玻璃纤维增强复合材料筋肋参数优化试验研究

利用拉拔试验对玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)带肋筋与混凝土的粘结性能进行试验研究,并对筋的肋参数进行优化。自行设计了 30种不同肋参数的GFRP带肋筋,试验变量包括筋直径、肋高度和肋间距。在此基础上,制作了90个标准拉拔试件,分别测试了 GFRP带肋筋的粘结强度和加载端滑移,得到了相应的粘结-滑移曲线;根据肋参数的优化准则对各种GFRP带肋筋的粘结-滑移曲线进行分析,确定GFRP带肋筋的最佳肋参数。试验结果表明:肋参数对GFRP带肋筋与混凝土的粘结性能影响显著;GFRP带肋筋的最佳肋间距为筋直径的1倍,最佳肋高度为筋直径的6 %,即最佳肋高度与最佳肋间距的比值为0.06。      

GFRP带肋筋粘结性能试验研究

利用拉拔试验,研究玻璃纤维增强塑料(GFRP)带肋筋与混凝七的粘结性能,确定GFRP带助筋的最佳外形,构建GFRP带肋筋与混凝土的粘结滑移本构关系模型.试验变量包括筋直径、肋间距和肋高度.试验结果表明:GFRP带肋筋与混凝土的粘结强度显著提高;粘结强度随GFRP带肋筋直径的增大而降低;试件的破坏形式为GFRP带肋筋肋间混凝土的剪切破坏,以及肋表面的轻微磨损;不同的肋参数,如肋间距、肋高度等,对GFRP带肋筋与混凝土的粘结性能影响显著.通过对试验数据的分析可得,机械咬合力是GFRP带肋筋与混凝土的粘结强度的主要组成部分;剪切滞后现象反映了直径对GFRP筋粘结性能的影响;楔块效应反映了肋参数对GFRP筋粘结性能的影响;GFRP带肋筋的最佳肋间距为筋直径的1倍,最佳肋高度为筋直径的6%,此结果可为GFRP带肋筋的规模化生产及工程应用提供理论依据;新构建的粘结滑移本构关系模型能较好地反映GFRP带肋筋的受力全过程.     

粘砂变形GFRP筋的粘结滑移本构关系

基于18个梁式试验、42个Losberg拉拔试验和6个标准拉拔试验,对工程中应用最普遍的粘砂变形GFRP筋与混凝土之间的粘结滑移本构关系进行了较系统的研究。研究表明:GFRP筋试件的粘结应力-滑移曲线(τ-S曲线)可分为微滑移段、滑移段、下降段和残余段,区分这四段的三个特征点分别为弹性滑移点、峰值滑移点和残余滑移点;与变形钢筋不同,GFRP筋试件τ-S曲线的上升段可分为滑移量较小的微滑移段和滑移量明显增大的滑移段,下降段的粘结应力降幅较小,残余段近似呈正弦曲线;随着直径和粘结长度的增加,GFRP筋试件τ-S曲线上峰值滑移点的滑移量减小,3个特征点的粘结应力也呈降低趋势。基于试验结果,建立了粘砂变形GFRP筋与混凝土之间粘结滑移本构关系的理论模型,并提出了曲线上特征点的粘结应力及其滑移量的计算公式。     

碱环境下不同应力水平GFRP筋抗拉性能试验

基于ACI 440.3R-04规定的试验方法,对60 ℃碱环境下应力水平分别为0、25%和45%的玻璃纤维塑料（GFRP）筋的抗拉性能进行了试验研究。试件数量共90根,侵蚀时间分别为3.65、18、36.5、92、183天。采用SEM对腐蚀前后GFRP筋的微观形貌进行了观测,发现碱溶液造成了GFRP筋内部结构致密性的降低,且随着应力水平的增加,其降低愈发明显。在60 ℃碱溶液中侵蚀183天后,应力水平为0和25%的GFRP筋的抗拉强度分别下降了48.81%和55.56%,而弹性模量仅分别下降了5.47%和5.73%,应力水平为45%的GFRP筋则出现了断裂现象。GFRP筋的吸湿试验表明,OH^-离子在GFRP筋中的扩散过程符合Fick定律。在分析了应力水平、侵蚀时间等参数对GFRP筋抗拉性能影响的基础上,基于Fick定律提出了碱环境下带应力GFRP筋抗拉强度的退化模型。     

