铁浴式熔融还原渣对镁铬材料侵蚀的研究

以市售w(Cr2O3)=26.02%的电熔再结合镁铬砖和自制预合成的不同FeO含量的铁浴式熔融还原渣为研究对象,采用旋转圆柱法,研究了铁浴式熔融还原渣中FeO含量(其质量分数分别为0、5%、10%和15%)和试验温度(1 450、1 500、1 550和1 600℃)对镁铬砖试样侵蚀量、显微结构的影响。结果表明:(1)不含FeO的渣对镁铬试样的侵蚀量大于FeO含量(w)为5%的渣,渣中FeO含量(w)为5%~15%时,随着FeO含量的增加,镁铬试样的侵蚀量增大,侵蚀加剧;(2)温度是影响镁铬材料抗渣性能的重要因素之一,温度提高,熔融还原渣对耐火材料的侵蚀加剧。     

危废焚烧炉用Al2O3-Cr2O3-ZrO2砖抗渣侵蚀性及六价铬形成研究

Al2O3-Cr2O3-ZrO2砖具有较优良的抗渣侵蚀性能和力学性能,被作为内衬材料应用于危废垃圾焚烧炉.然而,危废垃圾来源广,成分复杂,其焚烧所产生的渣对砖的侵蚀程度及机理也必然不同.此外,砖中的Cr2O3在高温下可能氧化为含Cr(Ⅵ)的有害物质.为此,通过静态抗渣实验研究了四种不同组成危废灰渣对Al2O3-Cr2O3-ZrO2砖的侵蚀过程及机理,并通过浸出实验研究了熔渣对砖中Cr(Ⅵ)形成的影响.结果 表明:不同渣对Al2O3-Cr2O3-ZrO2砖的侵蚀程度及机理各不相同.高钙渣A侵蚀过程中,生成了高熔点的CA6、Ca2Al2SiO7和Ca2SiO4相,在一定程度上减缓了渣的侵蚀速度,砖体表现出最好的抗侵蚀性.高铁渣D侵蚀过程中生成熔点较低的CaFe2O4相,加之砖中Al2O3在Fe2O3-SiO2渣中的溶解度较高,因此高铁渣D对砖体的侵蚀程度最严重.高硅渣B和C侵蚀过程中主要生成钙铝黄长石新相,渣对砖体的侵蚀程度居中.不同的渣侵蚀后,渗透层中的Cr(Ⅵ)含量均增加,且渣的组成对Cr(Ⅵ)含量影响较大.由于CaO能显著促进Cr(Ⅲ)氧化为Cr(Ⅵ),高钙渣A侵蚀后,渗透层中的Cr(Ⅵ)含量最高,为84.7 mg/kg.SiO2可优先与CaO和Na2O等碱金属氧化物反应生成稳定化合物,高硅渣B和C侵蚀后,渗透层中的Cr(Ⅵ)含量较低,分别为9.9 mg/kg和13.6 mg/kg.对于高铁渣D,浸出过程会有含Cr(Ⅵ)的水化相(3CaO· Al2O3·CaCrO4·nH2O)形成,降低了Cr(Ⅵ)的浸出能力.     

不同碱度渣对铝镁浇注料的侵蚀行为

以板状刚玉颗粒(≤5 mm)、电熔镁砂粉(≤0.088 mm)、电熔尖晶石粉(≤0.044 mm)、α-Al2O3微粉(d50≤0.7μm)为主要原料,经配料、混料、成型、烘干后制备了铝镁质坩埚试样,采用2种不同碱度的钢包渣(碱度分别为3.40和1.03),通过静态坩埚法对铝镁浇注料进行抗渣试验(1 600℃3 h),分析了抗渣试验后试样的渣蚀指数和显微结构,以研究不同碱度渣对铝镁浇注料试样的侵蚀行为。结果表明,低碱度渣对铝镁浇注料的侵蚀和渗透比高碱度渣严重,这主要是因为不同碱度渣与浇注料反应生成的产物不同。低碱度渣对铝镁浇注料侵蚀时,材料内部CA6和钙铝硅系化合物多相共存的组织以及CA6生成时的体积膨胀效应加剧了渣对材料的侵蚀和渗透;在高碱度渣条件下,渣与材料界面生成了CA2致密层和大量的原位MA,有效地降低了渣对材料的蚀损。     

