Direction finding for wide-band signals using an interpolated array

The authors derive a new direction-finding algorithm for multiple wideband signals received by an arbitrary array and analyze its performance. Using an interpolation technique, they generate a set of virtual arrays, each for a different frequency band, having the same array manifold. The convergence matrices of these arrays are added to produce a composite covariance matrix. Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimates are obtained by eigendecomposition of this composite covariance matrix using the narrowband MUSIC algorithm or its variants. Closed-form expressions for the asymptotic covariance matrix of the DOA estimation errors are derived using a perturbation analysis, evaluated for specific cases, and compared with the Cramer-Rao lower bound. Special attention is given to correlated and coherent signals. The formulas for the error covariance are quite general and can be modified to provide results for other wideband DOA estimation algorithms     

A covariance matrix shrinkage method with Toeplitz rectified target for DOA estimation under the uniform linear array

A covariance matrix shrinkage method is proposed to make an improvement of the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation under a uniform linear array in a scenario where the number of sensors is large and the sample size is relatively small. The main contribution is that we provide a shrinkage target with Toeplitz structure and deduce a closed-form estimation of the shrinkage coefficient. The closed-form and the expectation of the shrinkage coefficient estimate are calculated based on the unbiased and consistent estimates of the trace and moments of a Wishart distributed covariance matrix. The statistical property of the shrinkage coefficient estimate is discussed through theoretical analysis and simulations, which demonstrate the shrinkage coefficient estimate can ensure that the proposed covariance matrix estimate is a good compromise between the sample covariance matrix (SCM) and the target. The root-mean-square-error (RMSE) simulations of DOA estimation show that the proposed method can improve the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) DOA estimation performance in the case of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with small sample size, and also can provide a satisfactory performance at high SNR.     

基于L型和差嵌套阵的二维波达方向估计

针对传统L型均匀阵列二维波达方向（Direction of Arrival,DOA）估计中可估计信源数目受限于阵元数、分辨率低等问题,提出了一种新的L型和差嵌套阵列结构。该L型阵列的两个子阵布置相同,是非均匀的稀疏阵,通过阵元位置之间的差分、求和操作达到虚拟扩展阵元数目的效果,从而提升阵列的自由度。采用该阵列进行二维DOA估计时,两个子阵分别先进行一维的DOA估计,再采用PSCM（Pair-matching Signal Covariance Matrices）算法进行一维角度配对。每个子阵进行一维波达方向估计时,先采用VCAM（Vectorized Conjugate Augmented MUSIC）算法生成非均匀稀疏阵的求和求差协方差矩阵,再采用矩阵重构的方法恢复协方差矩阵的秩,最后对协方差矩阵采用MUSIC（Multiple Signal Classification）算法进行DOA估计。实验仿真表明,本阵列有着更高的自由度和估计精度。      

基于迭代超分辨的单快拍DOA估计方法

单快拍DOA估计方法可解决短时突发信号和相干信源背景下传统方法面临的秩亏损问题。本文提出一种基于迭代超分辨的单快拍DOA估计方法,利用迭代超分辨技术估计阵列的协方差矩阵,然后采用求根MUSIC算法实现对DOA的估计。该方法无需谱峰搜索,可在不损失阵列孔径的同时实现单快拍DOA估计。论文推导了基于最小方差无畸变响应原则的迭代超分辨技术,仿真分析了空间角度划分、迭代次数、信噪比等参数对DOA分辨的正确率和估计精度的影响,与已有方法的对比结果验证了本文方法的有效性。      

一种DOA估计的快速子空间算法

MUSIC算法是一种属于特征结构的子空间超分辨方法，该算法性能优良，但需要估计协方差矩阵并对其进行特征分解，运算量大，很费计算时间。本文对波这方向估计问题进行了研究并提出了一种采取降维处理的快速子空间算法，该算法利用阵列协方差矩阵的一个子矩阵快速得到信号子空问，无需特征分解，且无需估计整个协方差矩阵，只需估计该子矩阵，故快速算法运算复杂度远低于MUSlC算法，而性能损失并不太大。理论分析和计算机仿真结果表明此方法是有效的。     

