800, 860, 920, and 950℃, swain rates of 0.001, 0.01, 1, and 50 s^-1, and height direction reductions of 30%, 40%, and 50%. After reaching a peak value near 920, the gram size and volume fraction decrease with further increase of deformation temperature. The strain rate affects the morphologies and grain size of α phase of the TC6 titanium alloy. At a lower strain rate, the effect of the swain rate on the volume fraction is greater than that at a higher swain rate under the experimental conditions. The effects of the swain rate on the microstructure also result from deformation heating. The grain size of the α phase increases with an increase in height direction reduction after an early drop. The effect of height direction reduction on the volume fraction is similar to that of the grain size. All of the optical micrographs and quantitative metallography show that deformation process parameters affect the microstructure during hot forming of the TC6 alloy, and a correlation between the temperature, strain, and strain rate appears to be a significant fuzzy characteristic.     

Effect of the salt addition practice on the grain refining efficiency of Al–Ti–B master alloys

The impact of the salt addition practice on the microstructure and grain refining efficiency of Al–Ti–B alloys produced by the “halide salt” route was investigated. The grain refining performance of an experimental Al–5Ti–1B master alloy was optimized when the halide salts were pre-mixed before addition to aluminium melt at 800 °C during the production of the grain refiner. The stirring action provided during salt addition was found to degrade, while a high rate of addition was found to improve, the grain refining efficiency. In view of the above, an improved salt addition practice to ensure an exceptional grain refining performance is claimed to comprise the following steps: melting commercial purity aluminium ingot; addition of pre-mixed salts to molten aluminium at 800 °C, at once to facilitate a rapid salt reaction, gently mixing the salts with the aluminium melt without introducing any stirring. The grain refiner master alloy thus produced gives an average grain size of 102 μm 2 min after inoculation.     

激光烧结工艺参数对Fe-16%Ni合金致密度的影响

采用激光烧结成形技术研究了不同工艺参数对Fe-16%Ni金属粉末选区激光烧结成型件微观结构和致密性的影响。结果表明,随着脉冲宽度、扫描速度和铺粉厚度的增加,烧结后试样的密度先增加然后减少,随着扫描间距的增加,烧结后试样的密度减小。当脉冲宽度0.7 ms,扫描速度1000 mm/min,铺粉厚度0.15 mm,扫描间距0.15 mm时,烧结成型件成型质量较好。     

Investigation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a cast Mg–6Zn–5Al–4RE alloy

Mg–6Zn–5Al–4RE (RE = Mischmetal, mass%) alloy was prepared by metal mould casting method. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-cast and heat-treated alloys were investigated. The results show that the phase compositions of the as-cast state alloy are supersaturated solid solution -Mg, lamellar β-Al₁₂Mg₁₇, polygonal Al₃RE and cluster Al₂REZn₂ phases. The mechanical properties, especially the ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the alloy were significantly improved by the heat treatment. Fracture surface of tensile specimens was analyzed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.     

热处理时间对激光选区成形TC4钛合金组织及力学性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子万能试验机研究固溶时效工艺中时间参数对激光选区成形(SLM)TC4(Ti6Al4V)钛合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,退火态的SLM成形TC4钛合金的显微组织主要由连续的晶界α相(α_GB)、网篮状α相和β转变组织组成。经固溶时效处理后,试样的显微组织均呈现为网篮组织。在固溶温度为920 ℃,时效工艺为550 ℃×3 h,空冷的条件下,随着固溶时间从2 h增加为6 h,初生α相粗化明显,部分α_P相的晶粒长度可达16 μm;片状α相也发生粗化,晶粒长度由5~15 μm增长至20~30 μm,连续的晶界α相(α_GB)变得不连续,晶粒宽度由2.7 μm增长为4.4μm;同时,组织中出现了尺寸较大的α集束。试样的强度由1045.2 MPa增加为1156.9 MPa,断后伸长率由13.6%降低为6.7%。在时效温度为550 ℃,固溶工艺为920 ℃×2 h,水淬的条件下,随着时效时间从3 h增加为8 h,β转变组织的占比增加,初生α相的长度由40~60 μm减少为30~40 μm,晶界处连续的α_GB相晶粒宽度由2.7 μm增长为4.5 μm;片状α相稍有粗化,而试样的力学性能变化不大。因此,对于SLM成形TC4钛合金而言,在920 ℃固溶温度及550 ℃时效温度下,改变固溶和时效时间参数难以获得双态组织,且对综合力学性能的提高无显著影响。     