侵蚀温度和煤渣脱碳对高铬材料抗侵蚀性的影响

为了研究侵蚀温度和煤渣脱碳对水煤浆气化炉用高铬材料抗侵蚀性的影响,取含碳和脱碳两种煤渣,采用静态坩埚法,在埋炭气氛中分别于1 450和1 600℃保温5 h对高铬材料进行侵蚀试验,检测试验后高铬材料的侵蚀渗透深度、脱锆层厚度,以及原砖层的气孔率和孔径分布情况,并分析了试验条件下熔渣系统的氧势。结果表明:1)随着侵蚀温度的升高,侵蚀后坩埚渣-埚界面坩埚侧表面的尖晶石层变薄,坩埚原砖层中气孔增多,孔径增大,抗煤渣侵蚀性下降。2)含碳煤渣对高铬材料的侵蚀较强,侵蚀后残渣中有金属相;脱碳煤渣对高铬材料的侵蚀较弱,侵蚀后残渣中没有出现金属相。3)经热力学分析,当采用脱碳煤渣时,试验过程中熔渣内部的氧势在10~(-9.25)MPa以上;当采用含碳煤渣时,熔渣内部的氧势为10~(-13)~10~(-15)MPa。     

不同侵蚀环境对高钙粉煤灰水泥土强度影响试验

为补充不同侵蚀环境下高钙粉煤灰水泥土所表现的力学性能数据,通过室内模拟侵蚀试验,研究不同侵蚀环境对高钙粉煤灰水泥土力学特性影响的变化规律。试验结果表明:低浓度碱性环境对高钙粉煤灰水泥土的抗压强度有促进作用,而高浓度碱性环境对高钙粉煤灰水泥土结构有侵蚀破坏作用;Ca(OH)_2溶液几乎不会侵蚀高钙粉煤灰水泥土结构;MgSO_4对高钙粉煤灰水泥土结构有着明显侵蚀作用。     

MgO-SiC-C材料的抗渣性能研究

以电熔镁砂、碳化硅、鳞片石墨(w(C)>97%)、铝粉(≤0.088mm,w(Al)>98%)和硅粉(≤0.088mm,w(Si)>98%)为主要原料,按w(电熔镁砂)=81%,w(SiC)=10%,w(鳞片石墨)=4%,w(铝粉 硅粉)=5%的组成配料,以酚醛树脂为结合剂,压制成125mm×25mm×25mm的MgO-SiC-C试样,在220℃干燥24h后采用感应炉法进行了抗转炉终渣试验,并对抗渣试验后试样进行了XRD、SEM和EDAX分析。结果发现熔渣对MgO-SiC-C试样的侵蚀和渗透并不显著,试样的侵蚀速率为0.25~0.3mm·h-1;抗渣试验后试样原质层主要组成为MgO、SiC和MgO·Al2O3;在与熔渣接触后,SiC被氧化成SiO2,由此导致在试样和熔渣间形成一高粘度的液相反应层,有效地减轻了试样受熔渣渗透和侵蚀的程度,提高了试样的抗渣能力。     

电磁场作用下高铁渣对MgO-C耐火材料的侵蚀

电磁场会促使熔渣中的铁、锰离子与MgO-C耐火材料反应形成锰掺杂镁铁尖晶石相,为进一步研究锰掺杂镁铁尖晶石的生成形貌及特征,采用Fe2O3质量分数为53.62%、CaO与SiO2质量比为0.8的高铁渣,分别在有、无电磁场环境下,对碳质量分数为14%的MgO-C耐火材料进行渣蚀试验。结果表明:感应炉存在电磁场,使熔渣中部分Fe2+/Fe3+与镁砂中Mg2+发生置换形成镁铁尖晶石,其含有少量Mn2+离子;镁铁尖晶石中铁含量从渣蚀层到渗透层急剧降低,锰含量几乎维持不变;侵蚀后试样渗透层较明显。电阻炉无电磁场,则侵蚀后试样没有形成镁铁尖晶石,熔渣中Si、Ca渗透到方镁石晶格中,形成钙镁榄橄石低熔相,将镁砂溶解到熔渣中;渣蚀层有明显的MgAl2O4生成。     

