轻质原油注空气氧化反应敏感性研究

轻质油藏注空气技术,是一种很有发展前景的提高采收率新技术,注空气不但具有一般注气的作用,而且具有氧化产生的其他效果。空气注入轻质油藏后,氧气和原油发生低温氧化反应,氧气被消耗,生成碳的氧化物,并且反应产生的热量使油层温度有所升高,促使轻质组分蒸发。本文通过实验、数值模拟与调研相结合,确定了注空气数值模拟模型的化学反应方程式,为以后进行大规模矿场模拟提供了方法和借鉴。     

CO_2与N_2驱油机理比较研究

讨论了注CO2提高原油采收率的机理。阐述了注CO2的优劣并与注N2做了比较。评价了不同注入CO2的方式的驱替效果。描述了适合注CO2油藏的筛选标准。结果表明:埋藏较深的中轻质油藏适合注CO2,而重力驱气顶油藏和凝析气田适合注N2。     

空气泡沫驱氧化机理实验研究

空气泡沫驱是一种特别适合低渗透油藏提高原油采收率的技术,它不仅具有一般注气的作用,而且还具有氧化反应产生的其它效果。但是如果注入空气中的氧与原油反应不充分,在原油中O2与甲烷气体的含量达到爆炸所需的有效浓度时,就有可能发生爆炸现象。因此,O2的含量是决定注空气泡沫工艺成败的关键因素。本文通过空气氧化静态实验,模拟原油在不同温度下的低温氧化过程,研究原油与空气接触后的氧化速率、含氧量及原油组分的变化,并分析了影响原油低温氧化反应的因素,为现场注气安全性的分析提供了理论基础。     

节能减排的空气采油技术

针对大庆实际油藏条件进行注空气低温氧化过程模拟研究,结果表明主要消耗了空气中的氧气,产生的少量CO_2和CO与大量N_2将形成烟道气驱油;原油氧化过程组分的变化,对原油流动性能并未产生不利影响;氧化过程放热升温加热油藏温度降低原油黏度更有利于原油流动,达到空气采油及节省水资源减少污水排放目的.     

注CO2气驱提高采收率效果影Ⅱ向因素分析

目前油田常规注水开发难度不断增加,应用注CO2气驱技术能够有效解决注水困难等问题,提高了原油采收率。在室内实验研究的基础上,应用数值模拟技术优化了注气方式及注气时机;分析了油藏地质参数对注CO2气驱提高采收率的影响。研究表明：水气交替注入方式更优;非均质性越强,开发效果越差;油藏渗透率越大、含油饱和度越高、原油粘度越低,注CO2驱油效果越好。     

二氧化碳驱室内试验研究

以中原油田卫334块为研究对象,进行二氧化碳驱室内试验研究。细管试验与压力组分试验研究表明,二氧化碳与目前地层原油可形成混相;注二氧化碳的压力组分试验表明注CO2但可大幅度降低地层原油粘度,使地层原油渗流阻力降低;长岩心驱替试验研究表明,目前地层条件下注CO2可实现混相驱开采,原油采收率高于80％,比注水开采高364个百分点。     

油田CO_2驱注入工艺技术

利用CO2驱油提高原油采收率(EOR)的方法已经得到普遍应用。CO2驱油地面注入工艺有液相注入和CO2超临界注入两种。本文针对油田注入压力等级,对液相、超临界CO2注入工艺的压注气源、注入流程及关键技术进行论述,从压注气源要求、最大注入适应压力、总注入成本等方面,对两种注入技术进行了对比分析。     

低渗透油藏注CO2驱油现状研究

低渗透油田最基本的特点就是流体渗透能力差、产能低,常规方式下采收率低。CO2作为一种驱油剂,在低渗油藏的开发中具有明显的增油降水效果,即CO2驱油技术在封存CO2,降低该温室气体对环境影响的同时,可以提高油田的采收率。通过探讨低渗透油藏注CO2提高原油采收率的驱油机理和应用现状,指出CO2在提高低渗油藏采收率方面大有可为。     

低渗油藏注空气-泡沫驱安全性分析

空气一泡沫驱的应用一直是被关注的焦点,其在采收率技术的应用领域也获得不错的效率,但是在应用安全性方面仍有需要改进的方面。本文从气体爆炸极限和氧气的消耗两个角度对该问题进行分析。分析表明,在油藏条件下,很容易控制空气与天然气的比例浓度,确保其不在爆炸范围以内,在一定程度上确保了应用的安全性;在底下空气中,使原油与地上的氧气发生化学反应,促进的原油的消耗量,同时也降低了注空气过程中存在的不安全因素。     

二氧化碳驱油

多年来,国内外许多学者对油藏使用CO2提高原油采收率进行了研究,室内实验和现场应用都证明,CO2是一种高效驱油剂。CO2驱是油田三次采油提高原油采收率的一项重要手段。针对这一问题,本文主要介绍CO2驱油机理:降粘作用、膨胀作用,驱油方式:CO2混相驱,高压注CO2气体等,并对现场实施效果进行分析,总结出驱油效果的影响因素及其规律,为油田生产提供指导。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。