混杂CFRP/GFRP筋HPC梁的非线性梁壳组合单元研究

对于混杂CFRP/GFRP筋高性能混凝土（HPC）梁, 研究一种新的三维非线性梁壳组合单元, 对HPC梁进行了全过程分析。引入实体退化壳单元理论, 利用空间梁单元模拟预应力CFRP筋, 并根据CFRP筋单元节点线位移和转角位移的协调性, 推导CFRP筋单元对梁壳组合单元刚度矩阵的贡献, 同时对GFRP筋和HPC梁采用分层壳单元模拟。并运用Jiang屈服准则、 Madrid强化准则等描述混凝土的材料非线性, 提出一种新的非线性梁壳组合单元, 研制相应的三维非线性计算程序。计算结果与试验数据吻合良好, 说明本文构造的非线性梁壳组合单元的正确性和研制程序的可靠性, 以及混凝土材料非线性描述的合理性; 采用组合单元能准确模拟CFRP筋的几何构形, 能综合考虑其拉压弯剪性能, 利于全面地反映配筋对结构的增强作用。      

Experimental study of bond behaviour between concrete and FRP bars using a pull-out test

This paper presents the results of an experimental programme concerning 88 concrete pull-out specimens prepared according to ACI 440.3R-04 and CSA S806-02 standards. Rebars (reinforcing bars) made of carbon-fibre and glass-fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP and GFRP), as well as steel rebars, with a constant embedment length of five times the rebar diameter were used. The influence of the rebar surface, rebar diameter and concrete strength on the bond–slip curves obtained is analysed. In addition, analytical models suggested in the literature are used to describe the ascending branch of the bond–slip curves. To calibrate the analytical models, new equations that account for the dependence on rebar diameter are presented.     

Thermo-mechanical loading of GFRP reinforced thin concrete panels

The experimental investigation is focused on the thermo-mechanical behaviour of thin concrete panels reinforced with GFRP rebars. The considered thin panels (thickness of 4 cm) were exposed to increasing temperature and bending loading. These concrete elements are typical for low bearing function concrete layers in façade claddings. The influence of two aspects was studied: the concrete cover and the external surface of rebars. The heating condition was such that the temperature of the internal GFRP rebars reached about the transition temperature of the resins. This allowed to verify the variation of the deformability and the load carrying capacity of the panels with post-heating bending tests. As main outcome, the imposed temperature did not generate evident degradation of the GFRP reinforcement and of its adhesion to the concrete, while a reduction of the initial global stiffness was measured.     

Performance of hybrid rebars as longitudinal reinforcement in normal strength concrete

Although steel is most commonly used as a reinforcing material in concrete due to its competitive cost and favorable mechanical properties, the problem of corrosion of steel rebars leads to a reduction in life span of the structure and adds to maintenance costs. Many techniques have been developed in recent past to reduce corrosion (galvanizing, epoxy coating, etc.) but none of the solutions seem to be viable as an adequate solution to the corrosion problem. Apart from the use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) rebars, hybrid rebars consisting of both FRP and steel are also being tried to overcome the problem of steel corrosion. This paper evaluates the performance of hybrid rebars as longitudinal reinforcement in normal strength concrete beams. Hybrid rebars used in this study essentially consist of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) strands of 2 mm diameter wound helically on a mild steel core of 6 mm diameter. GFRP stirrups have been used as shear reinforcement. An attempt has been made to evaluate the flexural and shear performance of beams having hybrid rebars in normal strength concrete with and without polypropylene fibers added to the concrete matrix.     

Bond characteristics of carbon and stainless steel flat rebars with an alternate rib pattern

The good performance of reinforced concrete depends on the appropriate transfer of forces between reinforcing rebars and concrete, which relies on the bond interaction between the two materials. At an uncracked section, both materials work together by means of the bond forces; however, if the tensile strength of the concrete is reached at a certain part of the structure, a crack will appear and the steel will be the only active element at the cracked section. At increasing loads, the crack will continue opening and large crack openings may lead to a failure of the rebar and to the collapse of the whole structure. A new idea to positively influence the cracking behaviour has emerged, which is based on the combination of smooth and rib zones within the same reinforcing rebar. Furthermore, use of stainless steel flat reinforcement has been considered as an option to optimize the reinforcing of shallow slabs. This paper presents bond tests performed on carbon and stainless steel flat reinforcements embedded in concrete and with different alternate rib configurations. Test results are presented in terms of bond strength and force transfer stiffness, as well as in terms of bond stress–slip relationship. Results show no differences between the bond capacity of carbon and stainless steel rebars if other parameters are kept constant. The use of an alternate surface configuration combining smooth and ribbed zones within the bond length, does affect the bond capacity of the rebar, and the position of the smooth zone within the bond length plays an important role.     

