多铁性复合材料磁电耦合效应研究进展

多铁性材料由于同时具有铁电有序和磁性有序并且在这两种有序态之间存在耦合效应,使其在电容器、传感器、存储器、自旋电子器件等领域具有广泛的应用前景而备受关注。然而,单相多铁性材料难以在室温下实现强的磁电耦合效应从而限制其实际应用。通过将具有强压电效应的铁电相与强磁致伸缩效应的铁磁相复合而成的多铁性材料理论上可获得室温下强的磁电耦合效应。但是,复合多铁性材料的磁电耦合效应与组成复合材料自身的性能、磁电相的体积比、测试条件(电磁场大小、频率)以及磁电相的连接方式等因素相关。其中,连接方式是调控磁电耦合效应的重要因素,也是目前研究的热点问题。目前连接方式也较多,如何通过连接方式的调控提高复合多铁性材料的磁电耦合效应极其重要。为此,综述了国内外通过连接方式来调控多铁性材料磁电耦合效应的研究进展,并提出了一些亟待解决的问题。     

0-X型磁电复合材料耦合效应研究进展

综述了国内外0-X型复合多铁性材料磁电耦合效应的研究进展。由磁性纳米微粒与铁电相复合而成的0-X型磁电复合多铁性材料具有更大的界面面积、更好的分散性以及因磁性相之间较差的连通性所带来的高阻特性等优点,理论上可获得室温下更强的磁电耦合效应。但是,0-X型磁电复合多铁性材料的磁电耦合效应不仅与铁电相和铁磁相本身有关,还依赖于两相的界面、尺寸、外延应变以及连接形式等因素,其中,磁电相之间的连接形式直接决定了复合材料中磁电相的分散性、界面面积及界面之间的作用力大小,进而影响磁电复合多铁性材料的磁电耦合性能。     

多铁性氧化物基磁电材料的制备及性能

多铁性材料由于其不但具有单一的铁性(如铁电性、铁磁性和铁弹性),而且由于铁性的耦合协同作用,会产生一些新的效应,使其可广泛应用于换能器、传感器、敏感器、多态存储等高技术领域。而氧化物基单相/复相陶瓷及其薄膜材料(如BiFeO_3,铁氧体/锆钛酸铅等),由于其良好的铁磁、铁电性能,正成为磁电材料的研究热点。本文综合介绍了几种单相、复合磁电陶瓷、薄膜材料的制备,论述了材料的显微结构与磁电性能之间的关联,并指出了该类材料存在的问题和今后的发展方向。单相磁电材料至今还没能应用到实际中,主要是因为大部分单相材料的Neel或Curie温度较低,在很低的温度下才有磁电效应,磁也转换系数随着温度升高到室温而趋于零。具有低漏导的BiFeO_3薄膜(具有高的Curie温度)将具有铁电应用,但作为多铁性应用,还需解决弱的磁电耦合性。虽然复合磁电材料性能比单相材料性能好,但是仍然存在一些问题。磁电多铁性材料具有潜在的巨大的商业应用前景,已使其成为新的研究热点。     

多铁材料BiFeO3的元素掺杂研究进展

BiFeO3是一种在室温下同时存在铁电性,铁磁性的材料,在一定条件下可以产生磁电耦合效应。这种磁和电的相互作用提供了很多应用领域,包括数据存储器件,自旋电子学,磁电感应设备和多状态记忆领域,因此受到人们越来越多的关注。本文综述了对BiFeO3进行不同元素掺杂的一些研究进展,同时也指出了BiFeO3材料研究中存在的问题和发展方向。     

双钙钛矿型室温多铁性材料的研究进展

从多铁性材料和磁电耦合效应出发,介绍了双钙钛型室温单相磁电多铁性材料的研究进展,包括典型的Bi2(NiMn)O6、Bi2(CoMn)O6和Bi2(FeCr)O6块体材料和外延薄膜材料,在此基础上结合BiFeO3讨论了双钙钛矿结构材料存在的一些关键问题,最后对这些问题的解决提出了展望.     

