电磁波在等离子体中的热致非线性衰减

研究了电磁波对等离子体进行加热所产生的非线性效应,分析了电磁波在等离子体中传播的热致非线性衰减,通过与线性衰减的计算结果进行比较,指出当电磁波频率较低且传输距离较远时线性计算产生较大误差,必须考虑电子温度升高引起的非线性衰减,并且分析了非线性衰减随频率、入射电波场强、传输距离等的变化关系,指出在一定条件下,电波对等离子体的加热可使电波的非线性衰减小于线性衰减。     

对流层大气环境对电磁波吸收衰减的影响分析

为了准确估计对流层大气环境对电磁波能量吸收衰减的影响,为电磁波发射测量装备进行作用距离估算、测控布设及辐射安全区设定提供理论基础,重点研究了对流层大气吸收气体对电磁波能量传播的衰减影响。依据国际电信联盟Rec.ITU-R P.676-9的建议及GJB/Z 87-97《雷达电波折射与衰减手册》给出的1～54 GHz电磁波大气衰减率近似估算模型、等效高度计算模型和等效路径折射模型,修订并完善了在对流层范围内跨等效高度的电磁波倾斜路径衰减量计算模型。仿真分析研究了不同大气压力、温度和水蒸气密度对衰减率的影响,以及不同传播仰角、温度和相对湿度对电磁波相同传播距离能量衰减的影响。     

预测毫米波雾衰减的抛物方程模型研究

雾是影响毫米波通信系统性能的典型气象条件之一.针对传统经验模型无法精确预测多径效应下的电波传播问题,给出了基于抛物方程的雾衰减预测模型.以自由空间雾特征衰减的预测为例,将本文模型与Rayleigh近似及经验模型的计算结果进行对比,验证了该方法的可靠性.最后将该模型应用于预测35 GHz和94 GHz毫米波在分别含有平流雾和辐射雾的复杂环境中的传播特性,仿真结果表明该模型有效地反映了地形绕射、地表反射等对电波传播的影响,为快速准确地预测复杂地理环境及特殊气象条件中的电波传播特性提供了一种有效的预测模型.     

雾对毫米波传输衰减特性研究

本文在计算水介电常数的基础上,在瑞利近似的条件下,针对平流雾和辐射雾并结合能见度和含水量的关系,从频率、能见度、温度三方面对毫米波传输衰减进行了数值计算和仿真,最后给出了雾衰减的相关结论,对极高频电磁波在雾天气情况下的传输衰减研究有一定的参考价值。     

一种计算云雾毫米波衰减的经验模式

基于Ｒａｙｌｅｉｇｈ散射近似和水的双Ｄｅｂｙｅ复介电常数模型计算的云雾衰减系数,得到了一种新怕估算云雾毫米波衰减系数的经验公式,计算结果表明在１０￣１０００ＧＨｚ频率范围和－８℃￣２０℃温度这一经验公式和直接计算结果间的最大误差小于９％,与其他经验模式比较表明,本文所检经验模式在温度和频率适用直都有了较大改进,最后简述了雾衰减与能见度的关系。     

云雾对THz波传播的衰减研究

基于云雾的粒子尺寸分布,利用Rayleigh近似和Mie理论计算了不同能见度和含水量的云雾对THz波的传播衰减.结果表明:THz波段的云雾衰减较微波、毫米波段的衰减严重得多;THz波段的云雾衰减随能见度的减小和含水量的增加而增大,对于相同能见度和含水量的云雾衰减并非随频率的提高而单调增加;同时温度对THz波段的云雾衰减影响不大,在整个THz波段并不存在明显的规律.     