GFRP筋与自密实混凝土黏结性能的试验研究

为了研究玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRP)筋与自密实混凝土(SCC)的黏结性能,制作了66个GFRP/SCC试件进行中心拉拔试验,研究SCC混凝土保护层厚度、GFRP筋直径和黏结长度以及SCC中添加纤维种类等因素对两者黏结性能的影响,并对试件的破坏形式进行分析。结果表明:试件主要出现了三种破坏形式,即劈裂破坏、拔出破坏、拔出带缝破坏;通过电镜扫描发现SCC浇筑方向对GFRP筋与SCC黏结界面的结构有一定影响,GFRP筋上部界面与SCC黏结更紧密。当SCC保护层厚度由4D增大至7D时,黏结强度提高了约44.05%;当GFRP筋黏结长度由5D增大至15D时,黏结强度降低了约65.43%;当GFRP筋直径由12 mm增大至16 mm时,黏结强度降低了约22.57%;SCC中添加聚丙烯纤维、钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维+钢纤维的试件黏结强度比不添加纤维的试件黏结强度分别提高12.80%、15.16%、15.09%。可以通过适当增加SCC保护层厚度、在SCC中添加纤维等措施来提高GFRP/SCC试件的黏结强度。      

Long term durability of pultruded polymer composite rebar in concrete environment

Pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite rebar was immersed in alkaline concrete environment for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 14 and 24 months at 60 °C to evaluate its durability in concrete structure. Moisture absorption of the rebar was found to be only 0.76%. It was also found that both the glass transition temperature (T_g) and the short beam shear strength were retained by about 91.5%; and the above properties were remained almost unchanged during the ageing period from 1 month to 24 months. Design tensile strength and tensile elastic modulus of the rebar were retained by 100% after 24 months exposure in concrete environment. Degradation of GFRP rebar was not evident in the FT-IR results as supported by scanning electron micrographs and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Moisture absorption was found to be a critical factor that controlled thermal and mechanical properties of GFRP rebar.     

High temperature effects on concrete members reinforced with GFRP rebars

GFRP rebars are often used for the internal reinforcement of concrete structures, such as bridge deck slabs, to improve the corrosion resistance. Several studies were conducted to evaluate the static and fatigue behaviour of these elements but the fire resistance still needs further investigation. This paper presents an experimental investigation aimed at understanding the static behaviour of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP rebars exposed to localized elevated temperatures. Two parameters were varied: the maximum temperature imposed on the bottom side of the specimens (230 °C and 550 °C) and the lapping scheme of the rebars, including rebars with hooks and laps of different lengths. The mechanical response was investigated by quasi-static three-points bending tests at room temperature and after heating. The results show that the geometry of the reinforcement has a more relevant influence on the ultimate load than on the initial stiffness of the specimens. The localized heating temperature generates damage in concrete and partial evaporation of the matrix in the GFRP rebars without causing the collapse of the element. The reduction of the load carrying capacity mainly depends on the reinforcement geometry in the overlapping areas.     

Durability characteristics of nano-GFRP composite reinforcing bars for concrete structures in moist and alkaline environments

In this study, nano glass fibre-reinforced polymer (nano-GFRP) composite reinforcing bars (rebar) for concrete structures were fabricated, and their performance during prolonged exposure to water and alkaline solutions was evaluated. Nano-GFRP rebar was prepared using the pultrusion method by adding nanomaterials to vinyl ester resin. The nanomaterials, including silica (SiO₂), alumina (Al₂O₃), and silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), were added to vinyl ester resin at 1, 3, and 5 wt.%. After exposure to water and alkaline solutions for 50 and 115 days, tensile strength tests were carried out, and the moisture diffusion coefficient was determined and compared with that of general GFRP rebar. The results indicated that the tensile residual strengths of nano-GFRP rebar and general GFRP rebar were almost the same after exposure to water, whereas the tensile residual strength of nano-GFRP rebar was higher than that of general GFRP rebar after exposure to alkaline solution. The moisture diffusion coefficient of the alumina and silicon nitride samples increased slightly after exposure to alkaline solution, but the silica sample had a higher moisture diffusion coefficient; however, the moisture diffusion coefficients of all nano-GFRP rebar samples were comparable to that of general GFRP rebar.     