A2B′B″O6型双钙钛矿氧化物的研究进展

双钙钛矿氧化物具有A2B'B'O6结构通式,通常碱土金属离子占据A位,过渡金属或者镧系金属离子占据B位。由于B位离子(B'和B')的组合方式多样化,使得双钙钛矿结构氧化物拥有多种晶体畸变类型,呈现出丰富的强关联物理现象(如庞磁电阻效应、电子相分离、电荷/轨道有序等),这为人们研究电子强关联物理机制提供了一个良好的研究体系。综述了近年来双钙钛矿氧化物的研究进展:首先介绍晶体结构特征、制备方法及微结构表征技术,重点评述了其铁电、铁磁及多铁性方面的研究进展;其次讨论了它们在自旋电子学、铁电光伏及固体燃料电池领域的应用前景;最后指出了目前双钙钛矿氧化物研究需要重点关注的一些问题。     

多铁性磁电材料应用于存储技术的研究现状

多铁性磁电材料同时具有铁电性、铁磁性和磁电效应等多种性能,它为新功能存储器件的设计提供了可能性。主要综述了多铁性磁电单相和复合材料在存储技术领域的应用研究,包括基于多铁性磁电材料设计的＂电写磁读＂多铁性磁电存储器、多态存储器以及基于多铁性磁电材料设计双稳态储存器件的新原理和新思路;介绍了多铁性磁电材料在存储读头技术方面...     

La0.7-xDyxSr0.3MnO3体系低温磁行为和电阻率的反常

通过测量样品的磁化强度-温度(M-T)曲线、电阻率-温度(ρ-T)曲线及磁电阻-温度(MR-T)曲线．研究了Dy掺杂(0．00≤x≤0．30)对La0．7-xDyxSr0．3MnO3体系磁电性质的影响。实验发现：随Dy掺杂量的增加,体系的磁结构从长程铁磁有序向自旋团簇玻璃态、反铁磁状态转变。x为0．20．0．30时的低温磁行为发生异常,电行为存在低温电阻率极小值的现象。这些现象不仅来源于掺杂引起的晶格效应．而且来源于掺杂引起的额外磁性耦合。     

电场控制交换偏置的原理和研究进展

自旋阀结构是许多自旋电子器件(比如读出磁头、传感器)的基础。传统的自旋阀结构利用了铁磁/反铁磁交换偏置原理并由外磁场对其进行操控。利用电场控制交换偏置的原理制成的电场控制型自旋阀是一种新型结构,具有巨大的潜在应用前景。通过应变调制铁磁材料的应力各向异性场是电场控制交换偏置的重要途径。这种应变调制可通过铁磁材料与巨磁致伸缩材料、压电、多铁性材料的复合来实现。本文将重点介绍铁磁/巨磁致伸缩、压电、多铁性复合结构的应变特性,以及应变对交换偏置的调制原理和研究进展情况。     

Ca2+掺杂对BiFeO3陶瓷结构和磁、介电性能的影响

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O、Fe(NO3)3·9H2O和Ca(NO3)2·4H2O为原料、乙二醇甲醚为溶剂、柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶–凝胶法制备Bi1–x Cax FeO3(x=0、0.05、0.10、0.15、0.20)陶瓷样品。结果表明:所有样品的主衍射峰与纯相BiFeO3相吻合,样品晶粒尺寸随Ca2+掺杂量的增加而减小,在室温下各样品均具有完整的磁滞回线,样品铁磁性显著提高。当x=0.10时,剩余比磁化强度达到最大值(0.11A·m2/kg)。在外加磁场为398 kA/m时,样品的比磁化强度在644 K附近出现明显的反铁磁相变,反铁磁相变温度TN随掺杂量的增加而升高。在300~900 K,样品顺磁相变温度TP,以及TN和TP处比磁化强度的差值随Ca2+的增加均呈现先上升,在x=0.10时达到最大值,之后又呈下降趋势。样品在850K时比磁化强度出现明显变化,变化幅度随Ca2+掺杂量的增加而减小,在x=0.10时最小,之后又增大。不同磁场下样品剩余比磁化强度随温度变化表明:Bi1–x Cax FeO3陶瓷样品存在变磁性,当x=0.10时,变磁性最为明显。磁电耦合效应观测结果表明:样品的磁电耦合系数为负值,介电常数随外磁场变化反应灵敏,在x=0.10时磁电耦合效应为–14.2%,是纯相BiFeO3(其磁电耦合效应为–5%)的近3倍,表明掺杂适量Ca2+可增强样品的磁电耦合性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。