毫米波云雾衰减计算模型及特性分析

本文给出了毫米波在大气中传输受云、雾粒子吸收所导致衰减的可实用计算模型。由于实际环境中 ,云、雾类型的多样性 ,以及粒子密度的不均匀性 ,使得精确计算云雾衰减量值有一定困难 ,通常对于云雾衰减采用实时观测的方法 ,不利于对其进行定量分析。本文采取瑞利散射近似算法 ,结合我国某一地区的长年气象统计数据 ,模拟计算了该地区的云雾衰减 ,最后对计算结果进行了简要分析     

恶劣环境下对流层散射信道衰减模型

针对现有的对流层散射损耗模型中的缺陷,研究了雨、雪、雾等恶劣气象环境下,对流层散射通信的电波能量衰减。分析了传统晴空大气下对流层散射损耗的计算方法和变化规律,在恶劣气象环境下,研究了雨、雪、雾等恶劣环境下电磁波的衰减率计算方法以及变化规律。同时为避免路径计算的不合理性,研究了恶劣气象环境对应不同的电磁波路径模型。为全天候、各种气象条件下更好地实现对流层散射通信,建立具有一定参考价值的衰减模型提供依据。     

星载太赫兹双频云雷达对冰云探测能力研究

针对星载云雷达对冰云探测可行性分析的需求,分析了非球形冰晶对340 GHz电磁波的单散射特性,基于不同的体积散射模型,研究了非球形冰晶云的回波特性以及94\340 GHz云雷达双波长比,假定冰云垂直分布的情况下,探讨了星载94\340 GHz云雷达双波长比随高度的变化以及可以穿透的冰云厚度。相较于94 GHz及220 GHz,冰晶粒子对340 GHz电磁波的散射能力增强,但是同时云对其的衰减也大大增加,340 GHz的衰减系数约是94 GHz的5～130倍;340 GHz云雷达可以探测浅薄的含水量较小的冰云,基本可以探测云厚2 km、冰水含量在 0.000 1-0.2 g/m³的冰云。含水量较多的厚云由于衰减,造成电磁波穿透能力大大降低,在假定的冰水含量垂直分布下,当最大冰水含量为1 g/m³时,可探测厚约5 km内云厚的40%以上;衰减也造成不同高度上相同滴谱的云有不同的双波长比,冰水含量的大小及垂直分布影响了双波长比的大小及电磁波探测云的厚度。衰减随着冰水含量增大而增大,高频云雷达电磁波衰减大,使得双波长比变大,从而使双波长比和谱的数浓度N₀有关,因此利用双波长比反演时,衰减订正非常重要。     

手机电视信号传输损耗性能分析

选用Cost 231-Walfisch-Ikegami模型对手机无线信号传输模型进行了简化,通过仿真,分析了手机电视信号在直通视距和非直通视距下传输损耗的特点。在直通视距情况下,传播路径损耗随电波频率增加而增大,在非直通视距情况下,损耗随着基站高度增加而增大。接着给出了在非直通视距情况下,街道宽度和天线高度对损耗的影响,街道越窄衰减越大,发射天线高度越低衰减越大,指导了实际工程应用。     

Cloud Morphology Over Three Indian Tropical Stations for Earth Space Communication

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of larger bandwidth for various applications of radio systems. In future in India too, microwave and millimeter wave frequencies will be in use very extensively for radio communication purposes and remote sensing applications. But, the attenuation due to cloud as well as thermal noise associated with could in millimeter wave and microwave frequency bands are of great concern to system engineers and radio researchers. Both cloud attenuation and cloud noise temperature lead to degradation in the performance of microwave communication and radar propagation. The effects of rain on radio wave are more than cloud but the occurrence of cloud is more than rain. In some parts of India cloud occurs for weeks together. The cloud morphology particularly in relation to radio wave propagation over different geographical region of India is therefore very essential and important. In view of this, systematic studies on cloud occurrence morphology over different geographical locations in India have been undertaken. In recent past some results on cloud occurrences over different stations in India have been reported. In this paper, cloud characteristics and cloud attenuation over three more stations are presented. Based on low level cloud coverage observations, cloud occurrences frequency over Mumbai (19.07°N, 72.50°E), Nagpur (21.06°N, 79.03°E) and Ahmadabad (23.04°N, 72.38°E) situated in Indian tropical west coast, central plain and semi arid region of western India in different months during daytime and nighttime has been deduced. The low-level cloud over Mumbai, Nagpur and Ahamedabad has been found to occur for many days and nights and particularly in the months of June, July, August and September. The attenuation of radio wave due to clouds at various frequencies ～10, 18, 32, 44 and 70 GHz over the aforesaid three stations also been deduced.     

