Deformation and energy absorption of aluminum foam-filled tubes subjected to oblique loading

Research to quantify the energy absorption of empty and foam-filled tubes under oblique loading with different loading angles and geometry parameters was carried out. Tests on circular tubes made of aluminum alloy AA6063 under quasi-static axial or oblique loading were performed. The collapse behavior of empty, foam-filled single and double tubes was investigated at loading angles of 0°, 5°, 10° and 15° with respect to the longitudinal direction of the tube. The tubes were fixed at both ends and oblique load was realized by applying a load at the upper end of a pair of specimens. When the foam-filled tubular structures subjected to oblique quasi-static loading, some new deformation modes, such as spiral folding mode, irregular extensional folding mode and irregular axi-symmetric or diamond deformation mode, were identified and ascribed to the bending of tubes and shearing of foam filler, as well as the interaction between the tubes and the foam. The energy absorption characteristics of empty and foam-filled single and double tube structures with respect to the load angle and wall thickness are determined. It is found that the energy-absorbing effectiveness factors of the circular tube structures with aluminum foam core are significant higher than those of the empty tubes and the energy absorption capacity of the foam-filled double tubes is better than that of the empty and foam-filled single tubes.     

泡沫填充薄壁结构的抗弯性分析及多目标优化设计*

泡沫铝填充薄壁结构具有轻质、较大承载能力以及高效吸能特性,越来越多地应用于各种工程结构。提出一种新颖的轴向梯度泡沫填充薄壁结构,采用试验与数值分析的方法,系统地分析空管、均匀泡沫填充及梯度泡沫填充薄壁圆管在弯曲工况下的力学响应及能量吸收特性。研究发现,泡沫填充薄壁结构比空管具有更好的抗弯性能。与均匀泡沫填充结构相比,梯度泡沫不仅使得填充薄壁结构的变形模式从单褶皱模式变为多褶皱模式,截面扁化量和抗弯刚度损失显著减小,而且有效地提高了填充结构的承载力及吸能特性。为了进一步探索填充结构的最优耐撞性,结合Kriging近似技术与粒子群数值优化方法,对均匀泡沫和功能梯度填充泡沫薄壁结构进行多目标优化设计,得到了泡沫填充薄壁结构耐撞性的最佳参数匹配设计,并有效提高了结构的抗弯性能,为泡沫填充薄壁结构抗弯性设计提供了参考依据。     

Effect of an ultralight metal filler on the bending collapse behavior of thin-walled prismatic columns

The effect of low-density metal filler, such as aluminum foam or honeycomb, is studied on the bending collapse resistance of thin–walled prismatic columns. A combination of analytical and numerical results is used to predict the initial and post collapse response of empty and filled columns. Closed-formed solutions for the bending-rotation characteristics are constructed in terms of the geometrical parameters and the filler strength. The low-density metal core retards sectional collapse of the thin-wall column, and increases bending resistance for the same rotation angle. Numerical simulations show that, in terms of achieving the highest energy absorption to weight ratio, columns with aluminum honeycomb or foam core are preferable to thickening the column wall. Moreover, the presence of adhesive improved the specific energy absorption significantly.     

泡沫铝填充帽型结构轴向冲击吸能特性的试验研究

利用冲击试验系统,通过试验方法研究了泡沫铝填充帽型结构在轴向冲击工况下的吸能特性。首先进行了泡沫铝、空心帽型结构以及泡沫铝填充帽型结构的轴向冲击试验;然后根据试验结果,对泡沫铝填充帽型结构轴向冲击工况下的吸能特性进行了分析,评估了填充泡沫铝以及应变率对帽型结构吸能特性的影响。试验结果表明, 与空心结构相比,填充泡沫铝之后帽型结构的轴向压缩稳定性和吸能特性有明显的改善;由于材料对应变率敏感, 与准静态压缩相比,结构的吸能特性有一定的提高。     

Theoretical analysis for axial crushing behaviour of aluminium foam-filled hat sections

A theoretical analysis was performed to predict the crushing behaviour of aluminium foam-filled single hat and double hat sections subjected to axial compression. The experimental results and superfolding element theory were used to create deformation models for the aluminium foam contained in the hat sections, and several assumptions were made for the theoretical analysis. According to the energy method and superfolding elements theory, the mean crushing force and the interactive effect were theoretically predicted for the axial compression of the aluminium foam-filled hat sections. The final formula specified the relationship between the mechanical characteristics of the aluminum foam and the height of the superfolding element. The mean crush forces and the interactive effect predicted by the theoretical analysis were in good agreement with the experimental results. The theoretical prediction results showed that the interactive effect was mainly from the aluminium foam.     

