固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料的研究进展

固体氧化物燃料电池（solid oxide fuel cells,SOFC）有着能量转换效率高,燃料适应性强和环境友好等优点,因此受到了人们的普遍关注,但是固体氧化物燃料电池的商业化应用还取决于其关键材料的进一步发展。介绍了SOFC对阳极材料的基本要求,重点评述了各种阳极材料的优缺点及其研究进展（包括金属、金属陶瓷、混合导体氧化物等）,并对改进阳极材料性能的各种措施进行了归纳总结。     

技术转让项目

正项目名称:环境友好型的固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)项目介绍:环境友好型的固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)在发达国家被列为对经济繁荣和国家安全至关重要的必须发展的技术之一,其商业化的研发已取得全面突破。当今固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFCs)的主要发展方向是将其操作温度由1000℃降低到600-800℃的中温化并使其商业化,解决该问题的有效方法是采用阳极支撑型结构的SOFC。大规格阳极支撑型的     

金属陶瓷阳极材料的高效固体氧化物燃料电池研究

固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)利用金属陶瓷作阳极材料,具有能量转换效率高、燃料适用性强和无腐蚀等优点,是当今一种先进的能量转换装置。本文分析了固体氧化物燃料电池在电解质和电极材料方面的性能和特点,研究了金属陶瓷阳极材料及SOFC单电池的伏安特性和性能,探讨了固体氧化物燃料电池的应用和发展前景。     

钙钛矿型中温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料

中温固体氧化物燃料电池(ITSOFC)的研制是固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)商业化的必然趋势，影响其发展的关键问题是阳极材料、阴极材料和电解质材料的研制。钙钛矿结构稀土复合氧化物材料是最有希望的中低温固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料，本文对钙钛矿结构的稀土复合氧化物阴极材料的导电机理、合成方法以及近年来国内外研究较多的ABO、型阴极材料的相关研究作了较为详细的叙述，并提出了其发展方向。     

甲烷为燃料的中温固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料研究进展

中温化和直接采用天然气作为燃料是固体氧化物燃料电池的两大发展趋势,作为固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)关键材料之一,阳极材料的性能对整个SOFC的性能有着十分重要的影响。综述了以甲烷为燃料的IT-SOFC阳极材料的研究进展,并指出了存在的问题及解决问题的途径。     

纳/微异构型钙钛矿氧化物电极在固体氧化物燃料电池的研究进展

开发高效、稳定、廉价的钙钛矿氧化物电极材料是固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)进一步商业化发展的关键。目前,研究重点仍集中在解决阳极积碳、硫毒化以及阴极氧还原(ORR)低温性能不佳等问题。最近,有研究报道,一些易还原过渡金属元素掺杂的钙钛矿可以在还原气氛中原位析出该金属并以纳米颗粒的形式"镶嵌"在钙钛矿表面形成"纳米金属–钙钛矿"复合结构。该方法制备的材料具有性能高、抗积碳能力强、可再生性好等优点。从钙钛矿氧化物本体的选择、A/B位掺杂、缺陷调整、以及拓扑离子交换、相变诱发等方面,总结了近年来关于构建纳米(析出金属颗粒)微米(钙钛矿氧化物母体)异质结构(统称纳微异构)钙钛矿氧化物纳米纤维复合电极的研究。此外,总结了具有纳米纤维状形貌的钙钛矿氧化物电极及其结构对于SOFC性能、稳定性的影响,最后提出了该类纳微异构材料的优势、不足和展望。     

流延成型法制备高性能阳极支撑固体氧化物燃料电池

开发高性能的阳极支撑固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）有助于实现其低温化,而电池的制备工艺及结构参数对电池的性能影响显著。流延成型法是一种廉价且可以实现批量生产的电池制备方法。采用流延成型法制备阳极支撑SOFC,并研究阳极支撑体造孔剂种类、阳极功能层的厚度及孔隙度、电解质厚度等因素对电池性能的影响。当使用PMMA作为阳极支撑体造孔剂、阳极功能层厚度约12μm且功能层内不添加造孔剂时,阳极结构最好;减少电解质厚度能显著地降低Ohmic阻抗,但电解质过薄也会导致电解质的强度不够,影响电池的稳定运行。采用优选的阳极结构、电解质厚度为8μm的阳极支撑SOFC在800℃的最大功率密度达到1.2 W·cm^–2。     

微管式固体氧化物燃料电池制备技术及电堆组装工艺

微管式固体氧化物燃料电池(MT-SOFC)能显著减小固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的体积,微型化结构使其传质、传热和反应效率明显提高,可实现快速启动与关闭,易于移动和携带。本文概述了微管式固体氧化物燃料电池的结构、关键制备工艺、研究现状、存在问题和应用前景。对电解质支撑型、阳极支撑型及阴极支撑型MT-SOFC结构和性能进行了分析比较,介绍了等静压成型、挤出成型和相转化纺丝法制备陶瓷中空纤维的技术,综述了微管负载型电解质膜技术和微管电池堆组装技术,并对MT-SOFC发展方向及在便携电源、汽车动力电源和微反应器领域的应用进行了展望。     

具有复合电解质的低温固体氧化物燃料电池研究进展

高温固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的低温化对于解决材料的稳定性、提高系统运行寿命和降低电池成本具有重要的意义,已成为近几年的研发热点。在实现SOFC低温化方面,目前国内外研究学者提出了不同的解决策略。综述了低温固体氧化物燃料电池(LT-SOFC)中复合电解质的研究进展,其包括引入碳酸盐材料作为第二相进行复合,构建类熔融碳酸盐固体氧化物燃料电池;引入过渡金属氧化物材料作为第二相进行复合,制备单组分燃料电池消除电极与电解质界面电阻提高电池性能,尤其是全氧化物复合电解质提高电池稳定性策略;引入半导体材料复合进一步提升LT-SOFC的电化学性能等几个方面。最后阐述了通过制备新型纳米复合材料进一步提升电解质离子电导率,改善界面接触问题以及探索新的电极材料对LT-SOFC电化学性能的影响。     

以干甲烷为燃料的SOFC阳极反应及材料的研究进展

描述了在固体氧化物燃料电池 (SOFC) 阳极上可能发生的化学反应及电化学反应,以及以干甲烷为燃料气时阳极上的反应机制.介绍了目前主要的 SOFC 阳极材料,即Ni基材料、Cu基材料及CeO2基氧化物的特点及研究进展.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。