Effect of Fog and Clouds on the Image Quality in Millimeter Communications

The effect of fog and clouds in millimeter communication is discussed, and the attenuation caused by fog and clouds is reviewed. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of image is derived using relating models of fog and clouds attenuation. According to the relation of image quality and its signal-to-noise ratio, the system behavior is forecasted theoretically. It is shown that the signal-to-noise ratio of receiver at certain transmitter power is inverse with radio wave frequency, from about 70dB at 10GHz to 48dB for fog and 49dB for clouds. The image quality of received signal at certain transmitter power is inverse with radio wave frequency, from about 7 grade at 10GHz to 5.27 grade for fog and 5.37 grade for clouds. The above calculated results are consistent with experimental results.     

复杂大气条件对微波传播衰减的影响研究

为了进一步提高大气对微波传播衰减影响的描述精度,为微波链路遥感反演大气新应用提供理论基础,该文系统性研究了大气主要吸收气体和各种大气粒子对微波传播的衰减情况。利用ITU-R模型计算大气主要气体成分对微波的吸收衰减,然后在降水粒子、云雾粒子和沙尘粒子的介电模型、形状、相态和谱分布的基础上,计算得到群粒子对微波的衰减特性,系统讨论降水强度、相态、含水量、谱分布、气压和温度等因素对微波传播衰减的影响。数值模拟结果表明,大气主要气体成分在60 GHz, 180 GHz和320 GHz附近存在强烈的吸收带,其衰减系数与水蒸气含量和气压呈正相关,与温度呈负相关;降水强度、谱分布、相态以及冰水比例对降水的微波衰减存在不同程度的影响,云雾的含水量和相态,沙尘的数密度、谱分布和含水量是影响微波衰减的主要因素,而温度的影响较小;大气各因素的衰减系数从大到小依次为爆炸沙尘、降水、气体吸收、水雾、冰雾和自然沙尘。     

近海覆盖若干问题的探讨

首先得出近海覆盖电波传播最大视距距离,根据海面电波传播的二波传播特性推导计算电波在海面传播的无线传播损耗,随后分析了雨、雾、云对近海覆盖电波传播的影响,给出了雨、云衰减计算公式。最后根据得出的结果分析了台湾海峡和渤海湾两处海洋环境近海覆盖的电波覆盖及其传播损耗。     

Cloud Characteristics and Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequency Bands for Satellite and Remote Sensing Applications over a Northern Indian Tropical Station

Microwave and millimeter wave frequency bands are in demand for requirement of more channels in radio communication systems. It has also been recognized that microwave and millimeterwave frequency radiometers on board satellites as promising tools for remote sensing. The frequency more than 10 GHz is affected by rain and cloud. Though the effects of rain on radiowave is more than cloud but the occurence of cloud is more than rain. Cloud has been found to occur for weeks together over this part of the world. It is therefore essential to study cloud morphology over different geographical region. In this paper, an attempt has been made to the cloud occurrences over an Indian tropical station, Delhi (28.35°N, 77.12°E) observed during different months and daytime and nighttime. It is seen that low clouds occurrence over Delhi is very significant and particularly during July, August and September. The specific attenuation of radiowave due to clouds at various frequencies 10 GHz, 20 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been deduced. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to cloud at 10 GHz varies from 0.0608 dB/km to 0.1190 dB/km while at 100 GHz the specific attenuation varies from 6.8460 dB/km to 11.9810 dB/km     