Effect of Nd addition on microstructure and tensile properties of laser additive manufactured TC11 titanium alloy

Single-layer and multilayer laser additive manufacturing (LAM) for TC11 alloy with different Nd additions was conducted and the effect of Nd addition on microstructure and properties was studied. With the addition of Nd, the aspect ratio of melting pools of single-layer specimens increases and the columnar-to-equiaxed transition occurs. The original β grain size and α plate width of TC11?1.0Nd are significantly reduced compared with those of pure TC11 specimens. It is proposed that the evenly distributed fine Nd₂O₃ precipitates of about 1.51 μm are formed preferentially during rapid solidification of melting pool, and they serve as heterogeneous nucleation particles to refine the microstructure in the subsequent solidification and solid-state phase transformation. Due to the multiple effects of Nd on the microstructure, the ultimate tensile strength of TC11?1.0Nd increases, while the yield strength, ductility and microhardness decrease compared with those of pure TC11.     

激光功率对激光熔化沉积Ti-6Al-4V-0.25C合金组织和性能的影响

采用含0.25%C(质量分数)的Ti-6Al-4V预合金粉末进行激光熔化沉积试验,研究了激光功率对Ti-6Al-4V-0.25C合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明,Ti-6Al-4V-0.25C合金微观结构为等轴β晶粒,晶粒内部形成了层状α+β结构,并且平均晶粒尺寸和α板条尺寸均随着激光功率的增加而逐渐增加。此外,随着激光功率的增加,合金拉伸性能得到明显提升,特别是在激光功率为1500 W时制备的合金样品,抗拉强度、屈服强度及伸长率分别为1191 MPa、1129 MPa和8.3%。一方面,这是由于激光功率增加使得合金孔隙率显著降低;另一方面,Ti-6Al-4V合金中含有微量的C元素,在冷却/凝固过程中,大多数的C原子固溶在Ti基体中,造成固溶强化。     

磨料粒径及形状对磨料水射流切割钛合金表面微观形貌的影响

采用不同粒径与形状的磨料颗粒,在磨料水射流切割平台上切割钛合金,用超景深显微镜等设备分析,以研究不同的磨料粒径及形状对钛合金表面微观形貌的影响。研究表明:磨料粒径越大,钛合金表面所形成的划痕越长,80目磨料颗粒形成的微划痕长度约为160目磨料的5倍。且球形磨料颗粒所形成的划痕末端堆积较少,其表面线粗糙度低于9.5 μm;具有棱边的磨料颗粒所形成的划痕有唇状或鳞片状金属堆积,其表面线粗糙度在9.5～13.0 μm间;柱体形的磨料颗粒冲击形成的划痕带有尖锐的棱角,其表面粗糙度大于13.0 μm。      

钛合金超声振动研磨表面粗糙度特性试验研究

根据超声振动研磨加工原理,采用自行研制的超声振动研磨装置对塑性难加工材料钛合金(TC4)表面粗糙度特性进行了试验研究。试验采用单因素法,分别研究了工件转速、超声振动振幅以及磨料粒度对工件表面粗糙度的影响规律。试验结果表明:超声振动的附加在一定程度上降低了工件表面粗糙度。所获得的结论对超声振动研磨中加工参数的选择具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of strontium on the grain refining efficiency of Mg–3Al alloy refined by carbon inoculation

The effect of Sr on the grain refining efficiency of the Mg–3Al alloy refined by carbon inoculation has been investigated in the present study. A significant grain refinement was obtained for the Mg–3Al alloy treated with either 0.2% C or 0.2% Sr. The Al–C–O particles were found in the sample refined by 0.2% C, and the element O should come from reaction between Al₄C₃ nuclei of Mg grains and water during the process of sample preparation. The grain size of the sample refined by carbon inoculation was further decreased after the combined addition of Sr. The grain size decreased with increasing Sr content. Much higher refining efficiency was obtained when the Sr addition was increased to 0.5%. Sr is an effective element to improve the grain refining efficiency for the Mg–Al alloys refined by carbon inoculation. The number of Al₄C₃ particles in the sample refined by the combination of carbon and Sr was more than that in the sample refined by only carbon. No Al–C–O–Sr-rich particles were obviously found in the sample refined by the combination of carbon and a little (<0.5%) Sr addition.