Experimental studies on the axial crash behavior of aluminum foam-filled hat sections

Drop hammer tests were carried out to study the axial crash behavior of aluminum foam-filled hat sections. First, the axial crash tests of the empty hat sections, aluminum foam and the aluminum foam-filled hat sections were carried out; then, based upon the test results, the axial crash behavior of the aluminum foam-filled hat sections were analyzed. It was found that aluminum foam filling can increase the energy absorption capacities of the hat sections. Compared with the non-filled structures, aluminum foam-filled structures were much more stable and needed less mass to absorb the specified energy. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2006, 42(4) (in Chinese)     

HSK工具系统扭转刚度特性分析

利用有限元法,对不同配合性质的HSK主轴/刀柄进行受力变形分析,得到HSK工具系统的扭转刚度曲线,并讨论了配合性质对扭转刚度的影响作用.结果表明,在正常高速切削情况下,主轴/刀柄配合性质对HSK工具系统扭转刚度的影响并不大;在大切削扭矩下,过盈配合能有效的保持HSK工具系统的高扭转刚度.研究结果为高速加工工具系统的精度设计提供了部分依据.     

混合动力挖掘机轴系扭振特性

建立了混合动力挖掘机轴系的有限元分析模型,对轴系前5阶模态进行了计算。计算结果表明：与传统挖掘机相比,混合动力挖掘机轴系的1阶模态频率下降了270Hz;前2阶模态的振型均为扭转振动。建立了混合动力挖掘机轴系的动力学仿真模型,对轴系的扭振特性进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明：混合动力系统轴系存在周期性的扭振,扭角变化幅度为±0.003°,扭振频谱存在峰值,峰值频率约为48.9Hz。建立了混合动力挖掘机轴系扭振测试实验台,对不同转速下轴系的最大扭角进行了实验测试。实验结果表明：当混合动力系统轴系转速大于1100r/min时,轴系的最大扭角保持不变,约为0.003°;当混合动力系统轴系转速小于1100r/min时,轴系的最大扭角随转速的减小而增大;当轴系转速为896r/min时,轴系的最大扭角约为0.007°。     

Analysis of torsional crankshaft oscillations in a diesel engine on the basis of cylinder-block vibration

Torsional crankshaft oscillations in the diesel engine of an automobile are studied experimentally. Their relation to the cylinder-block vibration is considered. It is established that the vibrations appearing not only at the resonant harmonic but at higher frequencies are due to torsional crankshaft oscillations, which produce impacts in the crankshaft’s slip bearings.     

Parametric study and numerical analysis of empty and foam-filled thin-walled tubes under static and dynamic loadings

In this paper the crushing behavior of thin-walled tubes under static and dynamic loading is investigated. First, a finite element (FE) model for empty thin-walled tube was constructed and validated by available experimental and numerical data. The comparison between the FE results and the existing numerical solutions as well as the available experimental results showed good agreements. Next, a model for the foam was adopted and implemented in an in-house FE code. The implemented isotropic foam model was then used to simulate the behavior of foam-filled tubes under both static and dynamic loadings. Good agreement was observed between the results from the model with those obtained by analytical relations and experimental test data. The validated FE model was then used to conduct a series of parametric studies on foam-filled tapered tubes under static and dynamic loadings. The parametric studies were carried out to determine the effect of different parameters such as the number of oblique sides, foam density and boundary conditions on crushing behavior of rectangular tubes. The characteristic included deformed shapes, load–displacement, fold length and specific energy absorptions.     

