NURBS曲线在快速原型制造系统中的应用

大多数快速原型制造系统采用 STL 文件作为与 CAD系统之间的数据交换接口。但是 ,STL 文件是通过用一系列的三角片逼近实际零件表面而产生的 ,STL 文件本身及其创建过程均存在许多问题。要提高模型的精度 ,就必须增加三角片的数量 ,同时减小三角片的尺寸。这必然造成 STL 文件庞大 ,后续处理时间较长 ,而且易产生缺陷 ,使后续处理不能进行。针对上述问题 ,本文分析了 STL文件的不足 ,提出一种 CAD系统与 RPM系统之间新的数据交换方法。该方法对 CAD系统中的真实模型直接切片 ,将切片后所得到的轮廓数据作为 CAD系统与快速原型制造系统之间的数据交换接口。该切片算法已在“超人 2 0 0 0 CAD/ CAM”系统中实现 ,算法表现稳定     

快速成型制造中分层算法的改进

在现有STL模型切片算法的基础之上,提出了一种基于STL模型坐标分层算法,该算法在读入STL模型时,据各三角面片顶点的Z坐标对其分层,然后据三角面片内部边、顶点之间的拓扑关系在层内进行求交,生成CLI片层文件,输入快速成型机.该算法优化了数据结构,减少了切片时间,提高了切片效率.     

快速成型中基于零件制造精度的分层算法优化

在快速成型技术中,以STL模型为基础的分层制造工艺存在台阶效应,台阶效应影响制造零件的尺寸精度和表面粗糙度。为了减小分层制造的台阶效应,讨论了采取较小的分层厚度,从而提高零件的制造精度。讨论了选择合理的分层方向来避免台阶效应,但是为了避免在加工时频繁添加支撑,提出了基于零件装配要求的分层方法。为了避免因分层厚度减小而增加的制造时间,讨论了通过提前对三角形面片进行分类提取,去除一部分冗余三角形面片,从而减少分层时间。提出了将此三者结合即将减小层厚、选择合理分层方向以及三角面片的分类排序结合起以减小快速成型中的台阶效应,提高制造精度,保证制造效率。通过实例进行验证,表明该方法可以有效地减小台阶效应、提高制造精度并且保持其成型效率。     

机器人产品加工目标路径优化设计研究

针对在线示教产生的工具路径不能满足复杂目标路径要求这一问题,研究了基于STL模型切片算法生成机器人工具路径的优化设计问题。通过SolidWork建模软件生成加工表面的STL文件;然后生成每个切片层的三角面片分组数组;推导出分组数组中的三角面片与切平面的交点组坐标以及走向;最后利用平衡二叉树寻找每个切片层中各个有向交点组连接关系,得到满足连续的交点组集合。使用Python2.7在Anaconda2环境中进行仿真,仿真结果表明:该优化设计可以生成满足复杂目标路径精度要求的机器人工具路径。     

面向快速成型制造的CAD平台内嵌式通用接口

面向快速成型设备的CAD平台中的内嵌式通用接口，可直接在CAD建模环境下零件模型实施自适应直接切片操作，同时生成以片层结构数据为单位的快速成型接口文件，该接口使用NURBS曲线对各截面的片层结构轮廓进行精确地解析重构；依据重构后的NURBS截面轮廓，自动填充功能可精确地生成快速成型设备的X，Y向栅线扫描路径。实验数据表明，与利用STL模型切片获得的得的多义线轮廓对比，经NURBS解析重构后的自适应直接切片轮廓与原始轮廓间的拟合误差降低98％以上，所需的NURBS线段数目减少77％以上。     

带矢量的STL切片处理的实现

采用机器人携带喷枪进行表面喷涂时，喷枪的运行轨迹（位置和角度）是决定喷涂质量的关键，为此需要快速而准确地获得待喷涂零件表面上各点的位置和该点处的法向矢量。本文提出了一种由程序直接获取机器人运行轨迹的方法：首先在普通CAD软件中对待喷涂零件三维建模并转换为STL文件，然后对STL文件的数据格式进行矢量扩展和切片处理，得到一系列带有方向的点系，最后按照一定规律排序形成机器人的运行轨迹。该方法将快速成形的切片技术用于表面喷涂工艺的机器人轨迹规划，从而精确地控制喷枪的运行位置、角度以及喷枪与待喷涂工件之间距离。最后还对得到的轨迹进行了模拟运行和机器人实际喷涂试验，证明了其准确性和有效性。     