采用降秩多级维纳滤波器的二维DOA估计快速算法

针对双平行线阵的二维波达方向(DOA)估计问题,为有效降低计算复杂度,提出了一种基于降秩多级维纳滤波器(MSWF)的快速算法。首先利用MSWF的前向递推实现信号子空间的快速估计,无需估计协方差矩阵和特征分解;然后,通过MUSIC算法对方位角和俯仰角的估计进行分维估计,使二维DOA估计退化为两个一维DOA估计问题,且方位角和俯仰角自动配对,进一步降低了运算量。仿真结果表明,该方法的估计精度优于同样基于双平行线阵提出的波达方向矩阵法(DOAM),俯仰角兼并时同样适用,计算复杂度低,适用于实时性要求高的应用背景。     

未知信源数目的DOA估计方法

针对信源数目未知情况下的DOA估计问题,该文提出了两种基于稀疏表示的DOA估计方法。一种是基于阵列协方差矩阵特征向量稀疏表示的DOA估计方法,首先证明了阵列协方差矩阵的最大特征向量是所有信号导向矢量的线性组合,然后利用阵列协方差矩阵的最大特征向量建立稀疏模型进行DOA估计;另一种是基于阵列协方差矩阵高阶幂稀疏表示的DOA估计方法,根据信号特征值大于噪声特征值的特性,通过对协方差矩阵的高阶幂逼近信号子空间,利用协方差矩阵的高阶幂的列向量建立DOA估计的稀疏模型进行DOA估计。理论分析和仿真实验验证,两种方法都不需要进行信号源数目的估计,具有较高的精度、较好的分辨力,对相干信号也具有优越的适应能力。     

一种新的DOA估计方法

本文提出了一种用天线阵来进行多个人射平面波的DOA(direction of arrival)估计方法.这种方法可以解决以往像MUSIC、ESPRIT等算法信号数不能超过阵元数的问题.这种方法计算量少、精度高、可适用于任意几何形状天线阵.同时得到信号频率估计,在平面阵中可得到自动成对的2维角估计.并且借助于相应技术,可...     

一种适用于小样本的迭代多重信号分类算法

当样本数不足时,由采样协方差矩阵特征分解得到的噪声子空间偏离其真实值,使得多重信号分类(MUSIC)算法目标角度(DOA)估计性能下降。为了解决这个问题,该文提出了一种迭代算法通过校正信号子空间来提高MUSIC算法性能。该方法首先利用采样协方差矩阵特征分解得到的噪声子空间粗略估计目标角度;其次基于信源的稀疏性和导向矢量的低秩特性,由上一步得到的目标角度以及其邻域角度对应的导向矢量构造一个新的信号子空间;最后通过解一个优化问题来校正信号子空间。仿真结果表明,该算法有效地提高了子空间估计精度。基于新的信号子空间实现MUSIC DOA估计可以使得性能得到改善,且在低样本数下改善尤为明显。     

The resolution threshold of a direction-finding algorithm fordiversely polarized arrays

Subspace-based algorithms for narrowband direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation require detailed knowledge of the array response (the array manifold) and assume that the noise covariance matrix is known up to a scaling factor. In practice, these quantities are not known precisely. Resolution and estimation accuracy can degrade significantly when the array response or the noise covariance deviate from their nominal values. We examine the resolution threshold of a recently proposed subspace-based algorithm for direction finding with diversely polarized arrays. We study finite sample effects, and the effects of modeling errors (errors in the array manifold or the noise covariance), on the resolution threshold. A comparison is made between the resolution thresholds of the MUSIC algorithm (for uniformly polarized arrays) and the proposed algorithm (for diversely polarized arrays)     

基于高阶累积量虚拟阵列扩展的DOA估计

该文提出了一种基于高阶累积量虚拟阵列扩展的DOA估计新方法。该方法基于高阶累积量孔径扩展的性质,由实际阵元的坐标与方向矢量直接计算出虚拟阵元的坐标与方向矢量,利用两种阵元的坐标之间的关系构造四阶或六阶协方差矩阵,运用MUSIC方法对非高斯独立信号源进行DOA估计。该方法在任意阵列的情况下,对非高斯独立信号源进行一维与二维DOA估计,均能准确地估计出多于实际阵元数目的方向角与仰角。实验表明,该方法简单、有效地扩展了阵列孔径,提高了阵列的空间分辨能力,有效地抑制了高斯噪声的干扰,降低了高阶累积量协方差矩阵的计算量。     

DOA estimation for noninteger linear antenna arrays with moreuncorrelated sources than sensors