一种新的转子碰摩故障诊断特征的研究

建立Jeffcott碰摩转子的弯扭耦合振动非线性微分方程，通过数值仿真手段，着重分析转子碰摩故障的扭振时频域特点及其非线性振动特性，并描述动静间隙对碰摩转子扭振非线性特性的影响。研究表明，转子碰摩激起丰富的扭振频谱信息，主要包括N/2X、N/3X等分频成分以及1X、2X等倍频成分，且分频幅值往往比倍频大许多。在一定转速范围内，周期运动与复杂的非线性运动交替出现。而动静间隙对转子扭振特性影响明显，动静间隙越小，转子动静碰摩越严重，频谱成分越丰富，运动形式更趋复杂，相应的各复杂运动区的范围也越宽。文中揭示的扭振特征为转子碰摩的状态识别与诊断提供了一种新方法。     

Torsional fretting wear of a biomedical Ti6Al7Nb alloy for nitrogen ion implantation in bovine serum

Ti6Al7Nb is a high-strength titanium alloy used in replacement hip joints that possesses the excellent biocompatibility necessary for surgical implants. Ti6Al7Nb treated with nitrogen gas (N₂) plasma immersion ion implantation–deposition (PIII–D) was investigated. Torsional fretting wear tests of untreated and nitrogen-ion-implanted Ti6Al7Nb alloys against a Zr₂O ball (diameter 25.2 mm) were carried out under simulated physiological conditions (serum solution) in a torsional fretting wear test rig. Based on the analyses of the frictional kinetics behavior, the observation of 3D profiles, SEM morphologies and surface composition analyses, the damage characteristics of the surface modification layer and its substrate are discussed in detail. The influence of nitrogen ion density on the implantation and torsional angular displacement amplitudes were investigated. The results indicated that ion implantation layering can improve resistance to torsional fretting wear and thus has wide potential application for the prevention of torsional fretting damage in artificial implants. The damage mechanism prevented by the ion implantation layer on the Ti6Al7Nb alloy is a combination of oxidative wear, delamination and abrasive wear. An increase in ion implantation concentration inhibited detachment by delamination.     

码盘偏心对扭振测试影响的研究

扭振测试对旋转机械的故障诊断具有十分重要的意义,当测速码盘存在偏心时,会给扭振测试带来很大的误差。在轴实际存在扭振的情况下,由理论推导,得到在码盘偏心时测量转速与轴实际转速之间的关系式,从而得到测量扭振角速度,分析出测量扭振的组成成分并得到了其数学表达式。讨论影响扭转各成分幅值大小的因素,偏心比越大,测量扭振的误差越大;偏心比相同时,转速越高,扭振角速度的误差也越大;任一阶测量扭振均受到分布在其两边的轴实际扭振的所有阶次的影响,在幅值相同情况下,距离越远的阶次影响越小。仿真和试验验证了理论推导的正确性,仿真中的最大误差为2.83%,试验中的最大误差为5.6%。     

Static crushing of square aluminium extrusions with aluminium foam filler

An experimental investigation was carried out to study the behaviour of square aluminium extrusions filled with aluminium foam under quasi-static loading conditions. Based on the experimental work, simple relations between dimensionless numbers governing the influence of the foam on the characteristics of the crush problem were identified. Furthermore, a simplified set of equations applicable for design of foam-filled components was proposed.     

Research on torsional fretting wear behaviors and damage mechanisms of stranded-wire helical spring

Wear on the local area of steel wires’ surface is attributed to torsional fretting on the working process of stranded-wire helical spring. A mathematical model to calculate normal contact force and angular displacement amplitude among the wires is established first when the spring is impacted. With the experimental parameters obtained from the model, the torsional fretting test, which stimulates torsional fretting among the wires in the working process of the spring, is realized successfully on a newly developed fretting tester. Torsional fretting behaviors are strongly dependent upon normal contact force, angular displacement amplitude, and number of cycles. There are three basic types of T-θ curves (short for torque), angular displacement curves during the process of torsional fretting, namely, parallelogram, elliptic, and linear T-θ curves. To analyze the damage mechanisms, distribution maps of oxygen in the wear scar of spring wires under different working conditions are revealed. The damage gets slight in the partial slip region, mainly with the abrasive wear and the slight oxidative wear, whereas the wear mechanisms are mainly the abrasive wear, the oxidative wear, and the delamination, accompanied with obvious plastic deformation in the mixed fretting and slip regions.