一种提高快速成形系统精度的新切片算法

现有快速成型系统的切片规则不能保证整个原型件的单侧公差,从而影响了快速成型系统的成型精度。本文研究了一种基于STL文件几何信息切片的新规则,通过计算零件法矢量与快速成型加工方向的点积来选择合适的切片方法。实验证明:与传统切片规则相比,这种新切片规则有效地提高了快速成型系统、尤其是应用等厚度切片的快速成型系统的成型精度。     

基于分组的STL模型快速切片算法

通过分析现有的STL(stereolithography)模型切片算法的特点,提出了基于分组的STL模型分组切片算法。该算法根据每个三角面片在切片方向的投影值,将整个STL模型分为若干组,以减少在切片过程中对三角面片的遍历次数、排序次数以及求交计算量。同时提出了基于链表的拓扑重建算法,在建立拓扑结构的同时去除了冗余数据。组内建立拓扑结构简化了切片轮廓线的构造过程,从而有效地提高了切片算法的整体效率。通过实验仿真对比分析,证明了该算法的实用性和高效性。     

带有装配定位系统的STL模型直接生成算法研究

提出了在分割STL模型上直接添加装配定位系统的方法。分析了分割后各子零件STL文件中三角面片的特点，建立了有效的带有装配定位系统的STL模型直接生成算法，保证了完整原型的尺寸和形状精度。     

Parasolid数据的STL变换研究

为满足CAD软件与快速成形领域的数据交换需要,提出了一种Parasolid数据的STL变换方法。利用Parasolid建模核心的PK-TOPOL-facet()函数将Parasolid模型按STL文件规则进行三角网格化,通过返回的拓扑信息构建三角面片与它的顶点和法向量的拓扑关系,并由此生成了STL文件。应用实例和Solidworks软件诊断表明,采用该方法可以将Parasolid文件变换为STL文件,生成的STL模型中无错误面和缝隙存在。     

Direct Slicing from PowerSHAPE Models for Rapid Prototyping

Rapid prototyping processes produce parts layer by layer directly from CAD models. An efficient method is required to slice the geometric model of a part into layers. Several slicing methods are introduced in this paper: slicing from STL files; tolerate-errors slicing; adaptive slicing; direct slicing; adaptive and direct slicing. PowerSHAPE is a powerful package for building models, and it provided macro language and picture files for its secondary development work. To meet rapid proto-typing slicing demands, the author proposes a direct slicing approach based on PowerSHAPE models. In this method, lines, arcs and Bezier curves are used to describe the section contours. This approach can be used in stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modelling, and other rapid prototyping processes, e.g. laminated object manufacturing. It may be the future solution to existing slicing problems.     

Adaptive direct slicing of a commercial CAD model for use in rapid prototyping

Slicing a 3D graphic model into layers of 2D contour plots is an essential step for all rapid prototyping (RP) machines. Various methods are available, such as stereo lithography (STL) file slicing, direct slicing and adaptive direct slicing. Amongst these, adaptive direct slicing is the most advanced for its capability of adapting the slicing thickness according to the curvature of any contour. In this study, an adaptive direct slicing method complete with the algorithm for calculating the thickness of each layer is proposed. As an illustration of the method, the algorithm was programmed within the commercial CAD software package, PowerSHAPE. The method was shown to be fast and accurate in comparison with STL file slicing and direct slicing, which both used a constant layer thickness. An erratum to this article can be found at     

快速成形容错切片中线段集合自适应连接方法

阐述了一种基于STL文件容错分层边界线段自适应连接的有效方法，将自适应方法应用于快速成形数据处理过程中，恰当地选择自适应变量、评价参数和约束条件，并进行数学公式推导。应用该方法实现了STL文件层面边界线的自适应连接。该方法比STL文件纠错方法减少了计算量和人工操作时间；与已有的裂缝跟踪方法相比，对于交叉情况，通过设不可连接端点的方法避免了全部拆分重新连接，提高了计算速度。该方法已在开发的数据处理软件中得到应用，运行情况良好。     

连续性对快速成形制造影响的研究

将实体几何连续性应用于快速分层 ,可以降低内存 ,加快信息提取时间。另外 ,沿垂直于Z向将巨型STL格式文件分割成多个STL格式文件 ,依次成型 ,可以避免巨型STL格式文件的读入错误和手工粘结带来的误差 ,提高了制件精度     

