Removal of volatile organic compounds by cryogenic condensation followed by adsorption

Removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from gaseous effluents by cryogenic condensation and adsorption has been studied. Mathematical models have been developed to predict the extent of removal of a binary mixture of VOCs in air by these two methods under a wide range of operating conditions. The model results are verified with the published work. A model parametric study carried out in this work suggests that if the concentrations of VOCs in the effluent stream vary over a wide range, condensation followed by adsorption is an effective technique to control the emissions. Condensation is found to be suitable if the VOCs emission levels are high (>1%). On the other hand, if the emission levels are low i.e. parts per millions (ppm) or sub ppm, adsorption is a preferred technique for removing the VOCs from the effluent stream. The model results in this work have significance from the perspective of understanding the mechanism of removal of VOCs by these two methods, determining the key operating parameters that control the removal process and also, defining an effective VOC control strategy.     

介孔分子筛在挥发性有机化合物吸附中的研究进展

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是破坏生态环境质量的重要污染物,近年来发现介孔分子筛对VOCs有较好的吸附效果.综述了近年来介孔分子筛在VOCs吸附中的研究进展,详细讨论了VOCs在介孔分子筛吸附剂上的吸附过程,并对以后介孔分子筛吸附剂的研究提出了建议.     

Gas-solid adsorption of selected volatile organic compounds on titanium dioxide Degussa P25

This paper focuses on the adsorption of gaseous trichloroethylene, toluene and chlorobenzene on the photocatalyst TiO₂ Degussa P25. An optimized EPICS (Equilibrium Partitioning In Closed Systems) methodology was used to study equilibrium partitioning. For the three compounds investigated, equilibrium adsorption was reached within of incubation. Adsorption isotherms, determined at a temperature (T) of and relative humidities (RH) of 0.0% and 57.8% were found to be linear (R²>0.993,n=5), indicating that no monolayer surface coverage was reached in the concentration interval studied ). Within the linear part of the isotherm, the influence of both relative humidity and temperature was investigated in a systematic way and discussed from a thermodynamic point of view. Data analysis resulted in a double linear regression for 22% ?RH?90% and . The equilibrium adsorption coefficient represents the equilibrium concentration ratio and ΔU_ads is the internal energy of adsorption . At RH=0.0%, experimental K values were a factor 5-10 higher than those expected from the regression equation, indicating that another adsorption mechanism becomes important below monolayer surface coverage of TiO₂ by water vapour molecules. Since surface interactions are of primary importance in photocatalytic reactions, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the basic mechanisms of TiO₂ mediated heterogeneous photocatalysis and is an interesting tool for developing optimized mathematical models.     

Sorption and diffusion of volatile organic compounds in polydimethylsiloxane membranes

Sorption and diffusion of ethanol, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), and trichloroethylene (TCE) were investigated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes using a gravimetric technique. The thermodynamic equilibrium and kinetic properties were evaluated at temperatures of 25, 100, and 150°C. The sorption isotherms for TCA and TCE can be correlated well using the Flory-Huggins model. However, a three parameter Koningsveld-Kleinjtens variation to the Flory-Huggins equation is required for correlation of the ethanol isotherm. The solubility coefficients of TCA and TCE increase with activity, but it remains almost constant for ethanol. The calculated sorption energies reveal high positive heat of mixing for ethanol. TCA and TCE sorption in PDMS decreases strongly with temperature as opposed to ethanol. Clustering function analysis is used to explain the anomalous ethanol sorption and diffusion behavior in PDMS. TCA and TCE diffusivities do not exhibit large variations with volatile organic compound activity. However, ethanol demonstrates a maxima in its diffusivity at activities where it has minimum clustering tendencies. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67: 165–175, 1998     

4A分子筛吸附净化异丙醇中微量水的研究

对异丙醇中微量水在4A分子筛上的吸附性能进行了研究。对该体系的吸附平衡数据进行了测定,并用Langmuir、Freundlich模型进行拟合且吻合较好;采用Crank单孔模型对测定的吸附动力学数据进行拟合,得到了290K时的有效扩散系数De=3.539×10-8cm2/s;采用固定床测定了不同床层高度、不同流量及不同初始浓度下的动态透过曲线;这些结果为吸附工艺设计提供了基础数据。     

介孔分子筛集砷材料的制备与表征

通过浸渍法在介孔分子筛上负载亲砷活性组分,制备了介孔分子筛集砷材料。用XRD、SEM、N2吸附和脱附进行了表征,并针对液态烃常温脱砷体系,对该材料的吸附集砷性能进行了进一步的测定。研究结果表明介孔分子筛集砷材料具有比常规脱砷剂更为优良的集砷性能。     