Numerical calibration of bond law for GFRP bars embedded in steel fibre-reinforced self-compacting concrete

An experimental program was carried out at the Laboratory of Structural Division of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Minho (LEST-UM) to investigate the bond behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars embedded in steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) for the development of an innovative structural system. Thirty-six pull-out-bending tests were executed to assess the influence of the bond length, concrete cover, bar diameter and surface treatment on the bond of GFRP bars embedded in SFRSCC. This paper reports the results of a numerical study aiming to identify an accurate GFRP–SFRSCC bond–slip law. Thus, the above mentioned pullout bending tests were simulated by using a nonlinear finite element (FE) constitutive model available in FEMIX, a FEM based computer program. The bond–slip relationship adopted for modelling the FE interface that simulates the interaction between bar and concrete is the key nonlinear aspect considered in the FE analyses, but the nonlinear behaviour of SFRSCC due to crack initiation and propagation was also simulated. The evaluation of the values of the relevant parameters defining such a bond–slip relationship was executed by fitting the force versus loaded end slip responses recorded in the experimental tests. Finally, correlations are proposed between the parameters identifying the bond–slip relationship and the relevant geometric and mechanical properties of the tested specimens.     

钢筋锈蚀后与再生混凝土间粘结-滑移本构关系研究

为研究钢筋锈蚀后与再生混凝土间粘结-滑移本构关系,主要考虑了不同钢筋锈蚀率、不同再生粗骨料取代率、不同再生混凝土强度等因素的影响,采用加速通电锈蚀以及钢筋开槽内贴片方法,完成23组钢筋再生混凝土试件粘结-滑移性能拉拔试验,获得了再生混凝土与不同锈蚀程度螺纹钢筋间的荷载-滑移曲线以及不同锚固位置处钢筋应变。通过实测结果及理论分析,计算得到不同锈蚀率下钢筋再生混凝土间粘结应力及滑移值沿锚固长度分布规律,分析了钢筋锈蚀前后与再生混凝土间粘结应力传递及粘结锚固位置函数差异的受力机理,提出了不同锈蚀率下反映实际粘结分布规律的粘结锚固位置函数模型,最后建立钢筋锈蚀后与再生混凝土间考虑粘结-滑移位置函数的粘结-滑移本构关系,为锈蚀后钢筋再生混凝土有限元分析提供参考依据。     

The effect of exposure to alkaline solution and water on the strength–porosity relationship of GFRP rebar

This study examined the accelerated degradation of E-glass fiber/vinylester resin composite rebar in alkaline solution and water and analyzed the relationship between the reduction in mechanical performance and the test conditions using microstructural degradation analysis. In this study, a pH of 12.6 was chosen for the alkaline test group, while water was used for the control group. After immersion for up to 300 days, the tensile strength of the glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) rebar was tested. In addition, the deformation of the GFRP rebar surface was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the change in the internal pore distribution was measured using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The mechanical performance decreased as the exposure time and temperature increased. The SEM analysis showed that the internal pore distribution in the GFRP rebar increased as degradation progressed, reducing the mechanical performance. Moreover, the pore distribution increased with temperature, also reducing the mechanical performance.     

Modeling the effect of high temperature on the bond of FRP reinforcing bars to concrete

The effect of high temperature on the bond between fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) reinforcing bars (rebars) and concrete was studied. The bond strength exhibited a severe reduction of 80–90% at relatively low temperature (up to 200°C), accompanied by changes in the pullout load-slip behavior. A semi-empirical model was developed in order to describe the extent of reduction in the bond strength as the temperature rises. The model is based on the following parameters: glass transition temperature of the polymer layer at the surface of the rod; polymer's degree of crosslinking; the residual bond strength at high temperature after the polymer of the external layer of the rebar ceased to contribute to the bond. The parameters of the rods that were tested for pullout at various temperatures were introduced into the model. The output curves of bond–temperature relationships showed good agreement with the test results.     

