抗氧剂4,4'-乙撑二(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚)的合成研究

以甲醇钠为催化剂,采用2,6-二叔丁基苯酚、三聚乙醛为原料合成4,4’-乙撑二(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚),分别考察了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂和溶剂用量等条件对缩合反应的影响。得到了合成4,4’-乙撑二(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚)最适宜的条件是:反应温度为125℃,反应时间8 h,n(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚)∶n(三聚乙醛)为0.2∶0.15;催化剂的用量为0.8 g、溶剂的用量为40 g(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚为0.2 mol的情况下)。4,4’-乙撑二(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚)的收率可达到91.75%以上,产品纯度w[4,4’-乙撑二(2,6-二叔丁基苯酚)]超过99.0%。     

2-溴-4,4’-二叔丁基联苯的合成与表征

以4,4’-二叔丁基联苯为起始原料合成了2-溴-4,4’-二叔丁基联苯,利用1H NMR对化合物结构进行了表征。通过研究反应温度、反应时间、三溴化吡啶鎓用量和反应溶剂对目标化合物收率的影响,得出最佳反应条件:反应温度30℃,反应时间1h,溶剂为氯仿,三溴化吡啶鎓用量为4,4’-二叔丁基联苯摩尔量的1.05倍。     

9,9-二(4,4’-二羟基-3,3’-二甲酰基苯基)芴的合成研究

文章以双酚芴、氢氧化钠、三氯甲烷为原料合成了高对称性结构的9,9-二(4,4’-二羟基-3,3’-二甲酰基苯基)芴,用IR、1H NMR和13C NMR对产物结构进行了表征与分析。研究了氢氧化钠用量、反应时间、反应温度、三氯甲烷与双酚芴摩尔比对反应的影响。结果表明:三氯甲烷与双酚摩尔比为9∶1,10%氢氧化钠浓度,在80℃下回流7 h是比较适宜的合成条件。     

3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸合成工艺研究

以2,6-二叔丁基酚、金属氢氧化物、二氧化碳为原料,经两步反应合成3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯甲酸,重点研究了中间体2,6-二叔丁基酚盐的合成工艺,筛选出了最佳合成工艺,目标产物收率89. 4%。     

2,2’-亚甲基双(4,6-二叔丁基苯基)磷酰氯的合成与表征

以2,2’-亚甲基双(4,6-二叔丁基苯)酚为原料,三乙胺作为溶剂与缚酸剂,合成聚丙烯成核剂2,2’-亚甲基双(4,6-二叔丁基苯基)磷酰钠(NA-11)的中间体2,2’-亚甲基双(4,6-二叔丁基苯基)磷酰氯。主要讨论了反应条件、三氯氧磷(POCl3)的滴加温度、反应温度、以及反应时间对收率的影响。结果表明:当POCl3滴加温度为5℃、反应温度为40℃、反应2 h下收率为85.16%,产品质量较好。重结晶溶剂选择乙腈。对产物进行了IR、TGA、1H NMR与MS表征。结果表明:产物结构与2,2’-亚甲基双(4,6-二叔丁基苯基)磷酰氯相一致。     

4,4’-二硝基二苯乙烯-2,2-’二磺酸合成工艺改进

:以MnSO4 为催化剂 ,用空气氧化 4 硝基甲苯 2 磺酸合成了 4,4’ 二硝基二苯乙烯 2 ,2’ 二磺酸 ,用UV跟踪来确定反应终点。较习用工艺———FeSO4 做催化剂 ,提高了收率 1 0 %～ 1 5 % ,减少了 5 0 %废水量 ,并缩短了反应时间 1 0h。     

2,6-二叔丁基对硝基苯酚的合成与表征

以2,6-二叔丁基苯酚为原料,石油醚为溶剂,通过硝化反应合成了抗氧剂中间体2,6-二叔丁基对硝基苯酚,并采用元素分析和红外光谱对其结构进行表征。通过条件实验得出2,6-二叔丁基对硝基苯酚的最佳合成条件为:硝酸浓度为30%,反应原料摩尔比为1∶1.5,反应时间为10 h,此条件下,2,6-二叔丁基对硝基苯酚的产率为81.6%,熔点为156.9~157.8℃。     

2,2’-亚甲基-双(4,6-二叔丁基苯酚)制备及表征

以2,4-二叔丁基苯酚和甲醛为原料,通过乳液缩聚的方法合成2,2’-亚甲基-双(4,6-二叔丁基苯酚)。采用单因素实验设计方法,分别研究甲醛用量、甲醛加入方式、催化剂用量、乳化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度对产物理论转化率的影响,确定其最优的合成工艺条件为2,4-二叔丁基苯酚0.05 mol,去离子水50 mL,甲醛7mL,乳化剂0.2 g(0.000 87 mol),硫酸0.25 mL,温度70℃,氮气保护,强力搅拌作用,此时产率达98%、纯度达97%。通过红外吸收光谱、核磁共振谱、示差扫描量热分析和热失重分析等对合成产物进行结构和物性参数分析和测定。结果表明:该工艺条件下得到的产物为2,2’-亚甲基-双(4,6-二叔丁基苯酚),IR谱图上2 957、3532、1 394、1 362 cm-1处为其特征官能团吸收峰,1H-NMR或13C-NMR在3.979 6或29.042 5～34.775 1的化学位移峰表明,甲醛与酚成功缩合,实现桥联;通过DSC和TG测得,产物的熔点和分解温度分别为150℃和202.47℃,与目标产物一致。     

2,2’-二甲基-联苯-4,4’-二甲酰氯的合成

以２,２’ 二甲基 ４,４’ 联苯二胺盐为原料,经重氮化碘代,氰基取代等４ 步反应,合成了２,２’ 二甲基 联苯 ４ ,４’ 二甲酰氯。重氮化碘代反应产率为７４ ％ ,氰基取代反应产率为８６％ 。产物结构由红外光谱和核磁共振分析进行了确认     

β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酰氯的合成研究

以β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸甲酯为原料,通过水解反应和酰氯合成反应合成了抗氧剂中间体β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酰氯。对酰氯合成条件进行了研究,得出优惠反应条件为:以氯仿作溶剂、β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸0.02mol、二氯亚砜0.054mol、反应温度50℃、反应时间5h,优惠条件下产品的收率为98.9%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。