     

A comparative study of finite element methodologies for the prediction of torsional response of bladed rotors

The prevention of torsional vibration-induced fatigue damage to turbo-generators requires determining natural frequencies by either field testing or mathematical modelling. Torsional excitation methods, measurement techniques and mathematical modelling are active fields of research. However, these aspects are mostly considered in isolation and often without experimental verification. The objective of this work is to compare one dimensional (1D), full three dimensional (3D) and 3D cyclic symmetric (3DCS) Finite element (FE) methodologies for torsional vibration response. Results are compared to experimental results for a small-scale test rotor.It is concluded that 3D approaches are feasible given the current computing technology and require less simplification with potentially increased accuracy. Accuracy of 1D models may be reduced due to simplifications but faster solution times are obtained. For high levels of accuracy model updating using field test results is recommended.     

APPLICATION OF WAVELET PACKET ANALYSIS FOR FAULT DETECTION IN ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEMS BASED ON TORSIONAL VIBRATION MEASUREMENT

This paper primarily focuses on detecting electrical faults in turbine generator sets by monitoring torsional vibrations with the help of the non-contact measurement technique and analysing the data acquired from torsional vibration meter. Torsional vibrations in shaft trains can be excited by periodic excitation due to a variety of electromagnetic disturbances or unsteady flow in large steam turbine generator sets and may cause failure in shaft trains. A method is presented to use wavelet packet analysis for fault detection. It is achieved by decomposing the torsional vibration signals in the wavelet packet space at different levels to give finer details. Shannon wavelets have compact supports in frequency domain, it allows the analysis to be carried out in frequency bands of interest. Its effectiveness is verified by experimental results. Moreover, the application of the proposed method can be extended to analysis for transient conditions.     

Blast attenuation in Cymat foam core sacrificial claddings

The mechanism of air blast attenuation in a sacrificial cladding comprising a steel cover plate and a foam core is examined applying an analytical and numerical analysis. For the range of the analysed pressure pulses, the maximum magnitudes of the induced compaction velocities were usually smaller than the acoustic wave speed in the foam material and caused a non-uniform foam density distribution along the compacted region. A significant density decay measured from the proximal end of the cladding was observed within the compacted foam zone due to a rapid reduction of the compaction velocity. An analytical model was developed to reveal the characteristic features of the foam compaction under a moderate velocity impact. It was shown that waves of strong discontinuity, such as shock waves resulting from an overtaking of the stress increments cannot be initiated in the foam. It was revealed, however, that the stress wave propagation in the form of an unloading plastic wave has a significant dynamic effect on the foam compaction and energy absorption. It was concluded that a quasi-static approach cannot be used to accurately estimate the absorbed energy, at least for partially compacted foam. The predictions of the proposed analytical model are compared with other published analytical models for a foam compaction under a high and low velocity impact and with the results from the numerical simulations of the foam deformation in a finite thickness sacrificial cladding subjected to a blast loading. The numerical model was verified with blast loading tests of 50 mm thick Cymat foam claddings having a density of 253 kg/m³. The influence of the cladding characteristics on the reflected stress from the stationary end of the cladding was also analysed when using the proposed model for foam compaction.     

发动机曲轴系统扭转振动计算方法及优化控制

以某一发动机曲轴系统为研究对象,建立了曲轴系统扭转振动的集总参数模型,并利用集总参数模型计算了曲轴前端在气缸压力作用下的扭转角位移;分析了减振器惯性质量绕曲轴中心线的转动惯量和扭转刚度对曲轴系统扭转振动的影响;最后,对扭转减振器进行了参数优化设计,并给出了优化结果.     

Predicting Material Performance in Rolling Contact Fatigue via Torsional Fatigue

Abstract

Evaluating new materials for rolling element bearings (REBs) is an expensive, time-consuming, and difficult process. This work presents a continuum damage mechanics (CDM)-based finite element model (FEM) that incorporates gradual material degradation under cyclic loading and discrete material representation to predict rolling contact fatigue (RCF) failure. The fully reversed orthogonal shear stress was considered the critical stress for the CDM RCF modeling. Torsional fatigue results available from the open literature were used to determine the critical parameters for CDM FEM. In contrast to previous modeling approaches, in this investigation the CDM material parameters were considered probabilistic in nature to represent variations in material strength or resistance to fatigue. This modification to the modeling procedure resulted in RCF life predictions that capture life scatter characteristic of the RCF phenomena for REBs. Based on the model results, a fatigue life equation was developed to corroborate the Lundberg and Palmgren (LP) theory. The results obtained from the predictive life equation generated from the CDM-based FEM using material parameters obtained from torsional fatigue results are in good agreement with the LP model.