湍浮力射流形成区内特性的预报

应用作者所提出的数学模型和计算方法,对浮力射流形成区内的特性进行了预报。得出了形成区内中线流速、温度和湍动能的沿程变化,以及射流核的长度和掺入速度。也得出了流速、温度和湍动能在断面上的分布。并分析和讨论了出口条件及环境分层对这些特性的影响。     

平面射流和浮力射流的数学模型及计算方法

本文提出了一个预报平面射流和浮力射流特性的双尺度Ⅱ湍流模型,并给出了六点格式的有限解析法用于数值计算。同时也应用单尺度模型和双尺度Ⅰ模型进行了预报。预报了射流和均匀环境中浮力射流的扩展率、流速分布、温度分布、雷诺切应力分布和湍动能分布。同试验资料的比较证明双尺度Ⅱ模型最好。     

流动环境中平面负浮力排放的数值模拟

建立流动环境中平面负浮力倾斜射流的二维k-ε湍流模型，采用D M Shahrahani和J D Ditmars(1976)的试验资料进行检验，并且对平面负浮力倾斜射流流动特性进行了数值预报。给出了射流的分区及分区的界限，同时亦给出了涡心断面的物理量的分布及典型断面上湍动能平衡图。     

明渠湍流发夹涡包形成及湍动能分布特性

湍流结构是湍流运动研究中最为基础的问题。为了解明渠湍流结构相互作用的动力演变关系,该文采用高频高分辨率粒子成像测速系统对充分发展的明渠湍流进行纵剖面二维流速矢量场进行测量,对发夹涡及发夹涡包结构与高低速流团的动力演变关系以及发夹涡结构内部的湍动能分布特性进行分析。结果表明:发夹涡及发夹涡包结构可以由高低速流团相互作用而产生;发夹涡涡核只位于高低速流团的交界区域。近壁区发夹涡结构的喷射(Q2)过程为产生湍动能的主要区域。而湍动能耗散主要集中在高低速流团的交界区域。明渠湍流近壁区为湍动能的主要产生与耗散的区域。     

局部分层环境中的平面浮力射流

本文利用κ-ε-(?)~2湍流模型,提出了在局部分层环境中,中性浮力点前的平面湍浮力射流的数学模型。在较大的出口弗劳德数和局部分层强度范围内进行了数值计算,并导出一组参考量,分析整理计算结果。给出了射流中线流速、密度、湍动能和速度半宽沿中线的变化,也给出了射流确定后时均流速、温度和湍流传输量的分布剖面。     

倾斜水射流冲击移动平板的流动分析

该文采用雷诺应力湍流模型(RSM)和Simplec算法对倾斜冲击淹没射流下移动平板表面的流动特性进行数值分析,得到了不同入口雷诺数、入射角度和不同平板移动速度下平板表面流场的流函数分布和平板近壁面湍动能分布。研究结果表明,斜射流下冲击点下坡侧产生了旋涡区,此旋涡随板速的提高而被压缩,其中心逐渐向射流中心区靠近。此外,相同条件下滞止点处的近壁湍动能最大,湍动能峰值位置随平板的移动而同向移动,并随入射角的降低而远离射流的几何中心。     

基于Fluent软件的低压输水管道沉沙池流场模拟分析研究

针对阿克苏乡低压输水管道中沉沙池流场特性,基于Fluent软件建立数值模型,获得沉沙工况下沉沙池在横向、纵向断面上流速特征,研究了沉沙工况下湍动能与耗散率,池口湍动能大,池末端湍动能较小;池末端与池口处耗散率相差约有810倍。分析了两种排沙工况下流速在池末端聚集,且回旋流显著;两方案湍动能与耗散率具有一致性,池口处紊动特征显著,池中间段湍动能减小至稳定状态,最大变幅超过4个量级,最大耗散率达1.831.97。     

横流均匀环境中三维线源型正负浮力射流特性研究

本文利用混合有限分析法及交错网格。对横流均匀环境中三维线源型正负浮力射流及负浮力射流的特性进行研究，分析了不同工况下流速，温度和湍动能在断面上的分布及影响射流轨迹线的因素，讨论了轨迹线上温度的变化及浮力射流的贴壁现象。对三维长线源型负浮力射流，分析了流速比，喷口弗汝德数对负浮力射流的影响。     

低雷诺数非线性k—ε湍流模型及其应用

本文发展了一人低雷诺数非线性ｋ－ε湍流模型，其特点是考虑了湍动能及湍动能耗散速度的非线性扩散过程，采用了一个非线性雷诺应力表达式，引入了壁面修正函数以考虑湍流的近壁低雷诺数效应。应用该模型计算了湍流槽流和湍流库埃特流。与实验结果的比较表明，所建模型对包括近壁区在内的整个计算域的各湍流量都能给出非常满意的预测结果。     