建筑涂料中挥发性有机物含量的测定

采用气相色谱法测定建筑涂料中挥发性有机物的含量,进行了大量的实验与研究。测定结果表明,水分测定相对偏差为0.03%~0.05%,挥发性有机物相对偏差0.3%~0.5%,加标回收率98%~102%。该方法准确可行,适用于各种建筑涂料样品的生产和监控。     

MCM-41介孔分子筛吸附性能的热力学和动力学分析

实验以亚甲基蓝作为模型吸附质,探讨了MCM-41介孔分子筛对模型吸附质亚甲基蓝的吸附性能,并对其吸附过程进行了热力学和动力学分析。结果表明,MCM-41介孔分子筛的吸附率高达94%,对亚甲基兰的吸附符合二级吸附动力学,MCM-41对亚甲基兰的吸附行为属于Freundlich等温吸附,整个吸附过程属于放热反应。     

Synthesis of carbon molecular sieves from palm shell by carbon vapor deposition

A series of experiments were conducted to produce carbon molecular sieves (CMS) through carbon deposition from a locally available palm shell of Tenera type for separating gaseous mixtures. The process involves three stages; carbonization, physical activation with steam, and carbon deposition by using benzene cracking technique. Carbonization of the dried palm shells was occurred at 900°C for duration of 1 h followed by steam activation at 830°C for 30–420 min to obtain activated carbons with different degree of burn-offs. The highest micropore volume of activated carbon obtained at 53.2% burn-off was used as a precursor for CMS production. Subsequent carbon deposition of the activated sample at temperature range from 600 to 900°C for 30 min has resulted in a series of CMSs with different selectivities of CO₂/CH₄ and O₂/N₂. The kinetic adsorption isotherm of CO₂, CH₄, O₂ and N₂ at room temperature also presented in this work.     

4A分子筛脱除四氢呋喃中微量水的研究

本文对四氢呋喃中微量水在4A分子筛上的吸附进行了研究。对该体系的吸附平衡数据进行了测定,并用Langmuir、Freundlich模型进行拟合且吻合较好;采用Crank单孔模型对测定的吸附动力学数据进行拟合,求取了不同温度下的扩散系数并计算了水在4A分子筛上吸附的活化能Ea=27.36kJ.mol-1;采用固定床测定了不同床层高度、不同流量及不同初始浓度下的动态透过曲线;实验结果为吸附工艺设计提供基础数据。     

疏水性沸石分子筛及其在二氧化碳控制技术中的应用

介绍了疏水性沸石的疏水机理、制作方法、特性以及应用于二氧化碳控制技术中的特点。通过与空间站环控生保系统中传统的四床分子筛二氧化碳控制技术的对比 ,对以疏水性沸石为核心的两床分子筛系统的特性进行了分析 ,探讨了这一技术的发展前景与研究方向。     

Preparation and characterization of octyl and octadecyl-modified mesoporous SBA-15 silica molecular sieves for adsorption of dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate

Octyl (C₈) or octadecyl (C₁₈)-modified mesoporous SBA-15 silica molecular sieves have been prepared by adding SBA-15 silica molecular sieves to octyltrimethoxysilane or octadecyltrimethoxysilane in toluene at 100 °C, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR spectra shows the presence of methylene (–CH₂–) and methyl (–CH₃) bands on the modified SBA-15. Powder XRD data indicate the structure of modified SBA-15 with octyl or octadecyl groups still remains two-dimensional hexagonal mesostructrure. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis presents that surface area of octyl- and octadeyl-SBA-15 changed from 647 to 449 and 321 m² g⁻¹, respectively, and SEM images show the decreased size of modified SBA-15 particles. TEM images of modified materials with alkyl groups show the structures remain the same as the parent SBA-15 silica. We also have studied the adsorption capacity of the materials to phthalate esters (dimethyl and diethyl phthalate) by dynamic adsorption experiments on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It is found that the modified materials can increase the adsorption of phthalate esters compared to SBA-15 particles, and the adsorption capacity increased with the increased length of alkyl chain on SBA-15. The maximum dynamic adsorption capacity for diethyl phthalate was 3.9 (C₈-SBA-15) or 4.3 (C₁₈-SBA-15) times higher than that of SBA-15 particles, respectively. The results indicate that alkyl SBA-15 particles could be used for enrichment of phthalate esters in water samples before the further analysis.     

13X分子筛对废水中锌离子的吸附性能研究

通过正交水平实验对13X分子筛吸附锌离子条件进行优化,考察了锌离子浓度、温度和溶液的pH值对锌离子吸附容量的影响。测定了锌离子在13X分子筛上的吸附平衡和动力学数据,吸附平衡符合Langmu ir方程,并得到了模型参数,说明Langmu ir模型能够描述本体系的特性。采用XRD对13X分子筛吸附锌离子的结构变化进行分析表明,其吸附过程中发生了锌离子与13X分子筛内钠离子的交换。这些结果为吸附过程处理含锌废水的设计提供一定的参考。     

膜渗透蒸发在纺织品有机挥发物检测中的应用

综述了膜渗透蒸发技术在生态纺织品有机挥发物检测中的应用研究进展,分析了膜渗透蒸发技术的特点,指出膜渗透蒸发技术存在的不足和今后的发展趋势.     

