纳米技术在耐火材料中应用的研究进展

综述了纳米技术在耐火材料中应用的新进展.在耐火浇注料中引入纳米相,可减少水泥和水加入量,降低有害组分,提高性能;添加纳米粉可降低氧化物制品的烧结温度、改善显微结构和性能;在含碳耐火材料中引入纳米碳,在大幅降低碳含量的条件下,材料可保持优良的抗热震性和抗侵蚀性.此外,探讨了纳米技术在耐火材料中应用时存在的问题及对策.     

TiO_2、ZrO_2加入量和煅烧温度对MgO-CaO系材料物相的影响

以粒度≤0.045 mm、w(CaO)=57.17%、w(MgO)=41.66%的轻烧白云石为主要原料,添加粒度≤0.018 mm的二氧化钛粉和二氧化锆粉,研究了TiO_2和ZrO_2加入量和煅烧温度对MgO-CaO系材料物相的影响。结果表明:轻烧白云石中加入添加剂后,对镁钙系耐火材料的物相产生了影响,TiO_2和ZrO_2均可以与材料中的CaO反应生成新物相,单独添加TiO_2生成新物相CaTiO_3;单独添加ZrO_2生成新物相CaZrO_3;复合添加TiO_2和ZrO_2生成新物相CaTiO_3和CaZrO_3;另外,温度对试样的物相组成没有影响,即在添加剂相同的试样中提高煅烧温度没有出现新的物相,但物相的形貌发生了显著的变化。     

连铸用Al2O3-C滑板研究现状与展望

Al2O3-C滑板具有良好的抗热震性和抗渣性能,能减少杂质引入以及防止钢水氧化,作为连铸控流功能耐火材料应用广泛,但由于含碳耐火材料容易氧化以及材料组成中氧化物和碳不易烧结等因素,因此存在抗氧化性差,高温强度低等缺点,力学性能有待进一步提高.滑板的原料、配比以及结合系统对其性能起到至关重要的作用.主要从添加剂、结合剂、碳源等方面论述铝碳滑板的研究现状,对铝碳滑板潜在的研究方向进行展望.     

一维或二维结合相对含碳耐火材料强度和韧性的影响

含碳耐火材料在高温下会发生酚醛树脂结合剂炭化和氧化物的还原反应,从而生成含碳气相或亚稳态氧化物气相,通过高温原位催化技术,可有效实现这些气相成分沉积生长,促进一维或二维结合相的原位生成,从而显著改善含碳耐火材料特别是低碳材料的强度和韧性。研究发现:1)酚醛树脂在高温下可形成碳纳米管结构,其氧化峰值温度可从506℃提高到664.6℃;2)MgO-C耐火材料中可原位形成一维MgO晶须或MgAl_2O_4晶须,其常温抗折强度、常温耐压强度、断裂位移量和经1100℃■水冷热震循环2次后残余耐压强度分别提高66%、47%、13%和26%;3)Al_2O_3-C耐火材料中可原位形成二维片状β-SiAlON阵列结构,而二维阵列结合相的生成,可将材料强度提高60%以上,1100℃■水冷热震循环2次后残余耐压强度仅降低4.5MPa。可见,含碳耐火材料中一维或二维结合相的高温原位生成,可显著改善含碳耐火材料的综合物理性能,是耐火材料低碳化增强和增韧的发展方向。     

影响气压烧结Y-α/β-sialon基本因素的研究

研究影响气压烧结α/β-sialon复相材料相组成、显微结构及力学性能的基本因素.采用三阶段气压烧结α/β-sialon工艺,能有效控制气相分解产物生成,消除样品鼓泡现象,而有利于致密化.研究了Si3N4粒度及相组成、AlN粒度对气压烧结α/β-sialon的烧结、相组成、显微结构及力学性能产生的不同程度影响.细Si3N4原料因氧含量增加,使相组成向β相方向偏移;较细的AlN原料有利于烧结致密化和材料性能的提高,但要防止样品鼓泡现象;较粗的AlN原料因为增加瞬时过饱和度而使材料中出现明显晶粒异常长大现象,而使显微结构部分晶粒粗化.埋粉中添加适量AlN可以有效地消除样品鼓泡,但埋粉中AlN添加量过多,样品失重增大,微气孔增加.     

添加剂对MA和MgO-MA材料性能的影响

综述了金属氧化物、稀土氧化物以及复合添加剂对镁铝尖晶石(MA)和方镁石-镁铝尖晶石(MgO-MA)材料性能的影响及其作用机理.引入的添加剂在一定温度下能与镁铝尖晶石形成固溶体,或可提高镁铝尖晶石晶体空位浓度,活化晶格,或与材料中某些杂质反应生成低熔点物相,促进了试样的烧结,从而使常温力学性能提高.有些添加剂的引入还能与材料中某些物质发生反应生成高熔点相,堵塞气孔,阻挡了熔渣的渗透,增加材料抗侵蚀性能等.本文期望能为从事MA与MgO-MA材料性能、结构设计以及合理选择添加剂提供理论基础.     

添加剂对钛酸镁陶瓷性能影响的研究进展

综述了添加剂对钛酸镁陶瓷性能影响的研究现状,烧结及介电性能等方面的进展。研究结果中可以看出,Bi2O3-V2O5、Co2O3、ZnO等氧化物及氧化物玻璃料的添加可以不同程度地大幅降低陶瓷的烧结温度。在Mg2TiO4中掺杂不同添加剂可适当改变其介电常数,满足其介电常数材料的应用需要;在MgTiO3中掺入不同添加剂可不同程度改变其介电常数,得到具有较高Q*f值且τf≈0的钛酸镁基陶瓷材料。从当前研究现状可以看出,掺杂改性是获得所需性能材料的强有力手段,也是今后对钛酸镁基陶瓷性能优化的主要研究方向之一。     

排渣气化炉用定型氧化铝基耐火材料的研究

气化炉是用来将碳源与氧和水反应,制备合成气的装置。在气化过程中,耐火材料内衬保护气化炉外壳,免受高温、高压、渣侵蚀、热冲击和热循环破坏。然而,目前使用的高铬耐火材料性能不能满足工业使用要求,需要开发新的无铬材料。通过对比烧结气氛,评价了定型氧化铝基耐火材料的力学性能、相组成、抗热震性能和抗碱侵蚀性能。根据试验结果,能进一步研究的潜在材料包括还原烧结β-Al2O3、尖晶石、六铝酸钙和熔渣砖。     

含碳耐火材料的热扩散系数

为获得含碳耐火材料的基础热数据,利用激光脉冲法测试了7种连铸用含碳耐火材料的热扩散系数。结果表明:连铸用含碳耐火材料的热扩散系数随温度的变化呈指数降低,并满足关系式α=B Aexp(-T/D)。含碳耐火材料热扩散系数与材料的组成和结构有关,石墨含量对热扩散系数影响最为显著,材料的热扩散系数随石墨含量的增加而增大;另外含碳耐火材料中氧化物的组成也会影响材料的热扩散系数。     

纳米粉在镁碳砖生产工艺中的应用

正在陶瓷材料中含有纳米尺寸的成分,可以保证材料的物理性能达到较高的水品。在耐火材料配料中添加少量的纳米粉可以对耐火材料的性能产生显著影响。研究表明:1%~5%(w)的特殊成分纳米粉均匀分布在基质中,并且可在很大程度上参与对材料性能的控制;如果在镁碳质耐火材料的含碳结合剂中添加0.25%~0.35%(w)的无定形SiO 2纳米粉,     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。