电磁波在等离子体中的传播衰减

针对通信黑障的问题,文中从电磁波在等离子体中的传播特性出发,利用Matlab数值仿真,研究不同电磁波频段,不同等离子体参数,包括等离子频率、碰撞频率、等离子温度、压强等对电磁波传播衰减的影响,以及外加磁场作用下,不同极化的电磁波在等离子体层的传播衰减特性。研究结果表明:外加磁场可明显降低圆极化电磁波衰减,并且当外加磁场满足一定条件,大于最小磁场强度时,电磁波衰减小于10 dB;且同等条件下右旋极化比左旋极化电磁波的衰减更小,为了获得较小的电磁波衰减,右旋极化电磁波所需的磁场强度也小于左旋极化。     

A new theoretical formulation for calculation of the specific attenuation due to precipitation particles on terrestrial and satellite radio links

The propagation of high frequency electromagnetic waves through rain is affected by absorption and scattering, which both lead to signal attenuation on satellite or terrestrial super high frequency (SHF) and extremely high frequency (EHF) links. Many factors govern rain effects on waves propagating in the atmosphere, namely raindrop size distribution, rain cumulative distribution, water temperature, refractive index and operating frequency. A high degree of accuracy in the calculation of specific attenuation caused by rain (attenuation per km) is of importance when planning high frequency radio communication systems. Until now, the kR^α expression has been widely used for such calculations. This relationship in which R (mm/h) represents the rain rate, α and k parameters determined for each frequency by interpolation, can be considered to be a compromise between the complexity and a simplified approach of the Van de Hulst relationship. In this paper, we present a new theoretical model based on physical laws and allowing the calculation of specific attenuation caused by all kinds of hydrometeor particles on high frequency electromagnetic waves. This method, which we derived from the forward scattering amplitude and the Van de Hulst relationship, is governed by wave polarization, the wave incidence angle, the radio link operating frequency, and precipitation particle size distribution in the climate of interest. Its application gives theoretical results which are in very good agreement with data gathered on terrestrial or earth–satellite links in several localities around the world. This new proposed model can be easily used and will constitute a very useful tool for evaluating satellite and terrestrial radio link performances, mainly in the future which will bring an expansion of high frequency satellite systems. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

植入式人体通信中电磁波在不同组织分界面上的传播特性研究

通过计算电磁波在不同人体组织分界面的入射情况,研究人体信道电磁波跨越不同组织分界面时的传播特性.文章首先利用电磁场边界条件推导均匀平面电磁波向单层与多层导电媒质入射时的反射系数、透射系数及电磁波表达式;然后以人体手臂为研究对象,采用4阶Cole-Cole模型获取10 Hz~100 GHz人体组织介电参数,计算向单层、多层组织入射时各个分界面上的最大入射角、反射系数、透射系数与平均能流密度,结果显示,垂直入射是电磁波透射多层人体组织的主要路径,皮肤与空气分界面的反射系数最大,频率小于1 MHz或大于10 GHz的电磁波能量比较难在人体内外传播,电磁波平均能流密度传播随频率呈带通特性,带宽及中心频率与器件植入位置有关等;最后采用COMSOL Multiphysics建立电磁波向3层人体组织垂直入射的有限元仿真模型,仿真结果与理论计算结果相比误差小于0.000 08,验证了理论推导与计算的正确性.     

Cloud Attenuation in Millimeter Wave and Microwave Frequencies for Satellite Applications over Equatorial Climate

A propagation experiment has been carried out at Penang using the SUPERBIRD-C satellite beacon. Cloud occurrences were observed during different months and it is seen that the low cloud occurrences over Penang is very significant from October to January. The cloud attenuation results that are presented, which include the testing of models, have been obtained from the data gathered over five years. The specific attenuation of radio wave due to clouds at various frequencies 12 GHz, 20 GHz, 75 GHz, 50 GHz and 100 GHz has been estimated whereby the values varies from 0.14 dB/km at 12 GHz to 10.1 dB/km at 100 GHz.