We investigate direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation involving nonuniform linear arrays, where the sensor positions may be noninteger values expressed in half-wavelength units, with some number of uncorrelated Gaussian sources that is greater than or equal to the number of sensors. We introduce an approach whereby the (noninteger) co-array is treated as the most appropriate virtual array when considering an augmented covariance matrix. Since such virtual arrays have an incomplete set of covariance lags, we discuss various completion philosophies to fill in the missing elements of the associated partially specified Hermitian covariance matrix. This process is followed by the application of an algorithm that searches for a specific number of plane wavefronts, yielding the minimum fitting error for the specified covariance lags in the neighborhood of the completion-initialized DOA estimates. In this way, we are able to resolve possible ambiguity and to achieve asymptotically optimal estimation accuracy. Numerical simulations of DOA estimation demonstrate a close proximity to the Cramer-Rao bound     

基于矢量传感器MIMO雷达的DOD DOA和极化联合估计算法

该文研究了一种基于多输入多输出(MIMO)电磁矢量传感器阵列雷达目标波离角(DOD),波达角(DOA)和极化联合估计问题。提出一种新型矢量阵MIMO雷达系统模型,发射阵列采用常规阵元,而接收阵列采用电磁矢量传感器。在此基础上,该文提出4维MUSIC, ESPRIT和迭代1维MUSIC 3种联合参数估计算法。其中迭代1维MUSIC算法首先利用矢量传感器的内在结构特点获得目标DOA预估计,随后采用MUSIC算法对DOD和DOA分别进行1维搜索获得目标角度的高精度估计,最后给出一种基于ESPRIT的目标极化估计算法。迭代1维MUSIC算法可用于不规则阵列,对接收阵列约束较少,无需2维搜索及多维搜索,还可以利用矢量阵特点扩展阵列孔径提高DOA估计精度。此外,论文还推导了DOD, DOA和极化联合估计的CRB。仿真实验表明,与前两种算法相比,迭代1维MUSIC算法具有与CRB更接近的估计精度。     

针对相干信号DOA估计的改进MUSIC算法

针对相干信号波达方向(Direction of Arrival, DOA)估计,提出了一种改进的多重信号分类(Multiple Signal Classification, MUSIC)算法。首先,利用信号协方差矩阵的两个最大特征值所对应的特征向量,构造出两个Toeplitz矩阵;然后,利用前后向空间平滑思想得到这两个矩阵的无偏估计并求和;最后,利用MUSIC算法从中估计出相干信号DOA。和已有方法相比,该方法无需损失阵列孔径且具有更优的DOA估计性能。     

基于贪婪算法的高分辨信号源DOA估计

确定辐射源的来波方向(DOA)是阵列信号处理的重要研究内容,已经广泛应用于雷达、声纳和无线通信等领域。本文研究了远场窄带信号源的DOA高分辨估计问题。利用信号来波方向在空域具有稀疏性的特点,建立了远场窄带信号源的稀疏表示模型。根据协方差矩阵的特征值分解和贪婪匹配追踪算法原理提出了一种基于特征值分解的多重正交匹配追踪算法（EIG MOMP）。首先,利用特征值分解对阵列接收数据进行降维处理。这一降维操作使得问题转化为了一个具有多重观测向量（MMV）的欠定方程求解问题。接着利用MOMP算法对降维后的数据进行处理,最终得到信号的DOA估计值。该算法实现了在低信噪比下远场窄带信号源的高分辨DOA估计,并具有较低的运算复杂度。将本文提出的算法与传统的Capon算法、多重信号分类算法（MUSIC）以及正交匹配追踪算法（OMP）进行了对比。结果证明,该算法在低信噪比下能取得较好的DOA估计效果,可以针对任意的相干信号源,并且具有高分辨率的优点。      

基于稀疏和低秩恢复的稳健DOA估计方法

该文针对有限次采样导致传统波达方向角(DOA)估计算法存在较大估计误差的问题,提出一种基于稀疏低秩分解(SLRD)的稳健DOA估计方法。首先,基于低秩矩阵分解方法,将接收信号协方差矩阵建模为低秩无噪协方差及稀疏噪声协方差矩阵之和;而后基于低秩恢复理论,构造关于信号和噪声协方差矩阵的凸优化问题;再者构建关于采样协方差矩阵估计误差的凸模型,并将此凸集显式包含进凸优化问题以改善信号协方差矩阵估计性能进而提高DOA估计精度及稳健性;最后基于所得最优无噪声协方差矩阵,利用最小方差无畸变响应(MVDR)方法实现DOA估计。此外,基于采样协方差矩阵估计误差服从渐进正态分布的统计特性,该文推导了一种误差参数因子选取准则以较好重构无噪声协方差矩阵。数值仿真表明,与传统常规波束形成(CBF)、最小方差无畸变响应(MVDR)、传统多重信号分类(MUSIC)及基于稀疏低秩分解的增强拉格朗日乘子(SLD-ALM)算法相比,有限次采样条件下所提算法具有较高DOA估计精度及较好稳健性能。     