过山气流的数值研究

本文采用k—ε两方程湍流计算工程模式和Sigma坐标系、迎风分裂隐式格式,数值模拟了在地转运动和浮力、热力效应下两维起伏地形上的过山气流,获得了复杂大气流动的风速、风切变、位温和湍动能的分布特征。     

The calculation of mechanical energy loss for incompressible steady pipe flow of homogeneous fluid

The calculation of the mechanical energy loss is one of the fundamental problems in the field of Hydraulics and Engineering Fluid Mechanics. However, for a non-uniform flow the relation between the mechanical energy loss in a volume of fluid and the kinematical and dynamical characteristics of the flow field is not clearly established. In this paper a new mechanical energy equation for the incompressible steady non-uniform pipe flow of homogeneous fluid is derived, which includes the variation of the mean turbulent kinetic energy, and the formula for the calculation of the mechanical energy transformation loss for the non-uniform flow between two cross sections is obtained based on this equation. This formula can be simplified to the Darcy-Weisbach formula for the uniform flow as widely used in Hydraulics. Furthermore, the contributions of the mechanical energy loss relative to the time averaged velocity gradient and the dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy in the turbulent uniform pipe flow are discussed, and the contributions of the mechanical energy loss in the viscous sublayer, the buffer layer and the region above the buffer layer for the turbulent uniform flow are also analyzed.     

TURBULENT MIXING AND EVOLUTION IN A STABLY STRATIFIED FLOW WITH A TEMPERATURE STEP

Large-Eddy Simulation(LES)is applied to examine the turbulent mixing and evolution in a stably stratified flow with a thermally sharp interface.Turbulent velocity intensities and turbulent kinetic energy are analyzed by considering the mean shear and stratification effects.The evolution of turbulent mixing layer and turbulent structures are mainly investigated.The results show that the streamwise intensities are much larger than the vertical intensities,and vertical fluctuations decay more rapidly at the presence of stratification.The qualitatively computational results suggest that the mixing layer,defined by the mean temperature,inclines to the side with small inlet velocity.The evolution of the half-width of the mixing layer shows two different slopes.The turbulent structure with high vorticity is restricted in the mixing layer especially in strong stratified cases.     

Velocity and concentration measurements in initial region of submerged round jets in stagnant environment and in coflow

Velocity and concentration fields are measured in submerged round jets in a stagnant environment and in coflow using laser Doppler anemometry and laser-induced fluorescence. Measurements are made in the initial region within distances of 40 jet exit diameter at jet Reynolds number between 1000 and 5000 and coflow-to-jet velocity ratio from 0 to 0.43. Different behaviors of jet spreading and dilution are found in jets at three different ranges of Reynolds number in which the jets are classified as initially laminar, transitional or turbulent. In the zone of established flow, the jet centerline velocity and concentration decay with downstream distance at different rates in the three groups of jets. For jets in coflow, axial development of normalized forms of centerline mean excess velocity and mean concentration at different velocity ratios can be reasonably well collapsed onto universal trends through the use of momentum length scale. Turbulence properties inside a jet are increased by the presence of a strong coflow. Inside the zone of flow establishment, some strange features are observed on jet turbulence properties. The length of zone of flow establishment increases from the turbulent jets, to the transition jets and to the laminar jets. The zone lengths for concentration are shorter than those for velocity by one to two jet exit diameters. Both lengths are shortened further in the presence of a coflow. For jets a stagnant environment and in the strong jet flow region of jets in coflow, jet widths increase linearly with downstream distance in transitional and turbulent jets. Self-similarity of radial profiles of mean velocity or excess velocity, mean concentration, turbulence intensities and concentration fluctuation level is explored in the zone of established flow.     

不同布设方式的生态浮床对水流结构影响研究

生态浮床是一种应用广泛的水质净化水体修复技术。在河道中布设生态浮床会干扰水流结构,影响河道行洪排涝能力。本文区分低透水性浮床主体区和高透水性浮床根系区,运用两层式固定多孔介质域概化生态浮床,构建生态浮床不同布设方式的水槽三维水动力数学模型,对比分析无浮床、浮床不同间距串联或交错排列等14种工况的水槽水动力特性及其变化规律。布设浮床后浮床上游水面壅高、下游水面先局部降低后恢复,浮床段流速垂线分布呈“纺锤形”且平均流速和紊动能明显增大。相较于串联排列,交错排列方式对水流结构影响程度较大,且水位、流速、紊动能等水动力参数随浮床间距的变化趋势相异。因此,考虑对洪水位的壅高及增强水流紊动强度利于污染物扩散,实际应用中需结合研究成果合理选择生态浮床的布设方式。     