分割巨型STL格式形体文件的关键技术

为了避免巨型ＳＴＬ格式文件的读入错误和手工粘接带来的误差,研究了沿垂直于Ｚ向将巨型ＳＴＬ格式文件分割成多个ＳＴＬ格式,连续依次成形的方法,研究了分割面轮廓的拓扑自理和分割的轮廓为三角形的算法。     

A New Slicing Procedure for Rapid Prototyping Systems

The current slicing rule of most rapid prototyping (RP) systems cannot ensure unilateral tolerances on the whole prototype and often results in problems of overcut and undercut on the same part. This drawback leads to unsatisfactory precision of the part in post processing. In order to reduce the above problems, a new slicing method is proposed in this paper. Based on the geometry information in a stereolithography (STL) file, an algorithm is developed. The appropriate slicing rule is selected according to the inner product of the normal vector and working direction of the part, together with the function of the part to be manufactured. The STL file is cut into 2D sections and an accurate contour is calculated. After the slicing computation, an appropriate working path is produced. The rules proposed in this paper have been verified. This work contributes to the improvement of slicing rules in existing RP systems, especially in systems using uniform thickness slicing. It also improves manufacturing efficiency and working tolerances.     

ADAPTIVE LAYERED CARTESIAN CUT CELL METHOD FOR THE UNSTRUCTURED HEXAHEDRAL GRIDS GENERATION

Adaptive layered Cartesian cut cell method is presented to solve the difficulty of the unstructured hexahedral anisotropic Cartesian grids generation from the complex CAD model. Vertex merging algorithm based on relaxed AVL tree is investigated to construct topological structure for stereo lithography (STL) files,and a topology-based self-adaptive layered slicing algorithm with special features control strategy is brought forward. With the help of convex hull,a new points-in-polygon method is employed to improve the Cartesian cut cell method. By integrating the self-adaptive layered slicing algorithm and the improved Cartesian cut cell method,the adaptive layered Cartesian cut cell method gains the volume data of the complex CAD model in STL file and generates the unstructured hexahedral anisotropic Cartesian grids.     

基于STL模型的轮廓线自适应分层方法研究

目前,大多数快速成型系统在表达CAD模型时仍采用STL模型。由于快速成型自身的特点,对STL模型进行分层处理是其必由之路。在分析了传统的STL模型分层方法的基础上,提出了一种基于STL模型的轮廓外形线自适应分层的方法,然后通过实例对该自适应分层方法进行了验证,证明了该方法的可行性和正确性。     

Direct slicing and G-code contour for rapid prototyping machine of UV resin spray using PowerSOLUTION macro commands

Rapid prototyping processes produce parts layer by layer directly from 3D CAD models. An important technique is required to slice the geometric model of a part into layers and to generate a motion code of the cross-sectional contour. Several slicing methods are available, such as slicing from sterolithgraphy (STL) files, tolerate-error slicing, adaptive slicing, direct slicing, and, adaptive and direct slicing. This paper proposes direct slicing from 3D CAD models and generating a G-code contour of each layer using PowerSOLUTION software (Delcam International, Birmingham, UK). PowerSOLUTION includes two main modules: PowerSHAPE is used to build 3D CAD models and PowerMILL is used to produce G-Code tool paths. It provides macro language, picture files and cutting paths for secondary development work.The authors used macro commands to write an interface generating direct slicing from 3D CAD models and G-code contours for all layers. Most well-known controllers in the market accept the G-Code. Therefore, it is easier to apply this scheme in a CNC-machining center to produce rapid prototyping such as laminated object manufacturing (LOM) for complex geometries. The interface was successfully applied the interface to the UV resin spray rapid prototyping (UVRS-RP) machine that was developed to produce RP.     

An Effective Error-Tolerance Slicing Algorithm for STL Files

Although the STL (stereo lithography) file format is the de facto standard for the rapid prototyping industries, there are always some defects in STL files, many of which are difficult to correct. Instead of correcting the defects of bad STL files by a manual, interactive and complex approach with an STL file correction program, an error-tolerance slicing algorithm for STL files is proposed in this paper. With the detailed analysis of complex defects such as cracks and non-manifold facets, a complete topological structure for the facets model with defects is built and the layer is sliced effectively. The badly sliced contour is processed by crack-tracking and non-manifold facet travelling methods to obtain a correct contour in a relatively easy 2D way.