碱、盐环境下不同应力水平FRP筋抗压强度试验与理论研究

为了研究温度、应力水平等因素对纤维增强聚合物(Fiber Reinforced Polymer,FRP)筋在碱、盐环境下抗压强度衰减规律的影响,将FRP筋分别置于60℃和25℃的碱、盐溶液进行加速腐蚀试验,然后测定其抗压强度衰减规律。60℃下FRP筋的压应力水平分别为0%、20%和40%,腐蚀时间分别为10d、21d、42d;25℃下FRP筋压应力水平为0%,腐蚀时间分别为36d、64d、100d。通过观察腐蚀前后FRP筋表面形貌的变化,可以得出:FRP筋表面侵蚀程度随腐蚀时间的增加而增加;同条件下,碱溶液对FRP筋的表面侵蚀程度大于盐溶液。对腐蚀后的FRP筋进行抗压强度试验,结果表明:应力和温度的提高加速了FRP筋抗压强度的退化,在60℃碱溶液中腐蚀42d后,应力水平为0%和40%的玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)筋、玄武岩纤维增强聚合物(BFRP)筋和碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)筋抗压强度分别下降了31.8%、43.6%、51.5%和44.2%、54.8%、57.1%,60℃盐溶液中腐蚀42d后,应力水平为0%和40%的GFRP、BFRP和CFRP筋抗压强度分别下降了22.2%、31.8%、18.1%和29.0%、37.2%、23.5%。基于Fick定律,提出了考虑应力水平、温度和腐蚀时间的FRP筋抗压强度预测模型,该模型可用于预测FRP筋在实际工况下抗压强度衰减规律。     

Experimental Investigation of Bond Stress and Deformations in LWAC Ties Reinforced with GFRP Bars

The structures' durability is an engineering concern for a long time but has been increased in the last years. Lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) combined with glass fibre reinforced polymer bars allows to create structures with high performance in terms of durability. The glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars have different ribs from those of steel bars, and consequently, its bond to concrete is affected. Moreover, the Young's modulus of GFRP is much below compared with that of steel, and this influences significantly the behaviour of structural elements reinforced with this material. This paper presents an experimental study focused on bond between LWAC and reinforcing bars of GFRP. Thirty‐six pull‐out tests were carried out using steel and GFRP bars. These reinforcements were combined with three types of concrete, all with the same design density 1900 kg m^?3 but with different values of compressive strength: 35, 55 and 70 MPa. Furthermore, 12 reinforced ties were tested, combining different types of bars (steel and GFRP), two different diameters (12 and 16 mm) and the three types of LWAC. Based on experimental results, several relations were established to understand the behaviour of LWAC structures reinforced with GFRP bars, mainly in the serviceability conditions. These results point out that ties deformation and crack width are very affected by the reduced Young's modulus of GFRP: deformations and crack width of ties reinforced with GFRP are significantly higher, approximately three times greater, compared with those of ties reinforced with steel. The tension stiffening effect was also analysed in detail, and it was found that it is slightly influenced by the concrete compressive strength but is highly dependent of the Young's modulus of the reinforcing material.     

Bond behaviour of flat stainless steel rebars in concrete

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in applying stainless steel (SS) reinforcement in concrete structures to avoid corrosion derived durability problems. Concrete-steel bond behaviour and applicability of existing standards have not yet been extensively studied with respect to SS. Moreover, an interest in applying flat rebars as reinforcement elements has emerged. The idea is based on the optimization of the rebar surface in contact with the concrete as well as on the reinforcement optimization for shallow slabs. To advance in the evaluation of the bond between concrete and flat SS strips and to compare with the behaviour of standard carbon steel (CS) round reinforcement 72 bond tests have been conducted. The test program consists of pull-out tests to centrally reinforced concrete specimens. Traditional concrete and self compacting concrete are used for embedding. For a better analysis and understanding of the failure aspect of the specimens, fluorescent epoxy injection has been conducted. Results are compared to the CEB-FIP 1990 bond model. The authors conclude that, the use of SS instead of CS is not considerably influencing the bond capacity of the reinforcement when ribbed samples are used while parameters as reinforcement shape or rib pattern are more deterministic. An adaptation of the CEB-FIP 1990 bond model is proposed for flat reinforcements tested in this work.