开孔促淤板周围水流紊动特性试验研究

为深入了解开孔促淤板周围的水流特性,通过室内概化水槽试验分析了开孔促淤板前后的水流紊动特性,采用声学多普勒流速仪(ADV)测量了开孔促淤板前后典型断面上的三维瞬时流速,分析了典型断面上的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺切应力和紊动能的分布规律。试验结果表明:板后近板区出现回流区,且回流区与开孔促淤板格栅位置相对应;板后水流相对紊动强度、雷诺切应力及相对紊动能明显大于板前,开孔促淤板对板后近板区水流影响较大;随着与开孔促淤板距离的增大,回流现象消失,流速变化趋于稳定,水流相对紊动强度减小且最终趋于稳定,相对紊动能出现折减且折减率逐渐降低;靠近近板区xOy面雷诺切应力大于yOz面雷诺切应力,靠近下游xOy面雷诺切应力与yOz面雷诺切应力相差较小。     

《南水北调与水利科技》优先数字出版声明

The turbulent flows through the channels with abrupt cross-sectional changes are common and importantphysical process in nature.For a better prediction of the mean flow and turbulent characteristics for this problem,atwo-dimensional depth-averaged numerical model is developed.The model is robust and accurate in reproducing therecirculation flow behind a groyne and turbulent flows in channels with abrupt cross-sectional changes,when com-pared to the available experimental data of mean velocities and turbulence kinetic energy.Our results reveal that theabrupt cross-sectional change of a channel can affect the flow pattern significantly and introduces the complex turbu-lence characteristics.In particular,when the channel has an abrupt expansion,the mean flow pattern is mainly in lon-gitudinal direction with rather small transverse component.Meanwhile,a recirculating region forms behind the expan-sion position and the turbulence has very strong intensity within this region.For the flow in the channel with an ab-rupt contraction,the longitudinal component of the flow is decreased by the obstruction on one side and accelerated onthe other side,whereas the transverse velocity is small.The turbulence is extraordinarily strong in the regions adja-cent to the contraction wall in the narrow channel.In both cases of abrupt cross-sectional changes,the TKE is genera-ted dominantly by the shear of the longitudinal velocities.     

部分冰盖下水流水力特性数值模拟

运用Fluent软件建立雷诺应力模型,模拟不同冰盖覆盖度下恒定均匀流流场,从纵向时均流速、二次流、雷诺应力、紊动能等方面揭示部分冰盖下水流的水力特性。结果表明：岸冰的形成会导致冰盖下水流在断面上重新分配,明流区流速增大,冰盖下流速减小;横向动量交换产生复杂的二次流结构,涡体形状、数量、大小和位置随着冰盖覆盖度的增加而变化;雷诺应力断面分布较复杂,冰盖附近区域雷诺应力为负值,负值区范围与冰盖覆盖度密切相关,并凸向明流区;冰盖、边壁和床面的粗糙度不同导致紊动能在断面上的分布呈现出明显的差异,冰盖区紊动能大于明流区的值,反映出岸冰对冰盖下水流结构影响的复杂性。     

Turbulent flow structure at a 90-degree open channel confluence: Accounting for the distortion of the shear layer

City channels often have a smaller width-to-depth ratio in comparison to natural rivers due to the limited land availability. The penetration of the tributary into the main channel can cause the distortion of the shear layer. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the mean and turbulent flow structure in the distorted shear layer in a discharge-adjustable plexiglass circulating flume. Three-dimensional velocities were collected and hydrodynamics and turbulence characteristics such as mean velocity field, turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds shear stress, turbulence spectrum, and occurrence probabilities of quadrant events were analyzed. The results showed that a stronger helical cell was formed and extended for a longer distance downstream when the tributary channel had a higher flow rate than the main channel. The maximum Reynolds shear stress and the ejection and sweep events were mainly distributed at the middle zone of the water depth, rather than near the water surface, which were coincident with the shear layer as indicated by the turbulence kinetic energy. No obvious energy concentration was observed, and the power law relations for individual velocity components all had an exponent slightly larger than −5/3 in the flow frequency. The distortion of the shear layer resulted in an increase in occurrence probabilities of ejection and sweep events within the shear layer, which were related to the turbulence presenting vortices induced by wall. If the discharge ratio remained unchanged, an increase in the discharge of both channels resulted in an increase in some parameters, such as velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and the absolute values of Reynolds shear stress, while the shear layer was distorted to a larger extent as the discharge of each channel decreased. All these results suggested that sediment transport, bed morphology and contaminant transport in the distorted shear layer at city channel confluences may differ significantly from that at natural river confluences.