不同煤熔渣对水煤浆加压气化炉用高铬砖的侵蚀

为研究不同煤熔渣对高铬砖的侵蚀机制,选取4种物理化学性能差异较大的典型气化炉用后煤熔渣,采用化学分析、XRD、SEM及EDS等研究了不同煤熔渣的性能及其对w(Cr2O3)≥90%的高铬砖的侵蚀、渗透情况。结果表明:气化炉中煤熔渣主要由SiO2、CaO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO组成,但不同煤熔渣的化学组成差异较大,矿物组成及熔融特性温度也不同;在相同条件下,高铬砖侵蚀的主要影响因素是温度和熔渣的化学组成,随温度升高,煤熔渣对高铬砖的侵蚀急速加剧;煤渣中的熔融指数较低时,煤熔渣对高铬砖的侵蚀渗透较为严重;煤熔渣中低熔点相向材料内部渗透、渣中SiO2等对材料中ZrO2等的反应溶解是造成高铬砖失效的直接原因;高铬砖表面形成镁铝铬铁复合尖晶石致密层可以有效降低高铬砖的侵蚀程度。     

玄武岩熔液对耐火材料的侵蚀

为深入了解玄武岩高温熔体对耐火材料的侵蚀行为,参照ASTM C621—1984(2001)分别对致密氧化铬砖、致密锆英石砖和熔铸锆刚玉砖(AZS-33)进行了1 500℃72 h的玄武岩熔液侵蚀试验,并对侵蚀后试样进行了显微结构对比分析。侵蚀试验结果表明,致密氧化铬砖的抗熔融玄武岩侵蚀性最好,其次是致密锆英石砖,最差的是熔铸AZS-33砖,其在液面线处出现严重剥落现象。显微结构分析表明:致密氧化铬砖结构均匀,与玄武岩熔液反应性小,同时与玄武岩渣中的成分形成尖晶石致密层阻止了渣的进一步渗透;致密锆英石砖表面与玄武岩熔液反应产生很薄的脱锆层和玻璃相,并且其致密均匀的结构也阻止了渣的进一步渗透;熔铸锆刚玉砖的显气孔率虽然很低,对玄武岩熔液有较好的抗渗透性,但其液相量较多,因此抗侵蚀性相对较差。     

高硅铝煤和高钙铁煤配煤对灰熔融温度的影响

虽然新能源技术发展迅速，但未来很长一段时间我国能源主体仍以煤炭为主。高钙高铁煤是我国重要的煤炭资源，分布广泛，其灰熔融温度较低，不可直接应用于气流床气化炉。因此，以高钙高铁煤(MO)为研究对象，选择高硅铝煤(Y4)调控高钙高铁煤(MO)的灰熔融温度(T_AF)。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、拉曼光谱仪(Raman)和FactSage热力学软件探讨了高硅铝煤调控高钙高铁煤灰熔融特性的变化机制。研究表明，随Y4配比增加，混合灰样的灰熔融温度逐渐增加，且当Y4混配比例为40%～50%时，混合灰样的流动温度(T_F)为1 354～1 389℃,T_F符合气流床气化炉液态排渣要求；XRD和FactSage结果表明，随Y4含量增加，低熔点矿物质逐渐消失，钙长石等稳定硅铝酸盐矿物质的生成是导致灰熔融温度升高的主要原因，从三相图中发现随Y4混配比例的增加，灰样中的矿物质由黄长石明显转变为钙长石；FT-IR显示随Y4配比的增加，灰样中的Si—O向高频区移动，且在900～1 000 cm^-1...     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。