液体浸出一顶空进样一便携GC／MS法测定土壤中挥发性有机物

建立了液体浸出一顶空进样一便携气相色谱,质谱法测定土壤中的挥发性有机物（VOCs）的方法。结果表明,该方法简单、方便、准确,24种挥发性有机物的实际样品加标回收率可达60％以上。本方法采用便携气质进行定性和定量,可以应用于土壤污染事故应急监测的挥发性有机物现场检测。     

Water adsorption and desorption isotherms of silica and alumina mesoporous molecular sieves

Mesoporous molecular sieves of silica, and alumina, and porous materials of titania, zirconia, and niobia were synthesized by cationic and/or neutral templating methods. These porous materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms and water adsorption-desorption isotherms. Mesoporous molecular sieves of silica with surface areas of 956 and 1072 m²/g and of alumina with surface area of 407 m²/g were synthesized. The Ti₁ Zr and Nb oxide porous materials, however, showed smaller surface areas of 258, 178, and 77 m²/g, respectively, after calcination at 300°C and exhibited only small peaks for mesopores as determined by the pore-size. distributions.Water adsorption-desorption isotherms of silica and alumina mesoporous molecular sieves showed Type V (weak interaction) and Type IV isotherms, respectively. The property of sudden filling of mesopores in theP/P ₀ range of 0.45 to 0.55 in silica mesoporous molecular sieves with well-defined hysteresis during desorption, can be used in the design of humidity sensors. The titania, zirconia and niobia porous materials showed Type I water adsorption-desorption isotherms which suggests that these are mainly microporous. These results suggest that water adsorption-desorption isotherms provide valuable information about mesoporous molecular sieves for their potential use as humidity sensors.     

微孔-中孔复合分子筛的合成研究进展

概述了最近几年引起人们广泛关注的微孔-中孔复合分子筛的合成情况,重点介绍了不同复合模式的微孔-中孔复合分子筛的合成方法,包括单模板剂法、双模板剂法、附晶生长法、孔壁晶化法、碱处理法、微孔沸石硅源法等一系列方法,分析了各种合成方法的优点。从目前已取得的研究结果看,附晶生长法和碱处理法值得进一步关注。     

High resolution,quasi-equilibrium sorption studies of molecular sieves

Argon, nitrogen, and neopentane adsorption isotherms from molecular sieves are recorded at 87 K, 77 K, and 273 K, respectively, by a quasi-equilibrium, high resolution gas sorption technique. The molecular sieves used in this study are alkali exchanged zeolite X, AlPO₄-11, AlPO₄-5, VPI-5, KL, CaA, ZSM-5, and ZSM-11. Little relation is observed between the transition pressure for microporous nitrogen adsorption and pore size. Small changes in the effective pore size resulting from variations in cation size are detected in the transition pressure for argon adsorption. Large shifts in the transition pressure for argon adsorption are found for the 10-, 12-, and 18-membered ring pores of AlPO₄-11, AlPO₄-5, and VPI-5, respectively. Argon adsorption combined with neopentane adsorption on microporous materials provides additional information regarding transitions in the isotherm that result from dual pore systems and effects that may be due to adsorbate packing. The step in the nitrogen isotherm atP/P ₀> 0.1 from ZSM-5 is not observed in the nitrogen isotherm from ZSM-11.     

有机蒸气膜回收系统在PE装置上的应用

有机蒸气膜回收技术首次在气相法聚乙烯(PE)装置上应用,取得了良好效果,排放的尾气中1-丁烯体积分数由投用前的5％～6％下降到4％;冷剂的体积分数由1．5％下降到0．7％,而排放量基本保持不变。该回收系统投用后,共聚单体1-丁烯的消耗量可以降低1．0 kg/t。     

大气环境影响评价中挥发性有机化合物与非甲烷总烃的异同

分别从定义、监测与分析方法、执行标准等3个角度深入系统地分析了挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)和非甲烷总烃(NMHC)的异同。结果表明,NMHC的范畴在是否应包括含氧烃方面尚存在争议;目前VOCs和NMHC的实际监测分析方法与相关标准中规定的方法不完全一致;VOCs和NMHC参照执行的环境质量标准和排放标准较为混乱。对此,在大气环境影响评价中建议同时监测VOCs和NMHC,并制订统一的环境标准。