Effects of modeling errors on the resolution threshold of the MUSICalgorithm

Subspace-based algorithms for narrowband direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation require detailed knowledge of the array response (the array manifold) and assume that the noise covariance matrix is known up to a scaling factor. In practice, these quantities are not known precisely. Estimation accuracy can degrade significantly when the array response or the noise covariance deviate from their nominal values. In the paper the authors examine the resolution threshold of the MUSIC algorithm when the array response is perturbed from its assumed value and when the noise covariance does not match the assumed model. Analytical expressions for the resolution threshold are derived and verified by computer simulation. The authors also demonstrate the fact that preprocessing of the array data can improve somewhat the resolution in the presence of model errors. The paper makes extensive use of the contributions of various authors     

Direction-of-arrival estimates in the presence of wavelength, gain,and phase errors

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation using an array of sensors relies on an accurate characterization of the array manifold. In the absence of characterization errors, established techniques like MUSIC can be shown to perform well both theoretically and in simulation. However, in the presence of unknown sensor and/or source characteristics, the performance of most methods degrades significantly. We consider the problem of estimating gain and phase errors of an array of sensors whose physical positions are known. Our algorithm assumes that the gain and phase characteristics of the sensors are independent of DOA and employs multiple calibration sources with known DOA's. It differs from other algorithms in that the signal wavelengths are unknown. A least-squares formulation of the problem is then shown to be NP-complete, implying that an efficient solution is unlikely to exist. An implicit, enumerative technique is used to obtain the exact solution. For the special case of collinear sensors, we further show that an inherent ambiguity in the model prevents exact phase characterization unless the wavelength of one calibration source is assumed known. A theorem is presented relating the error in DOA to the difference between the assumed and true wavelengths of this calibration source. Simulation results are presented for both noncollinear and collinear arrays     

Propagator-based computationally efficient direction finding via low-dimensional equation rooting

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of multiple emitters with sensor arrays has been a hot topic in the area of signal processing during the past decades. Among the existing DOA estimation methods, the subspace-based ones have attracted a lot of research interest, mainly due to their satisfying performance in direction estimation precision and super-resolution of temporally overlapping signals. However, subspace-based DOA estimation methods usually contain procedures of covariance matrix decomposition and refined spatial searching, which are computationally much demanding and significantly deteriorate the computational efficiency of these methods. Such a drawback in heavy computational load of the subspace-based methods has further blocked the application of them in practical systems. In this paper, we follow the major process of the subspace-based methods to propose a new DOA estimation algorithm, and devote ourselves to reduce the computational load of the two procedures of covariance matrix decomposition and spatial searching, so as to improve the overall efficiency of the DOA estimation method. To achieve this goal, we first introduce the propagator method to realize fast estimation of the signal-subspace, and then establish a DOA-dependent characteristic polynomial equation (CPE) with its order equaling the number of incident signals (which is generally much smaller than that of array sensors) based on the signal-subspace estimate. The DOA estimates are finally obtained by solving the low-dimensional CPE. The computational loads of both the subspace estimation and DOA calculation procedures are thus largely reduced when compared with the corresponding procedures in traditional subspace-based DOA estimation methods, e.g., MUSIC. Theoretical analyses and numerical examples are carried out to demonstrate the predominance of the proposed method in both DOA estimation precision and computational efficiency over existing ones.     

基于张量四元数极化平滑的极化-DOA估计

为了解决相干信号的极化平滑算法在小快拍数和低信噪比条件下估计性能较差的问题,结合四元数的正交特性和协方差张量方法,提出了一种基于张量四元数的极化平滑多重信号分类（Multiple Signal Classification,MUSIC）解相干算法。首先,为了充分利用接收数据样本中的多维结构信息,建立了由张量四元数表示的柱面共形阵列极化平滑信号模型;其次,将平滑后的张量协方差矩阵通过高阶奇异值分解得到信号子空间;最后,通过极化秩亏MUSIC算法对入射相干信号分别进行二维波达方向（Direction of Arrival,DOA）估计和极化参数估计。仿真结果表明,该算法在小快拍数和低信噪比条件下具有更高的估计精度和分辨能力。